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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Visualizing mushroom body response to a conditioned odor in honeybees.

Combining differential conditioning with optophysiological recordings of bee brain activity allows the investigation of learning-related changes in complex neural systems. In this study we focused on the mushroom bodies of the bee brain. Presenting different odors to the animal leads to significant activation of the mushroom body lips. After differential conditioning, the rewarded odor leads to stronger activation than it did before training. Activation by the unrewarded odor remains unchanged. These results resemble findings in the bee's antennal lobes, which are the first olfactory relay station in the insect brain. As an integrative neural network, enhanced activation of the mushroom body lip may carry additional information, i.e., for processing odor concentrations.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1999

Metal content profiles in mushrooms collected in primary forests of Latin America.

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety concerns suggested estimation of the content of 14 metals-some of them highly toxic, such as cadmium, mercury, and lead-in 26 mushrooms species (Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes). The fungi-members of different genera-were collected during two periods, 1967-1969 and 1978-1981, in primary forests of Latin America (mainly French Guyana and a few samples from Colombia and Costa Rica), these areas are non- or slightly inhabited, therefore, industrial pollution has to be considered as totally nonexistent. Heavy metals, selectively concentrated in specific living organisms, should be regarded as toxin-like substances, taking into account the bioaccumulation sites (mushrooms) and the noxious activity toward various organs of mammals (i.e., central nervous system, kidneys, liver, etc.). The levels and distribution of the metals in the samples are given and compared. Most surprisingly, contents are not especially contrasted with those found in mushrooms collected in European urban areas, such as the Paris region; cadmium, lead, and mercury levels are of the same order of magnitude.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2002

Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus.

The genus Pleurotus comprises a group of edible ligninolytic mushrooms with medicinal properties and important biotechnological and environmental applications. The cultivation of Pleurotus spp is an economically important food industry worldwide which has expanded in the past few years. P. ostreatus is the third most important cultivated mushroom for food purposes. Nutritionally, it has unique flavor and aromatic properties; and it is considered to be rich in protein, fiber, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Pleurotus spp are promising as medicinal mushrooms, exhibiting hematological, antiviral, antitumor, antibiotic, antibacterial, hypocholesterolic and immunomodulation activities. The bioactive molecules isolated from the different fungi are polysaccharides. One of the most important aspects of Pleurotus spp is related to the use of their ligninolytic system for a variety of applications, such as the bioconversion of agricultural wastes into valuable products for animal feed and other food products and the use of their ligninolytic enzymes for the biodegradation of organopollutants, xenobiotics and industrial contaminants. In this Mini-Review, we describe the properties of Pleurotus spp in relation to their biotechnological applications and potential.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

A polymerase chain reaction-based test for Verticillium fungicola causing dry bubble disease on the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test is described for the specific detection of Verticillium fungicola var. aleophilum (Vfa), the fungal pathogen causing dry bubble disease on the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. PCR primers were tailored to target a 162-bp arbitrary sequence in the Vfa genome. In PCR amplifications using the primer pair, all of 20 isolates of Vfa that had been collected during a 29-year period at commercial mushroom operations located primarily in North America were found to generate the diagnostic 162-bp DNA product. Conversely, the primers failed to produce the specific amplicon with DNA from isolates representing 5 other species of Verticillium, the pathogenic subspecies V. fungicola var. fungicola from Europe, and 12 other fungal species commonly inhabiting mushroom compost. A protocol was designed enabling a confirmed diagnosis of dry bubble disease in less than 3 h. The PCR-based test should find application for the rapid diagnosis and detection of the fungal pathogen in disease management programs and, potentially, in screening for on-the-farm sources of infection.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

Genetic polymorphism of ferula mushroom growing on Ferula sinkiangensis.

