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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Potential role of microorganisms isolated from periodontal lesions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.

A total of 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) were evaluated with regard to the role of infectious agents and host response. Patients were selected based upon oral manifestations of their disease, 10 with periodontal disease and 10 without. Microbiologic studies of the periodontal flora of IBD-affected patients revealed a unique microflora composed predominantly of small, motile, gram-negative rods, which were most consistent with the genus Wolinella. Further studies of the host response of these patients revealed a serum-mediated defect in neutrophil chemotaxis in all 10 patients with periodontal disease. Neutrophil phagocytosis was normal. In vitro studies of neutrophil function in response to Wolinella extracts and culture supernatants revealed inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis in a dose-response fashion. The organism was chemokinetic for neutrophils but not chemotactic. The data suggest that unusual microorganisms colonizing the oral cavity of IBD patients potentially play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease as infectious agents or modifiers of the host response or both.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗
PubMed1976

Cyclacillin: microbiological and pharmacological properties and use in chemotherapy of infection - a critical appraisal.

The pharmacological and microbiological properties of cyclacillin were discussed and its usefulness in the management of a variety of infections was reviewed. The antibacterial spectrum and clinical utility of this agent generally parallels that of ampicillin, but there are minor differences in specificity with regard to individual microorganisms. The in vitro activity of cyclacillin against gram-negative pathogens varies greatly, the results fluctuating in accordance with the composition of the assay medium of method. The drug has demonstrated excellent therapeutic effectiveness against experimental infections produced by both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, thus making questionable a prediction of therapeutic effectiveness from in vitro susceptibility tests alone. Cyclacillin is more resistant to beta-lactamase hydrolysis than ampicillin, is much better absorbed when given by mouth and, as a result, the levels reached in the blood and in the urine are considerably higher than those obtained with the same dose of ampicillin. Cyclacillin produces fewer and milder side-effects than ampicillin.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1989

[Prevention of dysbacteriosis in the early neonatal period using a pure culture of acidophilic bacteria].

In order to prevent dysbacterioses occurring in the early neonatal period, 60 neonates classified with the risk group were administered, when they were still at the puerperal room, pure cultures of specially selected strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus possessing marked anti-Klebsiella activity and antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The cultures were instilled into the mouth and nasal passages. Forty neonates administered bifidum-bacterin and 54 neonates not given biopreparations were used as control. Application of the pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus noticeably raised the efficacy of the preventive measures. Over 60 percent of the neonates were discharged from the maternity home with a normally formed intestinal microflora, 60 percent had normal microflora in the fauces, 80 percent in the nose, and 70 percent of the neonates demonstrated normal skin microflora. The carriage of opportunistic microorganisms in the fauces and nose of the neonates had decreased substantially by the time of the discharge from the maternity home, while the incidence of pyo-inflammatory diseases had also reduced among them.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1998

[Dog bite infections associated with CDC group EF-4a. Report of 2 cases].

BACKGROUND: Group EF-4 bacteria make up part of the normal flora of the oral cavity of dogs and cats. Few reports have been published on the incidence of human infections by this group of bacteria and these are associated with animal bite or scratch. Two cases of infections by CDC group EF-4 by dog bite were diagnosed in 1996 by the Bacteriology Laboratory of the authors' hospital. These cases are herein described and the biochemical analysis and profile of sensitivity of this little known group of bacteria evaluated. METHODS: Two clinical cases of infection by CDC group EF-4a by dog bite are described. Identification of the bacteria was performed by conventional biochemical tests and quantitative antibiotic sensitivity to 12 antibiotics was carried out by the seried broth macrodilution method. RESULTS: The two strains isolated corresponded to biovar "a" of group EF-4 being sensitive to: ampicillin, ceftriaxone, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, rifamipicin, TMS and ciprofloxacin, intermediate sensitivity to erythromycin and were resistant to cefalotine, oxacillin and vancomycin. With respect to penicillin, one of the strains was sensitive and the other presented intermediate sensitivity. Neither of the strains produced beta lactamase. CONCLUSIONS: Although Pasteurella sp. is usually considered in dog bite wounds, the possible presence of group EF-4 should be taken into account since the sensitivity of both microorganisms against penicillin and cefalotin, which are effective against Pasteurella but less active against group EF-4 bacteria differ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Adjunctive erythromycin treatment for idiopathic preterm labor: results of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

