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PubMed1989

Modulation of behavioral and insulin responses by contextual stimuli paired with food.

A context-like conditioned stimulus (CS) previously paired with a food unconditioned stimulus (US) enhanced both food-related activity and insulin secretion in rats. Experiment 1 documented the effectiveness of an appetitive conditioning procedure in which a 10 sec visual CS ("x") was followed by food when embedded within one 35 sec auditory CS ("A"), but not another ("B"). Approach to a food magazine during x was enhanced (facilitated) when x was within A, as compared to within B or alone. Experiment 2 documented the adequacy of blood sampling and insulin assay procedures that could be accommodated to the conditioning procedure. Plasma insulin was observably different after unconditioned deliveries of glucose solutions of different intensities. In Experiment 3, training as in Experiment 1 was followed by testing for food magazine approach and changes in insulin levels following x alone or in the presence of A or B. It was demonstrated that the A cue enhanced both responses. The results support the view [e.g., (18,19)] that insulin secretion is in part under the control of environmental cues, and findings (22) that show that conditioned context-like cues can modulate consummatory responding to punctate CSs.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of phenylpropanolamine on regulatory and nonregulatory ingestion in adult rats.

This experiment examined the effects of phenylpropanolamine (0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg PPA) on regulatory (RG) and nonregulatory (NRG) eating and drinking in rats using a within-subjects design. Administration of PPA produced dose-dependent reductions in eating in animals deprived to 80-85% of baseline weight, and reduced drinking after 23.5-h of water deprivation. Nonregulatory eating, elicited by tail pinch in nondeprived animals, was similarly inhibited. Nonregulatory drinking was elicited in the schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) paradigm. Water consumption, locomotion, licking, lick efficiency (licks/ml water), and entries into the food magazine were simultaneously measured. At the lowest dose, only locomotion was significantly reduced. At 10.0 mg/kg, lick efficiency and entries into the food magazine were also significantly reduced, while all measured behaviors, including licking and water consumption, were decreased by the highest dose of PPA. The reduction in lick efficiency suggested a PPA-induced motor impairment in the capacity for licking. Considered together, these results indicated that the observed decreases in regulatory and nonregulatory eating and drinking could be at least partially accounted for by the drug's effects on behaviors contributing to ingestion, as well as apparent motor impairments in ingestive behavior at higher doses.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental action.

In a series of studies, we assessed the effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens on instrumental performance in hungry rats. Although these lesions were found to generally impair lever press performance for both food pellets and a sucrose solution, they did not affect sensitivity to changes in the incentive value of the outcome induced either by a shift in food deprivation or a shift in the sucrose concentration. Further, these lesions did not affect sensitivity to a change in the instrumental contingency from response-contingent to non-contingent outcome delivery. In contrast, concurrent assessment of food magazine approach responses found that the lesion induced both a deficit in magazine entry and marked insensitivity to shifts in the incentive value of the outcome and to the changed situation that accompanied the change in instrumental contingency. These results are interpreted as suggesting (1) that nucleus accumbens lesions produce a general deficit in affective arousal; and (2) that the influence of affective mechanisms on instrumental performance may be structurally dissociated from the control of performance mediated by the action-outcome relation.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Sexual behaviour related to psycho-social factors in a population of Danish homosexual and bisexual men.

An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was distributed to (1) male members of the Danish Gay and Lesbian Association (2) through a gay magazine and (3) to readers of a gay pornographic magazine. For the purpose of this study sexual practices were classified into three categories taking into account the HIV-status of the respondent and his partner(s): safe sex (mutual masturbation, sex with condoms, sex without condoms between two HIV-positives), potentially safe sex (oral-genital sex without condoms irrespective of HIV-status, anal-genital sex without condoms between two HIV-negatives), unsafe sex (anal-genital sex without condoms between discordant partners or partners of unknown HIV status). Of the 2058 respondents 29.7% had had unsafe sex in the last 12 months. Multivariate analysis by recursive graphical models showed that sexual practice was directly related (that is conditionally dependent given the rest of the variables) to having a steady partner. Among men without a steady partner sexual practice was also directly related to age and number of partners showing an increase in unsafe sex with number of partners and a decrease with age. Thus of the men 16-19 years of age 43.5% had had unsafe sex irrespective of number of partners vs 5.7% of men older than 44 years and with one to two partners. Sexual practice was not directly related to any other demographic or psychosocial factor in the study. The adopted classification of sexual practice preclude that the high occurrence of unsafe sex could be explained by unsafe sex taking place among partners of concordant HIV status. The results emphasize the need for further preventive efforts to reduce transmission of HIV among homosexual men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Information security concepts and practices: the case of a provincial multi-specialty hospital.