Mating tests, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis, intergenic spacer 1-restriction fragment length polymorphism (IGS1-RFLP), IGS1 sequence analysis, and IGS2-RFLP analysis were carried out on isolates of 17 morphologically different Pleurotus mushrooms collected on Ferula sinkiangensis. The isolates were divided, based on mating tests and ITS sequence analysis, into two groups identical to P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. nebrodensis, respectively. Single spores from these two groups were incompatible, but those from P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. eryngii were compatible and combined to produce 56.25% dikaryon mycelia with clamp connections. The ITS of P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. nebrodensis (GenBank accession no. AY311408) were both 638 bp in size but differed by 3% in sequence. P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. eryngii (GenBank accession no. AY368658) were identical in ITS size and sequence. P. nebrodensis was the dominant population of Pleurotus mushroom growing on F. sinkiangensis. It exhibited genetic diversity. The two species could also be distinguished by IGSI-RFLP, similar to identification by mating tests and ITS sequence analysis. Difference in IGS1-RFLP existed between P. eryngii var. ferulae and P. nebrodensis. The sequence difference reached 2.28%. Both IGS1 size and IGS1-RFLP were similar among the different samples of P. nebrodensis. The 17 isolates were separated into five types based on IGS2 size and IGS2-RFLP, with both interspecies and extraspecies differences. P. nebrodensis exhibited polymorphism and was divided into four types. These results agreed with macroscopic differences. IGS2 might be the effective domain of genetically polymorphic ribosomal DNA in P. nebrodensis mushrooms found in Xinjiang, China.

China↗
PubMed2006

A hemolysin from the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii.

A monomeric 17-kDa hemolysin designated as eryngeolysin was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii, using a protocol that involved gel filtration on Superdex 75, ion exchange chromatography on Mono Q and gel filtration on Superdex 75. Its N-terminal sequence demonstrated striking homology to that of its counterparts ostreolysin from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and aegerolysin from the mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Its hemolytic activity was unaffected over the pH range 4.0-12.0, but no activity was observed at pH 13 and at and below pH 2. The hemolysin was stable between 0 and 30 degrees C. At 40 degrees C, only residual activity was detectable. At and above 50 degrees C, activity was indiscernible. Eryngeolysin exhibited cytotoxicity toward leukemia (L1210) cells but not toward fungi. The hemolysin was inactivated by treatment with trypsin. It exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus sp. but not against other species. It inhibited basal as well as ConA-stimulated mitogenic response of murine splenocytes. N-Glycolyneuraminic acid was the only sugar capable of inhibiting the hemolytic activity. Eryngeolysin-induced hemolysis was osmotically protected by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 10000 with a mean hydrated diameter dose to 9.3 nm. However, no protection was offered by PEG 10000 to the anti-mitogenic and antiproliferative activities of eryngeolysin. The susceptibility of erythrocytes from different classes of vertebrates to eryngeolysin was mammalian > avian > reptilian > piscine.

Cell Proliferation↗
PubMed1998

Adult insect mushroom body neurons in primary culture: cell morphology and characterization of potassium channels.

The dissociation and maintenance in culture of cells derived from the mushroom bodies of adult crickets (Acheta domesticus) are described. This primary culture was developed in order to investigate maturation and differentiation of mushroom-body cells including Kenyon cells, the major intrinsic interneurons of mushroom bodies, which have been shown to be involved in learning and memory in insects. Three distinct cell types were observed, all identified as neural cells on the basis of their size, morphology and immunocytochemical staining with horseradish peroxidase. These cells appear to correspond to the three cell types observed in vivo: Kenyon cells, ganglion mother cells and neuroblasts. Some cells showed neurite growth, usually with long unipolar processes, occasionally with either bipolar or, more rarely, multipolar processes. Neuronal cell bodies readily formed seals with patch pipettes, allowing stable, whole-cell, patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings. Depolarization of the cell under voltage-clamp resulted in at least two types of outwardly directed potassium currents: a delayed rectifier-type of current that was sensitive to tetraethylammonium, and a cadmium-sensitive current with rapid inactivation. Neither type of current was affected by quinidine, a blocker of potassium currents recorded from pupal honeybee Kenyon cells. Other ionic currents, which have yet to be characterized, were also observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Autopsy case of duodenal obstruction from impacted mushroom.

We report an autopsy case of duodenal bulb obstruction caused by a shiitake mushroom. A 74-year-old woman with depression was admitted to the hospital after suffering nausea and abdominal fullness for 3 days. Because the physical findings and laboratory data on admission revealed marked dehydration, lactated Ringer's solution was administered. Twelve hours later, the patient suddenly died. Autopsy showed an enlarged stomach filled with 850 ml of partially digested food. In the anal side of the pylorus, a 9-cm-diameter shiitake mushroom had become impacted, causing complete obstruction. We conclude that the patient suffered from duodenal bulb obstruction caused by the impacted mushroom and subsequently died of ileus. This case illustrates a rare cause of duodenal obstruction and emphasizes that ingested food can cause obstructive ileus and death.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Taurine-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptor cells and mushroom bodies: a comparison of the chemical architecture of insect nervous systems.