Pathogenesis and optimal treatment and prevention of preterm labor remain incompletely understood. Entry of cervical/vaginal microorganisms into lower uterine tissues has been implicated in preterm labor and may be amenable to specific therapy. Fifty-eight women with less than 34 completed weeks of gestation and without other obstetric complications, who were receiving intravenous tocolytics because of uterine contractions and who had cervical alteration (less than 5 cm dilated), were enrolled in a prospective randomized, double-blinded evaluation of 7 days of adjunctive therapy with enteric-coated erythromycin base (333 mg three times daily by mouth) versus placebo. Microbiologic examination included cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and group B streptococcus. Fifty-eight women with singleton pregnancies (29 erythromycin; 29 placebo) completed the protocol. Among women with cervical dilatation greater than or equal to 1 cm at the beginning of treatment, mean time until delivery was 32.5 days with erythromycin and 22.4 days with placebo treatment (p = 0.027). Of the erythromycin-treated women, seven of eight were delivered at greater than or equal to 37 weeks and only three of nine placebo-treated women were delivered at greater than or equal to 37 weeks (p = 0.035). Orally administered enteric-coated erythromycin as adjunctive treatment of pregnant women in labor less than or equal to 34 weeks is well tolerated. Adjunctive erythromycin given to women treated for preterm labor less than or equal to 34 weeks is associated with prolongation of pregnancy and delivery at 37 weeks only in women with cervical dilatation at the beginning of treatment.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1994

Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria.

The antimicrobial activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol alone or combined was tested by micromethods on eight oral bacteria. The compounds showed an inhibitory activity on seven microorganisms and a synergistic effect was observed with certain combinations. The four compounds can be used alone or combined, as eugenol and thymol, eugenol and carvacrol, thymol and carvacrol, during the treatment of oral infectious diseases.

Acrolein↗
PubMed1992

Effects of hyposalivation on the oral microflora of rats fed sucrose or wheat flour diets.

The effects of hyposalivation on the induction of dental caries and on the composition of the oral microflora were examined in specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats fed either a sucrose or a wheat flour diet with or without inoculation of Streptococcus mutans. Significant dental caries was induced in hyposalivated rats fed diet 2000 containing 56% sucrose, irrespective of infection by S. mutans. Diets containing 56% wheat flour did not induce dental caries in either hyposalivated or sham-operated rats, irrespective of infection by S. mutans. Bacteriological examinations at the end of the experiment demonstrated that the total numbers of lactobacilli and staphylococci increased in hyposalivated rats irrespective of the diet given, while the inoculated stain of S. mutans decreased significantly in hyposalivated rats. These findings suggest that some acidogenic microorganisms such as lactobacilli and staphylococci that can utilize sucrose or glucose but not wheat flour may also promote dental caries in hyposalivated rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Antibiotic therapy in odontogenic infections].

Antibiotic therapy for oral infections is described in the context of the determination of microorganisms involved and the formation of resistance to antibiotics. The indications are shown and in 115 cases the microorganisms responsible for the infection and their resistance are enumerated. It is alarming to know that increasingly multiple resistances to antibiotics are discovered. This increase is particularly observed in Tetracyclin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazol. Finally antibiotic therapies in oral infections are recommended.

Abscess↗
PubMed1994

Oral microflora of the ferret at the gingival sulcus and mucosa membrane in relation to ligature-induced periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to describe, in the domestic ferret, the composition of the normal gingival sulcus and the near related mucosa microflora and the shift in the composition during an acute periodontal breakdown induced by the placement of ligatures. Five animals were used. At the start of the experiment (day 0) and before the placement of the ligatures, 2 microbiological samples were obtained from the gingival sulcus and the related mucosa at the mid-buccal surface of the right upper P4. The same sites were sampled on the left side, serving as control sites. On day 28, new microbiological samples were taken from the same 4 sites. The samples were analyzed with darkfield microscopy and with viable counts. In the darkfield analysis, on day 0, the predominant bacterial morphotype was cocci, ranging from 88-92%. The viable counts showed that nearly 100% of the total cultivable flora was composed of facultative anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive rods. Pasteurella spp., Corynebacterium spp. and Rothia spp. were the major components of these bacterial groups. No anaerobic bacteria were detected. On day 28, cocci decreased to approximately 75% in the experimental gingival sulcus sample, and filaments and rods increased significantly. Spirochetes remained largely unchanged during the experiment. The composition of the experimental site samples changed. There was a decrease in the mean numbers of facultative anaerobic gram-positive rods, and approximately one third of the microflora comprised anaerobic gram-negative rods, mainly Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium spp. Although the composition of the microflora of the ferret presented few similarities to that described in dogs and monkeys, the anaerobic portion of the gingival sulcus and oral mucosa microflora related to ligature-induced periodontitis presented microorganisms observed in experimental periodontitis both in dogs and monkeys as well as in human periodontal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Prophylactic and therapeutic application of antimicrobial agents in the oral cavity.