In recent years, major and widely accepted information security understandings and achievements confirm that the problem is complex. They clarify that technologies are fundamental tools, but management processes have even bigger relevance, as also prestigious international magazines dossier clearly explained recently. Such a magazine attention outlines the wide impact that the subject has on watchful decision makers. ISO17799 is an emerging standard in information security. In principle there are no reasons for considering it not applicable to the health care sector. In practice, because of both the just conceptual level of the standard and the peculiarities of the health care data and institutions, a lot of analysis and design work need to be invested any time a health care institution decides to deal with the subject. CEN/ENV 12924 is another emerging standard certainly more on the spot of the health care. Nevertheless, it also asks for evident further investigation. The practical case of information security design, implementation, management, and auditing inside a multi-specialty provincial Italian hospital will be described.

Computer Security↗
PubMed2004

The influence of wanting to look like media figures on adolescent physical activity.

PURPOSE: To examine the association of adolescents' wanting to look like figures in the media with physical activity levels. METHODS: Cross-sectional mailed survey of 11,606 boys and girls, between the ages of 9 and 16 years, participating in the Growing Up Today Study in 1997. Participants reported detailed information on physical activities over the previous year, and the degree to which they were trying to look like same-sex images in television, movies, and magazines. We performed linear regression modeling to assess the independent effects of wanting to look like figures in the media on physical activity levels. RESULTS: Mean total weekly physical activity levels were 12.4 hours in girls and 15.2 hours in boys. 3019 (46%) girls and 1360 (27%) boys reported making at least some effort to look like figures in the media. Adjusted for age, body mass index, sexual maturity rating, and race/ethnicity, total physical activity levels were higher by 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.9) and 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.6) hours per week in girls and boys, respectively, for every 1 (out of 5) category increase in wanting to look like figures in the media. Adjustment for intrapersonal and social confounders modestly attenuated the associations. CONCLUSIONS: Wanting to look like figures in the media was associated with higher physical activity levels among older children and adolescents, independent of other personal and social influences. These data suggest that television, movie, and magazine industries should be encouraged to cultivate and reinforce realistic and healthy norms of physical activity and body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Conditional control by midazolam and amphetamine in a rapid appetitive discrimination procedure.

The present two experiments examined conditional control by midazolam and amphetamine cues in an appetitive discrimination procedure. In each of two experiments, male Wistar rats were subjected to a small number of two types of training sessions in a conditioning box. During one type of session, a stimulus was consistently followed by food in a magazine, whereas during the other type of session, this very same stimulus was followed by nothing. Groups of rats were injected with either midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, s.c.) or amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), prior to each food-reinforced session, and with saline prior to each food non-reinforced session. Other groups received the reverse treatment. Subsequent non-reinforced test session showed that, in both experiments, only the rats that had been food reinforced in a drug state displayed shorter magazine-response latencies in their previously reinforced than in their previously non-reinforced state, both prior to and during the stimulus. This finding was interpreted as reflecting the joint operation of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects, with the latter being based on occasion setting by the drug cues that was induced by the relatively short discrimination training procedure. The present results parallel those of previous aversive drug-discrimination experiments adopting a similar short discrimination procedure.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1999

Media coverage of chronic diseases in the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the quantity or quality of information on rheumatic diseases provided by the mass media. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the media coverage of rheumatic diseases compared with other chronic diseases in the Netherlands. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Newspaper articles, magazine articles, and medical television programs that appeared or were broadcast during a 1-year period, and contained information on rheumatic diseases, heart disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, or diabetes mellitus, were selected for content analysis. For each article and program, it was determined whether coverage concentrated on treatment, influence of lifestyle, scientific progress, or disease consequences. It was also determined whether professional experts and patients were featured. RESULTS: Nine hundred seventeen newspaper articles, 304 magazine articles, and 163 medical programs were found. Most dealt with cancer (43%) and heart disease (37%). The amount of media attention given to each of the five disease categories was found to correspond with mortality but not with prevalence. The contents of the articles and programs differed significantly according to disease topic. The main focus in rheumatic diseases was on patients' experiences, as well as regular and alternative medications. In heart disease and cancer, the main focus was on professional medical viewpoints, operations, and mortality, whereas in chronic lung disease and diabetes it was on treatments in the context of regular medications, scientific progress, and incurability. The influence of lifestyle on the disease process was mentioned most often in connection with diabetes, rheumatic disease, and chronic lung disease. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of attention a disease category received from the media depended on its fatality rates and not on its prevalence. Heart disease and cancer were portrayed as being more serious than the more lingering diseases. Surprisingly, the proportion of articles and programs that included the influence of lifestyle in their coverage was lowest for cancer and heart disease. More frequent and more accurate coverage of chronic diseases, especially rheumatic diseases, is needed if their image is to be brought into line with their importance for and impact on the community.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1997

State-dependency of conditioning and extinction of an appetitive response with amphetamine and midazolam.

