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PubMed2004

Chemical agents and chemical terrorism.

Chemical terrorism is a new threat to the security of mankind, which scale essentially exceeds the impact of use of the most modem firearms. At present time all over the world threats from different radical elements to use radioactive materials, potent poisonous substances and pathogenic microorganisms for terrorist purposes became more frequent. High-toxic chemical substances can fall in terrorist hands through wide range of sources. Potentially misused types of chemical compounds are discussed in this article.

Chemical Warfare↗
PubMed1992

Can teledialysis help in the clinical management of patients on remote hemodialysis?

This study investigated whether transmission of the parameters monitored from a remote center to the main center could improve the control of a dialysis session. The parameters of the computer connection module Monitral SC in remote and main centers, were transmitted by means of the Hospal data collection software (Demoplus) by modem, to the host computer. Each remote center can be temporarily disconnected, if necessary, from the telephone line and linked directly to a local computer. We checked 101 hemodialyses. The dialysis was monitored from filter washing to disconnection of the patients and the following parameters were selected: backfiltration during washing and hemodialysis: ultrafiltration, conductivity and temperature. From the sessions recorded (93%) we observed that backfiltration during the filter preparation phase was high (30%) in 28 sessions. Backfiltration during the preparatory phase is the major problem for correct management of dialysis sessions. The high percentage in which ultrafiltration had to be stopped shows that control of this parameter is still not ideal. Finally, the collection of monitor parameters and the comparative analysis of clinical data is useful for improving dialytic management.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

User perceptions on coastal resource state and management options in Curaçao.

Public environmental awareness and support for management measures are key determinants of the scope for successful implementation of natural resource management. To assess user perceptions and opinions on resource state and potential management options for the coastal zone of Curaçao, we queried 250 coastal resource users from around the island (sport divers, part-time artisanal fishermen and recreational boaters) using questionnaires. There is wide awareness of a long-term decline in coastal resource condition as measured by various indicators. Even among fishermen there was wide awareness of anthropogenic contributors to the decline, broad agreement of management measures required and a general willingness to contribute to management by means of annual license fees. Some of the more salient findings include the endorsement by fishermen of the current ban on spearfishing (81%), the regulation of the beach seine fishery for scad (77%), the introduction of fish reserves (72%), special protection for sea turtles (90%), conch (82%), and lobsters (72%), and notable support for gradual elimination of trap fisheries (45%). Also, both divers (65%) and boaters (92%) expressed the importance to them of an attractive coastline, with both groups expressing preference for natural (un-built) coastline (>74%) above other categories. Management based on the concept "user pays", as already implemented in the Netherlands Antilles on Saba and Bonaire, is well supported by the resource user public. A review of other main constraints such as finances and institutional capacity, shows that conditions are quite favorable for implementation of new legislation. Modem coral reef management is urgently needed in Curaçao to safeguard a key natural resource and concerted action is called for on the part of government agencies, legislators and elected officials.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The safety helmet detection technology and its application to the surveillance system.

The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) plays an important role in the modem economy. It provides a fast and convenient way to process transactions between banks and their customers. Unfortunately, it also provides a convenient way for criminals to get illegal money or use stolen ATM cards to extract money from their victims' accounts. For safety reasons, each ATM has a surveillance system to record customer's face information. However, when criminals use an ATM to withdraw money illegally, they usually hide their faces with something (in Taiwan, criminals usually use safety helmets to block their faces) to avoid the surveillance system recording their face information, which decreases the efficiency of the surveillance system. In this paper, we propose a circle/circular arc detection method based upon the modified Hough transform, and apply it to the detection of safety helmets for the surveillance system of ATMs. Since the safety helmet location will be within the set of the obtainable circles/circular arcs (if any exist), we use geometric features to verify if any safety helmet exists in the set. The proposed method can be used to help the surveillance systems record a customer's face information more precisely. If customers wear safety helmets to block their faces, the system can send a message to remind them to take off their helmets. Besides this, the method can be applied to the surveillance systems of banks by providing an early warning safeguard when any "customer" or "intruder" uses a safety helmet to avoid his/her face information from being recorded by the surveillance system. This will make the surveillance system more useful. Real images are used to analyze the performance of the proposed method.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Prehospital management of uncontrolled bleeding in trauma patients: nearing the light at the end of the tunnel.

The management of uncontrolled bleeding in trauma patients is difficult in the prehospital setting, especially when transfer time to a care facility is prolonged. The goal of treatment is to stabilize the patient until surgery can be performed. In modem practice, the major aspects of optimal patient stabilization are the timing and volume of resuscitation and the use of blood products. The main problems are the logistics of handling the blood products as well as achieving the appropriate endpoint of resuscitation, while balancing the need to maintain blood pressure with the need to avoid deleterious coagulopathy. This work reviews current therapeutic modalities for prehospital management of uncontrolled bleeding trauma patients, namely low volume resuscitation, packed red blood cells, hemoglobin solutions, perfluorocarbons, hypertonic saline solutions, and recombinant activated factor VII.

Blood Substitutes↗
PubMed2004

Popular health education and venereal diseases in Croatia between two World Wars.