Taurine is one of the most abundant amino acids found in the tissues of insect nervous systems. The distribution of taurine-like immunoreactivity was investigated in compound eyes, ocelli and mushroom bodies of Drosophila and Locusta. A comparison to the previously described taurine-like immunoreactivity in the brain of worker honeybees (J. Comp. Neurol., 268 (1988) 60-70) showed that the photoreceptor cells of all three insect species are immunoreactive. Immunoreactive mushroom body intrinsic Kenyon cells were also found in all three species. The intensity of the immunoreactivity was however graded, depending on the species. While the majority of Kenyon cells were stained in Apis and Drosophila, the immunoreactivity of the locust mushroom body was mainly confined to the intrinsic neurons originating in the accessory calyx.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Uptake of radiocesium by mushrooms.

After the Chernobyl accident in April 1986 the 134Cs, 137Cs and 40K activity of mushrooms of different genera and their corresponding soils from woods located in the province of Umbria (Italy) was determined. The results indicated: a temporally increasing trend for 137Cs up to a "limit value" depending on local fallout in 1986; different cesium concentrations in various mushroom genera; and uptake of potassium from soil that did not appear to compete with cesium uptake. No reliable correlation can be inferred between the cesium content of the soil and those of mushrooms.

Accidents↗
PubMed1994

Cs-137 content in the mushrooms of radioactive contaminated zones of the European part of the CIS.

Samples of different species of mushrooms were collected in the forests contaminated by Chernobyl (ChNPP) accident fallout debris. Sampling sites were located at a distance of 5-200 km from Chernobyl NPP. Transfer factors (TF) for Cs-137 from soil to mushrooms varied from 12 to 5060 nCi kg-1/Ci km-2; TF variability depended on the distance from ChNPP, mushroom species and growth conditions. The highest concentrations of Cs-137 were observed in Paxillus involutus and Xerocomus badius. These species are suggested as bioindicators of radioactive contamination.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1988

Bioaccumulation of Hg in the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

The possibility of utilizing industrial, urban, and other wastes for the growth of a product which is directly edible by humans is fascinating. However, it is possible that many wastes containing toxic substances, for example, heavy metals, could reach the food chain and produce adverse effects on human health. To this end, we studied the possibility of bioaccumulation of Hg by a mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, grown on an artificial compost containing this element. Concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg of Hg as Hg(NO3)2.H2O were added to three groups of the same compost, successively inoculated with the mycelia of the mushroom. Higher concentrations strongly reduced the growth of the mycelia and therefore were not utilized. The concentrations of Hg in the substrate and in the mushroom were evaluated by AAS. The range of the accumulation factor was found to be 65-140, i.e., very marked. This finding suggests that the cultivation of P. ostreatus on substrates containing Hg from industrial and urban wastes could involve possible risks to human health.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1986

Hepatotoxic action of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita abrupta in mice and its toxic component.

An aqueous extract of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita abrupta was injected intraperitoneally into male ICR mice and the acute effects on the liver were studied. Contents of serum glucose and liver glycogen decreased to 60% and 10% of the control levels, respectively, 6 h after injection. Activities of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase increased to 3- and 8-fold, respectively, 12 h after injection, and the elevated activities were maintained up to 24 h. Activities of the hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes were also reduced 15 h after injection. Histological examination demonstrated massive liver cell necrosis and disappearance of glycogen granules in the liver of the treated animals. Two amino acids, L-2-amino-4-pentynoic acid and L-2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid were identified in the mushroom extract. The former caused similar biochemical effects to those of the mushroom extract.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed1985

5,6-Dihydroxyindole oxidation by mammalian, mushroom and amphibian tyrosinase preparations.

The oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole by tyrosinases from mushroom, Harding-Passey melanoma, bovine eye and Bufo bufo embryo has been investigated. The apparent Km values for this substrate were measured and found to be of the same order of magnitude as those for L-tyrosine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, as reported in the literature (5 x 10(-4) M). The 5,6-dihydroxyindole oxidases of mushroom and T4 melanoma isozyme are sensitive to phenylthiourea, while, on the other hand, those from crude preparations of bovine and B. bufo tyrosinases are not sensitive to the inhibitor in an evident manner. The action of some indole derivatives on the 5,6-dihydroxyindole oxidase of mushroom has also been investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Preferential expression of the Drosophila rutabaga gene in mushroom bodies, neural centers for learning in insects.