Antimicrobial substances are used for many prophylactic and therapeutic reasons in the oral cavity. They are used as mouthrinses, for the irrigation of specific oral locations, in form of gels, or varnishes. Different antimicrobial agents are available and some preparations are complex compositions of these compounds. Although it has been proven that several agents are suited to achieve a considerable reduction of oral microorganisms many questions concerning the clinical benefit are yet to be answered. This report summarises the evidence of the efficacy of oral antiseptics (especially chlorhexidine, pvp-iodine, and Listerine) depending on different indications, which is the basis for clinical and practical recommendations.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1995

Noma: a neglected scourge of children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Poverty is the single most important risk indicator for noma (cancrum oris), a severe gangrene of the soft and hard tissues of the mouth, face, and neighbouring areas. The risk factors associated with an increased probability of noma developing include the following: malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, and a state of debilitation resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, measles, and other childhood diseases prevalent in the tropics. There are many similarities between noma and necrobacillosis of the body surface of wallabies (Macropus reforgriseus), and it is proposed that noma results from oral contamination by a heavy load of Bacteroidaceae (particularly Fusobacterium necrophorum) and a consortium of other microorganisms. These opportunistic pathogens invade oral tissues whose defences are weakened by malnutrition, acute necrotizing gingivitis, debilitating conditions, trauma, and other oral mucosal ulcers. The current escalation in the incidence of noma in Africa can be attributed to the worsening economic crisis in the region, which has adversely affected the health and well-being of children through deteriorating sanitation, declining nutritional status and the associated immunosuppression, and increased exposure to infectious diseases. Prevention of noma in Africa will require measures that address these problems, and most importantly, eliminate faecal contamination of foods and water supplies.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMed1989

[Antimicrobial activity of N-alkylethylenediamines against oral and other microorganisms].

Six N-alkylethylenediamines were synthesized and antimicrobial activity of each compound against oral microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii, and some others were determined in vitro. Dodecyl or tetradecyl derivative possessed maximum bacteriostatic activity among the test compounds. On the other hand, killing time of S. mutans in aqueous solution decreased with increasing alkyl-chain length.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1996

Kinetic properties of glucosyltransferase adsorbed onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite.

Results from previous studies have shown that several properties of glucosyltransferase (GTF) adsorbed onto saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads differ from those of GTF in solution. For example: thermostability, pH-activity dependency, sensitivity to inhibitors. The aim of this study was to compare the kinetics of the adsorbed GTF with its kinetic properties in solution. Hydroxyapatite beads were coated with human parotid saliva (sHA). Following washes, cell-free GTF enzyme from Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 (S. sobrinus 6715) or Streptococcus mutans GS-5 (S. mutans GS-5) was adsorbed onto sHA. The GTF-coated sHA were then incubated with radiolabeled sucrose for intervals of 5-360 minutes and the amount of glucans synthesized in situ by the adsorbed GTF was determined and compared with that produced in solution. The adsorbed GTF (from S. sobrinus 6715) exhibited a sharp increase in glucan production within the first 5 minutes of incubation while surface-bound GTF of S. mutans GS-5 displayed an initial burst of activity within the first 15 minutes of incubation. During the next 6 hours (duration of experiment) the amount of glucan on the beads did not increase with either enzyme. In contrast, the kinetic profile of the two GTFs in solution demonstrated a linear increase in the amount of glucans formed, with no initial burst effect. The results indicate that the rapid formation of glucans by GTF adsorbed onto sHA could have implications for colonization by oral microorganisms on tooth surfaces. The accelerated synthesis of glucan on tooth surfaces may affect the microbiology of the dental plaque, and might also influence the movement of substances, such as acids and antiplaque agents, across the acquired pellicle and dental plaque.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

The focal infection theory: appraisal and reappraisal.

