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PubMed1991

Borderline, depressive, and schizophrenic discrimination by MMPI.

This study intended to differentiate among borderline personality disorder (BPD), schizophrenic, and depressed patients on the basis of their MMPI profiles. MMPI profiles of 237 psychiatric inpatients were selected on the basis of their primary DSM-III admission diagnoses. Analysis of MMPI mean scores and discriminant function analysis supports previous literature in describing borderline patients as having a broad spectrum of psychopathology typified by an attitude of alienation and rebelliousness, atypical thought content and/or process, and eccentric behavior. Schizophrenic patients are differentiated from BPD patients by the presence of thought disorder and psychotic-like manifestations. The depressed patients did not show the aforementioned extreme characteristics of the other two groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

MMPI response patterns of college students: comparisons to adolescents and adults.

The consistent finding that normal adolescents endorse more MMPI items in the deviant direction than do normal adults, reflected in reliable adolescent-adult differences on the item, scale, and profile levels, suggests a developmental perspective. This perspective also implies that college students' MMPI mean raw scores might be expected to fall between means typically obtained for adolescents and adults. We examined 17 studies of college volunteer samples to evaluate this hypothesis. Findings showed that college student mean values do fall between adolescent and adult means, most strikingly on scales F, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9. It is recommended that more attention be given to the status of college students as a special population with distinctive MMPI characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The detection of malingering and deception with a short form of the MMPI-2 based on the L, F, and K scales.

This project examined the use of a short inventory based on the validity subscales from the MMPI-2. In Study 1, 69 subjects responded to the extracted L, F, and K items and to those items when embedded in the complete MMPI-2. Correlations between administrations were equivalent to the original test-retest reliabilities for these scales. In Study 2, 60 subjects responded to the short-form with instructions to be honest, fake good, or fake bad. The correct classification rate was 77% using the standard MMPI-2 rules of L greater than 7OT for faking good and F greater than 7OT for faking bad. Taken together, these findings suggest that the short-form may be useful alone or when combined with other questionnaires to identify potential problems in self-report.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Age, stage, and the MMPI: changes in response patterns over an 85-year age span.

Statistically significant and clinically relevant age-related changes in MMPI response patterns have long been known to clinicians. Graphic representations of mean scores that cover an 85-year age span, separately by sex, for each of the 13 basic MMPI validity and clinical scales support the use of adolescent norms and indicate that clinicians should give greater acknowledgement to age-related MMPI changes in adults and their interpretation, particularly among geriatric patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

MMPI interpretation of psychiatric inpatients: caution in making inferences about concentration and memory.

The relation of specific MMPI scores to attention, concentration, and memory was assessed in an inpatient psychiatric sample diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria as having schizophrenia, chronic undifferentiated type (n = 22); schizophrenia, paranoid type (n = 17); and schizoaffective disorder (n = 20). MMPI indices that are used widely to infer cognitive efficiency--including Scales 2 (Depression), 8 (Schizophrenia), SC-PT, D4 (Mental Dullness), SC2A (Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive), PSY (Psychoticism) and ORG (Organic Symptoms)--were investigated in relation to actual performance on Digit Span and subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS, Russell's Revision). Weak correlations emerged (maximum r = .31, p less than .05), which suggests that scores on these MMPI measures may not provide a reliable basis for inferring attention and memory functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Somatization and malingering for workers' compensation applicants: a cross-cultural MMPI study.

A post hoc analysis was conducted of 60 Hispanics and 60 Caucasians who had filed claims under workers' compensation. The study examined cross-cultural differences of somatization and malingering as assessed by the MMPI. Somatization was assessed by analyzing two- and three-point code types based on scales 1 (Hs), 2 (D), and 3 (Hy) of the MMPI, using the cut-off criterion of T > or = 70. Malingering was determined by analysis of the dissimulation index from the MMPI (F-K > +9). Significant differences were found for somatization; Hispanics were more likely to somatize. Minimal differences were found between Hispanic and Caucasian subjects on the malingering scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

CAVEing the MMPI for an Optimism-Pessimism Scale: Seligman's attributional model and the assessment of explanatory style.

Research based on Seligman's model indicates that a pessimistic explanatory style predicts increased frequency of depression, poorer physical health, and lower levels of achievement. The data show that persons who have a pessimistic outlook on life are more frequent users of the medical and mental health care delivery systems. This paper describes the development of a bipolar MMPI Optimism-Pessimism (PSM) scale that is based on the results of a technique--Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanation (CAVE)--applied to the MMPI. Reliability and validity indices show that the PSM scale is highly accurate and consistent with Seligman's theory. Identification of the patient's explanatory style may lead to improved management because intervention measures can be directed more accurately according to the patient's personality style. The new scale also will allow researchers to use existing MMPI data to explore relationships between explanatory style and various outcome variables and behavioral correlates.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The influence of acculturation and racial identity attitudes on Mexican-Americans' MMPI-2 performance.

Examination of the relationships among acculturation, racial identity, and the newly revised MMPI is warranted. This study investigated the degree to which racial identity influences Mexican-Americans' performance on the L, K, and MF scales of the MMPI-2. Also investigated were individual differences in performance on the L, K, and MF scales as a function of acculturation. Fifty-one Mexican-American undergraduates from Washington State University participated by completing an acculturation scale, a racial identity attitude scale, and the MMPI-2. Results indicated that performance on the L and K scales is influenced by racial identity attitudes and levels of acculturation, however, no evidence was found to suggest a relationship between cultural variables and performance on the MF scale.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

MMPI-2 profiles of filicidal, mariticidal, and homicidal women.