Seven lines were isolated with P element insertions in the cytogenetic vicinity of the learning and memory gene, rutabaga, from an enhancer detector screen designed to mark genes preferentially expressed in mushroom bodies. Six of these lines performed poorly in learning and memory tests, and several failed to complement an existing rutabaga allele. Molecular cloning revealed that the P elements were inserted in the putative promoter of the rutabaga gene. RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of the rutabaga gene, which encodes a Ca2+/calmodulin-responsive adenylyl cyclase, is markedly elevated in the mushroom bodies of normal flies and that the insertion elements compromised its expression in the new rutabaga mutants. The reisolation of a known learning and memory gene, but with a heretofore unknown expression pattern, strongly supports the postulate that mushroom bodies are principal sites mediating olfactory learning and memory.

Alleles↗
PubMed1993

Preferential expression in mushroom bodies of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A and its role in learning and memory.

Involvement of the cAMP cascade in Drosophila learning and memory is suggested by the aberrant behavioral phenotypes of the mutants dunce (cAMP phosphodiesterase) and rutabaga (adenylyl cyclase). Line DCO581, isolated via an enhancer detector screen for genes preferentially expressed in the mushroom bodies, contains a transposon in the first exon of the catalytic subunit gene (DCO) of protein kinase A (PKA). RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry show that DCO is preferentially expressed in the mushroom bodies. The DCO581 insertion and an independently isolated hypomorphic allele (DCOB10) each produce homozygous lethality and a 40% decrease in PKA activity in heterozygotes. This decrease has mild effects on learning but no effect on memory. However, the 80% reduction in activity obtained by constructing heteroallelic yet viable DCO581/DCOB10 animals results in a dramatic learning and memory deficit. These results suggest that PKA plays a crucial role in the cAMP cascade in mushroom bodies to mediate learning and memory processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mitogenic activity of edible mushroom lectins.

A special group of lectins were isolated from three popular Asian edible mushrooms: Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus flabellatus and Hericium erinacium, and their mitogenic activities towards mouse T cells were compared to the extensively investigated Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL) and the Jack bean lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A). Among the four mushroom lectins tested, V. volvacea lectin (VVL) exhibited strong mitogenic activity as demonstrated by 3H-thymidine incorporation, which was at least 10-fold more effective than that of Con A, and the other mushroom lectins did not exhibit any proliferative activity. Treatment with VVL and ABL resulted in activation of the protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck, and expression of early activation markers, CD69 and CD25, but only VVL induced intracellular calcium influx while ABL triggered cell death. The calcium influx was sensitive to calcium channel antagonists such as nifedipine and verapamil. The P. flabellatus lectin (PFL) and H. erinacium lectin (HEL) did not stimulate p56lck expression and cell proliferation. Neither of these lectins interfered with Con A-mediated lymphocyte proliferation, which further indicated that both PFL and HEL were non-mitogenic. Taken all results together, VVL induced mitogenesis through T cell receptors and the subsequent calcium signaling pathway.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2006

First report of a xylose-specific lectin with potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities from a wild ascomycete mushroom.

From fresh fruiting bodies of the wild ascomycete mushroom (Xylaria hypoxylon) a lectin with N-terminal sequence resemblance to a part of Aspergillus oryzae genome and only slight similarity to fungal immunomodulatory protein from the mushroom Flammulina velutipes was isolated. The protocol comprised extraction with water, precipitation from the aqueous extract using 80% saturated (NH(4))(2)SO(4), ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose, and then gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. Lectin activity was adsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and unadsorbed on CM-cellulose. The lectin appeared as a single band with a molecular mass of 14.4 kDa in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a single 28.8-kDa peak in gel filtration on Superdex 75. The lectin exhibited highly potent antiproliferative activity toward tumor cell lines, and exerted a potent anti-mitogenic action on mouse splenocytes. The hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was inhibited by inulin and xylose. It was stable up to 35 degrees C. At 40 degrees C its hemagglutinating activity was reduced by 50%, and it dwindled to 12.5% of the original activity at 50 degrees C. The hemagglutinating activity was also sensitive to NaOH and HCl solutions. The hemagglutinating activity was unaffected by CaCl(2) and ZnCl(2), and was potentiated substantially in the presence of AlCl(3) and FeCl(3). The distinctive features of this lectin comprise a unique sugar specificity, and highly potent hemagglutinating, antiproliferative and anti-mitogenic activities. X. hypoxylon lectin differs in molecular mass, N-terminal sequence and sugar specificity from previously reported ascomycete mushroom lectins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