Rats received a single conditioning session in which unsignaled food pellets were delivered to the food magazine of a training box, followed by a single extinction session without pellet presentations. Groups of rats differed in the drug state induced prior to conditioning and extinction according to a 2 x 2 design using d-amphetamine sulphate (AMP, 0.5 mg/kg, S.C.) and midazolam (MID, 0.1 mg/kg, S.C.). Subsequently, all rats received nonreinforced test sessions under AMP and MID. The dependent measure was the frequency of magazine visits during selected portions of each session. Rats that received extinction in the same drug state as had been present during conditioning did not respond significantly more during the extinction session than rats extinguished in a different drug state. This implies that conditioning was not state dependent. However, during the AMP tests, the rats extinguished under MID responded more under AMP than under MID, whereas the rats extinguished under AMP did not respond differentially during the tests under AMP vs. MID. These results were interpreted as reflecting the joint operation of state-dependent extinction and unconditioned drug effects. As in studies manipulating external contextual stimuli, extinction proved to be more vulnerable to becoming context dependent than conditioning.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1989

Telecommunication discussion groups for health services and medical research.

International university and research institute telecommunication links provide free or low-cost access to several computer networks (commercial and non-commercial). Previously used by science researchers, such networks are now used in clinical and social medicine. University affiliation, a personal computer, and a modern and software are needed. A host-computer, at a local computing centre, operates server software that automatically distributes information to subscribers. The server stores all messages in a monthly logbook that can be edited to produce an electronic magazine. The magazine can also be accessed by non-subscribers. The software gives convenient, fast, single-key processing of messages and files and also allows on-line conferences. Discussion groups on several medical specialties and data bases for AIDS and other communicable diseases are already operating.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2004

A cross-media content analysis of motivational themes in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising.

BACKGROUND: Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of prescription drugs is a widely discussed issue in health care. However, little is known about the characteristics of the motivational themes used in this type of advertising. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent presentation of motivational themes in DTC print and television advertisements. METHODS: The content analyses focused on advertisements of 2 targeted drug classes (cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibitors and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) in magazines and on television. Targeted print advertisements (for celecoxib, rofecoxib, atorvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin) from September to December 2001 and targeted television advertisements (for celecoxib, rofecoxib, and simvastatin) from November 2001 were investigated. The motivational themes were assessed using a theoretical framework based on self-regulatory focus theory and cultural orientation. Self-regulatory focus was examined in terms of goal orientation (promotion vs prevention) and emotional aspects, (e.g., cheerfulness, dejection, quiescence, agitation). The cultural orientation was examined in terms of individualism versus collectivism. The visual-verbal match was categorized as direct if the audio and visual information was semantically redundant, as partial if it was partially related, and as no match at all if it was different or conflicting. RESULTS: Twelve print advertisements in 10 magazines and 4 television advertisements on 4 television networks were examined; the interrater reliability scores from 3 independent, trained judges ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. The score was low (0.57) in the visual-verbal match measurement for television advertisements. Products in the same category appeared to be promoted using different self-regulatory foci. For example, celecoxib and atorvastatin advertisements tended to be promotion oriented, whereas pravastatin advertisements tended to be prevention oriented. Motivational themes were found throughout the print advertisements (e.g., pictures, headlines, main text). Only a few advertisements illustrated factual information about a product in a pictorial format. The cultural orientation of the advertisements was similar across brands, with individualistic appeals being common. On television, visual-verbal matches (either direct or partial matches) were generally found, except in the section where risk information was presented. CONCLUSION: In this content analysis, prescription drugs in the same class appeared to be promoted using different self-regulatory foci, but individualistic appeals were found more often than collectivistic appeals across brands.

Advertising↗
PubMed2006

[Scientific activities of the Spanish Urology Association gathered in periodic publications].