This paper discusses the past, present, and future of the focal infection theory of disease. A focal infection is a localized or general infection caused by the dissemination of microorganisms or toxic products from a focus of infection. The resurgence of the focal infection theory of disease has been greeted with great enthusiasm in some quarters; however, the present evidence for the relationship of oral microorganisms and systemic disease is very limited due not only to a dearth of prospective studies and a complete lack of interventional studies but also to very significant methodological difficulties associated with the clinical studies that have been performed.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1988

[Antibacterial protection and the microbiological status of the oral cavity in Sjögren's disease].

The microflora of the oral cavity was studied with a view to the evaluation of the microbiological status and the content of lysozyme in mixed saliva samples from 14 patients with Sjögren's syndrome and the control group of 19 persons. Disturbances in the biocenosis of the oral cavity of the patients, characterized by the increased occurrence of rod-shaped forms of lactobacilli, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and cariogenic streptococci (S. mutans) in the cultures obtained by the inoculation of oral smears, was detected. This "cariogenic situation" was confirmed by clinical data on the stomatological status. In patients with Sjögren's syndrome the intensity of caries, determined by the ratio of carious, filled and extracted teeth, was high and reached 27.4 +/- 1.0 in comparison with 15.3 +/- 0.7 in the control group (P less than 0.05). A decrease in the level of mixed saliva secretion and in the content of lysozyme in secreted saliva was noted in the patients in comparison with the control group (P less than 0.05). The results thus obtained indicate that in Sjögren's syndrome the use of the preparations of eubiotic microorganisms with a view to the correction of the microflora of the oral cavity, as well as the application of 0.1% lysozyme solution to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, may be recommended among other therapeutic measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity during febrile episodes in immunocompromised patients with haematologic malignancies.

The purpose of the study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms during febrile episodes in haematologic patients, who had been treated with anti-neoplastic drugs within the previous 4 weeks. During a 9-month period 78 consecutive febrile episodes occurred in 46 patients who were examined daily. On day 1, before antibiotic treatment was started, members of the normal flora were found in 83%, Candida spp. in 72%, Enterobacteriaceae in 29%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8%, Staphylococcus aureus in 14%, coagulase-negative staphylococci in 26% and enterococci in 17% of the febrile episodes. During the subsequent antibiotic treatment, the prevalence of members of the normal oral flora was markedly reduced from day 1 (83%) to day 7 (6%), and the normal flora was replaced by potentially pathogenic microorganisms. A rise was found in the prevalences of Candida spp. (from 72 to 92%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (from 26 to 49%) from day 1 to day 4. The prevalences of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa showed no day-to-day changes, and were not different in patients hospitalized for more or less than 24 h prior to inclusion into the study, suggesting that their detection was not due to acquisition during hospitalization or antibiotic treatment. The oral occurrence of species of microorganisms regularly found in septicaemia, suggests that the oral cavity may play a role as a port of entry of septicaemia in patients with haematologic malignancies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Bacteriotherapy and probiotics' role on oral health.

Oral infections constitute some of the most common and costly forms of infections in humans. The concept of microbial ecological change as a mechanism for preventing dental disease is an important one while altered microbial ecology may lead to dental disease. New methods such as probiotic approaches (i.e. whole bacteria replacement therapy) to eliminate pathogenic members of the microbiota can be investigated. Bacteriotherapy is an alternative and promising way to combat infections by using harmless bacteria to displace pathogenic microorganisms. Probiotics are one of these new agents which are widely used for their therapeutic action. Limited research is available showing that some probiotic cultures may help dental improvement. Present paper focuses on possible oral benefits of probiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Agar media that indicate acid production from sorbitol by oral microorganisms.

Two varieties of agar medium (Trypticase [BBL Microbiology Systems]-serum-sorbitol-bromcresol purple agar [TSSB] and Trypticase-blood-sorbitol-CaCO3 agar [TBSCa]) indicating microbial acid production from sorbitol were tested. The media were devised for use in studies on the prevalence of sorbitol-fermenting human oral microorganisms incubated in an anaerobic or microaerophilic atmosphere containing 5 to 6% CO2. TSSB contains bromcresol purple as the pH indicator and NaHCO3 as the main buffering salt. TBSCa contains CaCO3 as both the buffering salt and the indicator of acid production. The growth yield of pure cultures of oral microorganisms on TBSCa was shown to equal that on blood agar incubated under similar conditions. TSSB inhibited the growth of several bacteria to various extents. The recovery of sorbitol-fermenting microorganisms from oral specimens was the greatest when the specimens were assayed with TBSCa. The poorer results obtained with TSSB were mainly due to the decoloration of the pH indicator in this medium and the presence of greater numbers of sorbitol false-positive colonies.

Acids↗