The article presents the research of popular health education on venereal diseases in Croatia between the World Wars. In the inter-war period, the traditional plain approach to popular health education was replaced with new, complex meth-ods, which became the basis for the modem work in this field. New social medicine ideas and new health politics, as well as the new founded institutions such as the School of Public Health in Zagreb and different anti-venereal outpatient facilities, were crucial for changing popular health education after World War I. Based mostly on archival documents, this article explores popular health education as a vehicle for identification of attitudes and concepts within the medical community. Ambivalence in the perception of essential approaches towards popular heath education is elaborated on the ground of controversies within prominent medical representatives. With the support of new technologies, public health methods in the inter-war period matured in form and complexity. Despite various new methods, which made their way into different parts of everyday life, the subject matter of venereal diseases was treated through a limited number of methods due to the conservative attitudes of society, as well as resistance of many physicians.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

[Neuronal damage in the hippocampus of inbred mouse strains in the models of epilepsy induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine].

Elucidation of the mechanisms of neuronal damage is an important task of modem neuroscience and is of paramount importance for medicine. Present work compares two models of excitotoxic neuronal damage induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine, in which inbred C57BL/6J (C57BL) and FVB/NJ (FVB) mice were used. Both models produced higher neuronal damage in FVB although mortality was higher in C57BL. No significant differences between two strains of mice were found in seizures severity. Kainic acid demonstrated greater tropism to hippocampus in comparison with pilocarpine. Hsp-70 and Egr-1 expression was not significantly different in C57BL and FVB. Analysis of the isolated mitochondrial fraction has shown different degree of free radical production in the strains studied, that could be one of the reasons for unequal susceptibility of their neurons to excitotoxic cell death.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of sputum induction methods: ultrasonic vs compressed-air nebulizer and hypertonic vs isotonic saline inhalation.

Airway inflammation can be demonstrated by the modem method of sputum induction using ultrasonic nebulizer and hypertonic saline. We studied whether compressed-air nebulizer and isotonic saline which are commonly available and cost less, are as effective in inducing sputum in normal adult subjects as the above mentioned tools. Sixteen subjects underwent weekly sputum induction in the following manner: ultrasonic nebulizer (Medix Sonix 2000, Clement Clarke, UK) using hypertonic saline, ultrasonic nebulizer using isotonic saline, compressed-air nebulizer (BestNeb, Taiwan) using hypertonic saline, and compressed-air nebulizer using isotonic saline. Overall, the use of an ultrasonic nebulizer and hypertonic saline yielded significantly higher total sputum cell counts and a higher percentage of cell viability than compressed-air nebulizers and isotonic saline. With the latter, there was a trend towards squamous cell contaminations. The proportion of various sputum cell types was not significantly different between the groups, and the reproducibility in sputum macrophages and neutrophils was high (Intraclass correlation coefficient, r [95%CI]: 0.65 [0.30-0.91] and 0.58 [0.22-0.89], p < 0.001). Overall changes in median FEV, were small and comparable between all groups. Induction using ultrasonic nebulizers together with hypertonic saline was generally less well tolerated than compressed-air nebulizers and isotonic saline. We conclude that in normal subjects, although both nebulizers and saline types can induce sputum with reproducible cellular profile, ultrasonic nebulizers and hypertonic saline are more effective but less well tolerated.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2003

Inclusion of 3-D computed tomography rendering and immersive VR in a third year medical student surgery curriculum.

Computed tomography (CT) scans are frequently used for preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing complex surgery and are therefore commonly encountered by medical students on their surgical rotations. Interpretation of these CT scan images is therefore an integral component of all medical students' surgical rotations. Additionally, advanced rendering available from modem scanners and registration of multimodal or serial scans require the student to understand how volumetric anatomy relates to cross-sectional anatomy. The utility of three-dimensional (3-D) models for conveying surgical anatomy has been demonstrated. Immersive 3-D VR overcomes many of the conceptual limitations encountered when conveying or teaching 3-D relationships via 2-D images traditionally produced by these scans. We are currently using augmented reality as a teaching tool and have incorporated 3-D immersive environments in the third year medical student Surgery rotation. Initial results suggest that this is an effective tool for teaching third year medical students. 3-D CT rendering and immersive VR provide an effective process for utilizing CT datasets to teach surgical anatomy to medical students.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Polymorphism of mitochondrial genome noncoding regions in the three Kazakh populations inhabited different areas of Kazakhstan and in the samples of DNA from ancient people of Kazakhstan Altai].

Polymorphism of major noncoding region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA D-loop, 528 bp in length) from the three modem kazakh populations and from DNA samples of ancient people inhabited modern Kazakhstani Altai were studied. PCR and RFLP analysis of 13 sites of restriction--BamHI, EcoRV, Sau3AI (1 restriction site), KpnI (2 sites), HaeIII (3 sites), RsaI (5 restriction sites), were carried out. The distribution of each site frequencies was determined. Nucleotide diversity (h) and genetic distance between different kazakh population and other populations of world were estimated. The same RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region was carried out for the paleogenomic samples. It was shown that two samples of ancient mitochondrial DNA were monomorphous throughout all analyzed restriction sites.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Intraoperative guidance of pre-planned bone deformations with a surface scanning system.