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: From the constitution of Urology Spanish Association establishes in its bylaws the need to possess an own organ of diffusion; along its existence several publications have realized this function, in a semiofficial way some and official others. One tries to locate the realized activities and the work led to end by its members, to know what medical magazines they have gathered and which have taken officially its representation, with the purpose of valuing the importance that has had in the development of the Spanish Urology. METHODS: We check the different periodic publications with medical content edited in Madrid from 1911, in we might locate works or news on the Association and the labor effected by its components. RESULTS: We find information in ten periodic different publications, five contemplate the content of the National Congresses and five gather the periodic activities; its secretary general has had during this period, of other five mass media to inform the partners and two medical weeklies notify journalistically of the majority of the acts in the first half of the XXth century; in sum up four different magazines have taken the title of official organ. CONCLUSIONS: We think that lagoons of time do not exist to gather the activities realized by Urology Spanish Association in its ninety five years of history, its study allows us to obtain a complete valuation and to establish the importance that has had in the development of the Spanish Urology.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Advertising and health education].

Health education and advertising have a common aim: to modify human behaviour. Health education tries to induce healthy behaviours. In some occasions Publicity proposes risky behaviours. Ads appearing during a two-month period in magazines of the largest circulation in Spain are analyzed here. A total of 1,726 ads which could have a negative influence on health either because of the product or service offered or for the use of health as a persuasive argument in their text, are considered. The magazines Hola and Lecturas had the highest ratio ads/magazine. Spirits, food and drugs were the most frequently advertised products. And more than 50% of the ads used health and welfare as argument for better selling. Health educators should know and teach the critical analysis of publicity, and use advertisements as a teaching tool to enable people to see through misleading advertising.

Advertising↗
PubMed1997

Climacteric hormone therapy in medical and lay texts in Finland from 1955 to 1992.

The "social shaping of technologies" approach holds that a technology is both socially embedded and that it shapes the social environment. The aim of this study was to investigate how hormone therapy use during the climacterium and subsequently was socially shaped in texts published in the main Finnish medical journals and lay magazines during 1955-1992. In these two arenas physicians, especially gynecologists, played the major role in the debate and their professional knowledge on hormone therapy was mixed with their views on women's status and roles, the quality of life and fears about aging when they were promoting hormone use, especially in the lay magazines. This type of argument for the promotion of hormone use persisted in the most recent texts, despite the availability of substantial evidence both for the against of hormone therapy. Overall, the texts clearly favored the benefits of the therapy. Three periods of differing orientation can be discerned. Attitudes towards hormone therapy tended to be cautious from 1955 through the 1970s, more enthusiastic in the 1980s, and mixed at the start of the 1990s. In the most recent texts critical comments came from individual women who had used the therapy or decided not to, including female physicians and other professionals. The results suggest that hormone therapy is socially embedded, but may also shape perceptions and the understanding of women's aging. The social shaping of the technology approach may improve our understanding of the development of health policy towards women at and after the age of the climacterium.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The perception of menopause among women in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has become a popular topic and the subject of many newspaper and magazine health articles in the last 5 years in Taiwan, so a great deal of knowledge about the menopause has been introduced to Taiwanese women. With this massive change, we wanted to know the current perception of the menopause among women in Taiwan and also evaluate the prevalence of various acute menopausal symptoms and women's attitudes toward receiving hormone replacement therapy. METHODS: We designed a cross-sectional study, using structured questionnaires, targeting women who attended the health information seminar on the menopause and HRT, held in an urban area in Taiwan. The audience was asked to fill out the questionnaire before the seminar began. More than 2000 questionnaires were collected, but only 386 women completed all items of the questionnaire and were included in this study. Among them, 161 women were postmenopausal and their answers to questions regarding acute menopausal symptoms were collected for statistical analysis. The other 225 women were non-menopausal and their perception of menopausal symptoms was also collected for analysis. Qualitative data, in the form of transcripts, were interpreted using text-based content analysis. RESULTS: Among these women, 375/386 (97%) had previously heard of the menopause, but only 207/386 (53%) knew the definition of the term. The most commonly indicated source of knowledge on the menopause was reading material, such as newspapers and magazines 283/386 (43%); less common sources of information were friends 141/386 (22%), medical personnel 114/386 (18%) and family members 49/386 (8%). Among these women, 276 (71%) thought they should receive therapy. The most common acute menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women and perception of menopausal symptoms in non-menopausal women, respectively, were insomnia 68/161 (42%); 111/225 (49%), hot flushes 61/161 (38%); 115/225 (51%), heart palpitation 55/161 (34%); 103/225 (46%), an irritable temper 54/161 (34%); 138/225 (61%), dyspareunia 52/161 (32%); 100/225 (44%), headaches or dizziness 45/161 (28%); 74/225 (33%), a lack of energy 42/161 (26%); 73/225 (32%), depression 32/161 (20%); 114/225 (51%), night sweating 29/161 (18%); 61/225 (27%), and loss of bladder control 26/161 (16%); 37/225 (16%). CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, Taiwanese women have a much higher percentage of awareness of the menopause than other Asian women, as reported previously and a greater willingness to receive treatment. We also found that most of their knowledge of the menopause was obtained from reading material (43%) or friends (22%). Furthermore, the percentage of recognition of menopausal symptoms, especially of vasomotor symptoms, is lower than that of Western women and higher than that of women in Hong Kong and Southern China.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Are we getting the message out to all? Health information sources and ethnicity.

BACKGROUND: Over 80% of the excess deaths in minority and economically disadvantaged populations are from diseases with preventable or controllable contributing factors. However, mainstream health education targeting behavior change often fails to reach minority populations. OBJECTIVE: To identify the health and cancer information sources used by a multi-ethnic population and to determine whether information sources differ by ethnic group, age, gender, and socioeconomic status. METHODS: A multilingual, random-digit dial telephone survey of 2,462 Hispanic (Colombian, Dominican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican) and black (Caribbean, Haitian, and U.S.-born) persons, aged 18-80 years, from a population-based quota sample, New York City, 1992. RESULTS: All ethnic and age groups cited a health professional as the most common source of health information (40% overall). The next most commonly cited sources overall were: television (21%), hospitals or doctor's offices (18%), books (17%), magazines (15%), brochures/pamphlets (11%), and radio (8%). Responses on sources of cancer information followed a similar pattern. Black subgroups were all significantly more likely than Hispanic subgroups to get their health information from a doctor or other health professional (p = 0.001). Use of the radio as a source of health information was highest among Haitians (20.8%) and Colombians (12.5%), and lowest among U.S.-born blacks (4.2%) (p = 0.001), but there was no difference in the use of television. Among immigrants, as the proportion of life spent in mainland U.S. rose, increasing percentages cited magazines (p = 0.001) and decreasing percentages cited radio (p = 0.025) as a health information source. Less educated persons and more recent immigrants were most likely to report inability to get health information (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the variation in sources of health and cancer information, identification of those most commonly used is important to health educators' and public health practitioners' efforts to target hard-to-reach ethnic minorities.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Gun ownership and suicide in the United States.

The circulation of firearm magazines was used as an index of gun ownership in the states of the USA. States with a higher per capita circulation of firearm magazines had higher suicide rates by gun and higher overall suicide rates. Homicide rates were unrelated to this measure of gun availability. Implications for the prevention of suicide are discussed.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2005

Literacy as a leisure activity: free-time preferences of older children and young adolescents.

PURPOSE: Literacy plays an important role in the development of language in school-age children and adolescents. For example, by reading a variety of books, magazines, and newspapers, students gain exposure to complex vocabulary, and reading becomes a prime opportunity for learning new words. Despite the importance of reading for lexical development, little is known about the pleasure reading habits of today's youth. The first goal of this investigation was to examine the preferences of older children and young adolescents with respect to reading as a leisure-time activity and its relationship to other free-time options that are likely to compete for their attention. The second goal was to examine the amount of time that young people spend reading for pleasure each day and the types of materials they most enjoy reading. The third goal was to determine if preferences for free-time activities and reading materials would evince age- and gender-related differences during the period of development from late childhood through early adolescence (ages 11-15 years). The findings could serve as a reference point for understanding what is reasonable to expect of students during this age range. METHOD: The participants were 100 sixth graders (mean age = 11;7 [years; months]) and 100 ninth graders (mean age = 14;8) attending public schools in western Oregon. Each group contained an equal number of boys and girls, all of whom spoke English as their primary language and were considered to be typical achievers. All participants completed a survey concerning their preferred free-time activities and reading materials. They also reported the average amount of time they spent reading for pleasure each day. RESULTS: The most popular free-time activities were listening to music/going to concerts, watching television or videos, playing sports, and playing computer or video games. Least preferred activities were cooking, running or walking, writing, and arts and crafts. Reading was moderately popular. The most popular reading materials were magazines, novels, and comics; least popular were plays, technical books, and newspapers. Interest in pleasure reading declined during this age range (11-15 years), and boys were more likely than girls to report that they spent no time reading for pleasure. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Given the importance of reading to lexical development in school-age children and adolescents, reading should be promoted as a leisure activity during these years. School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs), in their role as language consultants, can benefit from understanding the pleasure-reading patterns of today's youth. It is especially important for SLPs to monitor these patterns in students who have language disorders, as it is common for these young people to experience deficits in reading and in lexical development. Fortunately, much can be done in school settings to encourage strong literacy habits in all students if SLPs work collaboratively with teachers, principals, psychologists, librarians, parents, and students. Suggestions are offered for ways to encourage young people to spend more time reading for pleasure.

Adolescent↗