Computer- and robot-based systems to support interventions become more and more important in modem surgery. In general these systems provide methods to plan an intervention pre-operatively and to execute it with support from a autonomous robot-system. Due to the principle restriction of a robot to comparatively simple work steps, there are some complex work steps which the surgeon may plan but which he/she has to execute manually. In craniofacial surgery osteotomised bone segments are deformed by hand to a shape given by the planning system. We support the execution of pre-planned deformation by comparison of the actual shape of an object with the target shape. The actual shape is obtained intra-operatively with a surface scanning device, the deviation from the target shape are visualised by projecting colour-coded error values directly on the object to be deformed. The surgeon uses these projections to adjust further deformation steps. The system is therefore able to validate the correct execution of planned deformations, especially of bony structures.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

Healthcare teams over the Internet: towards a certificate-based approach.

Healthcare environments are a representative case of collaborative environments since individuals (e.g. doctors) in many cases collaborate in order to provide care to patients in a more proficient way. At the same time modem healthcare institutions are increasingly interested in sharing access of their information resources in the networked environment. Healthcare applications over the Internet offer an attractive communication infrastructure at worldwide level but with a noticeably great factor of risk. Security has therefore become a major concern for healthcare applications over the Internet. However, although an adequate level of security can be relied upon digital certificates, if an appropriate security policy is used, additional security considerations are needed in order to deal efficiently with the above team-work concerns. The already known Hybrid Access Control security model supports and handles efficiently healthcare teams with active security capabilities and is capable to exploit the benefits of certificate technology. In this paper we present the way for encoding the appropriate authoritative information in various types of certificates, as well as the overall operational architecture of the implemented access control system for healthcare collaborative environments over the Internet. A pilot implementation of the proposed methodology in a major Greek hospital has shown the applicability of the proposals and the flexibility of the access control provided.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2002

Electronic patient record for N.N. Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute: on the road to paperless patient record.

The paper is devoted to one of a number of highways of medical informatics: a road from traditional paper patient record (PPR) to future paperless patient record (PLPR). This road runs via modem electronic patient record (EPR), usually blending together electronic and paper technologies of gathering, storing, retrieving, presentation and legalization of data. The following is based on the experience of modelling, engineering, deployment, support and evolution of electronic patient record for N.N. Burdenko neurosurgical institute. Three basic facets of the problem will be discussed: technological, psychological and legal.

Medical Records Systems, Computerized↗
PubMed2002

A strategy to enhance the usability of the minimal model as used with the intravenous glucose tolerance test in diabetes research and clinical management.

The Minimal Model method of determining Insulin Sensitivity from the Intravenous glucose Tolerance Test is a valuable tool for the Diabetes research community. However the Minimal Model algorithm itself is not readily available in a user-friendly modem windows environment to the clinical researcher in many research departments. In addition use of the model often requires intervention by an experienced "modeller" to interpret the results produced by the method. This paper proposes a more readily available and usable version of the program and discusses the issues which surround the use of the program by clinical researchers without computer mathematical modelling experience.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phenotypic features of the domestic pigs bred in the Roman settlements of Pompeii and Caralis.

A reconstruction of the morphological features of domestic pigs from two Roman settlements is here suggested by means of the study of skeletal and dental remains, with the aim at evaluating their degree of selection in comparison with wild boars. Material was formed by 111 bone and tooth fragments and was uncovered during the excavations of Polybius' House in Pompeii and of Roman buildings in the neighbourhood of Caralis harbour (Sardinia). The remains underwent morphological examination. The eruption of permanent teeth and ossification of epiphyseal cartilages let us establish that most animals were over 18-20 months. When possible, the determination of sex was made by detecting tusk features. The presence of anthropic signs on the bone surface provides some information about slaughtering and cooking procedure in the Roman period and supports the hypothesis that the animal remnants were food remains. Osteometric analysis was carried out on long and short bones and teeth through suitable multiplicative parameters, leading to the assessment of the withers height and other main phenotypic features. Logarithmic deviation pointed out the significant osteometric differences between the domestic pigs from the two Roman settlements. These data were also compared with those from wild boars and modern crossbred wild boars X non-selected pigs. In conclusion, our data show that pigs from Caralis bear much resemblance to wild boars, whereas those from Pompeii appear to be improved, so sharing some phenotypic features of modem improved breeds.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

Congenital granular cell lesion "congenital epulis"--report of a case.

Congenital granular cell lesion (CGCL) or "congenital epulis" is a rare lesion of newborn also known as Neuman's Tumor, which is benign in nature, mostly occurs as a single tumour but rarely as multiple. The histogenesis and natural clinical history of the lesion remains obscure. Even with the advent of modem histopathological techniques, it has not been possible to depict specific cellular features unique to this lesion. This lesion arises from mucosa of gingiva either from maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge. The appearance of the lesion is most common in maxillary alveolar ridge than mandibular with predominance in females than in the males. The present report describes a case of congenital granular cell lesion (CGCL) in the incisor region of mandibular alveolar ridge. This lesion was causing feeding problem and was excised under local anaesthesia.

Female↗