The present study compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) clinical and content scale profiles of a group of adult women (N = 73) charged with either murder of their child (filicide) (n = 30), their partner (mariticide) (n = 19), or an unrelated adult (homicide) (n = 24). No significant differences were seen among the three groups on either the MMPI-2 clinical or content scales. Clinical inspection of the 53 valid MMPI-2 profiles (F < 110T) revealed a 6-8 mean profile for the filicidal women, a 2-6 mean profile for the mariticidal women, and a 4-8 mean profile for the homicidal women. Application of the data for criminal forensic psychological evaluations is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The MMPI-2 in sexual harassment and discrimination litigants.

In order to understand patterns of respondents on validity and clinical scales, this study analyzed archival Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2s (MMPI-2s) produced by 192 women and 14 men who initiated legal claims of ongoing emotional harm related to workplace sexual harassment and discrimination. The MMPI-2s were administered as a part of a comprehensive psychiatric forensic evaluation of the claimants' current psychological condition. All validity and clinical scale scores were manually entered into the computer, and codetype and cluster analyses were obtained. Among the women, 28% produced a "normal limits" profile, providing no MMPI-2 support for their claims of ongoing emotional distress. Cluster analysis of the validity scales of the remaining profiles produced four distinctive clusters of profiles representing different approaches to the test items.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Empirically derived pain-patient MMPI subgroups: prediction of treatment outcome.

Fifty-seven male chronic pain patients admitted to an inpatient multimodal pain treatment program at a Midwestern Veterans Administration hospital completed the MMPI, Profile of Mood States (POMS), Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS), activity diaries, and an extensive pain questionnaire. All patients were assessed both before and after treatment, and most also were assessed 2-5 months prior to treatment. No significant changes occurred during the baseline period, but significant improvements were evident at posttreatment on most variables: MMPI, POMS, TSCS, RAS, pain severity, sexual functioning, and activity diaries. MMPI subgroup membership, based on a hierarchical cluster analysis in a larger sample, was not predictive of differential treatment outcome. Possible reasons for comparable treatment gains among these subgroups, which previously have been shown to differ on many psychological and behavioral factors, are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

The MMPI and chronic pain: the diagnosis of psychogenic pain.

This study investigates the capacity of the MMPI to discriminate among groups of patients with different types of pain. When multivariate analysis of variance is used, the standard set of MMPI scales discriminates between acute pain and chronic pain but not between chronic pain of two different etiologies (surgical-iatrogenic vs. unknown). The three scales that discriminate acute from chronic pain patients are those in the "neurotic triad," Hs, D, and Hy. The possibility that the unknown pain etiology group could be broken down into psychogenic pain and undetected somatogenic pathology subgroups was explored using cluster analysis. This procedure did not yield any group of patients who could be identified as having chronic pain of psychogenic origin. These results suggest that the MMPI is not a reliable tool for the differential diagnosis of chronic pain. It appears, however, that patterns of findings are partly contingent on population characteristics. Researchers should be cautious about generalizing to populations other than those from which samples are drawn.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1990

Affective and personality characteristics of MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated rapists.

Psychometric studies attempting to understand adult rapists have primarily used the MMPI and have been of limited use. Also, psychodynamic theories have failed to provide objective criteria for classification. The present study attempted to integrate these two approaches. Using multivariate clustering procedures, five MMPI profile subgroups were identified. Subgroups replicated those identified in earlier studies. Subgroups were also differentiated along several sexual, affective, and personality measures independent of the MMPI. Results are integrated with psychodynamic theories of rape and implications of the findings and the utility of a classification system for rapists are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Construct validity of the Sivik Psychosomaticism Test and test of operational style: correlations with four Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subscales.

To evaluate the construct validity (convergent and divergent) of the Sivik Psycho Somaticism test (SPS) and test of Operationality (OPER), Pearson correlation coefficients between SPS scales and subscales, OPER and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subscales Hypochondria (Hs), Depression (D), Hysteria (Hy) and Alexithymia (Al) were calculated. Eighty-eight healthy individuals and 285 psychosomatic patients completed the SPS and OPER tests and MMPI; Hs, D, Hy and Al. The results show that most of the SPS subscales and OPER are significantly correlated to several MMPI subscales in both a normal and a psychosomatic population. The results are in concordance with the theoretical hypotheses and confirm the validity of the SPS and OPER constructs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

MMPI vulnerability indicators for schizophrenia and attention deficit disorder: UCLA family study of biological parents of offspring with childhood-onset schizophrenia or ADHD.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scores were examined for 50 parents of children with an onset of schizophrenia prior to 14 years of age, 153 parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 168 parents of community comparison children. The parents were participants in the UCLA Family Study. The mean scores on all standard MMPI scales were within normal limits for all three groups of participants. Parents of schizophrenia probands were significantly higher on scale Sc than parents of community comparison children. Previous research has shown that scale Sc may be associated with a genetic liability to developing schizophrenia. Thus, scale Sc shows promise as an indicator of a heightened risk for the development of schizophrenia. The parents of the ADHD probands were significantly higher on standard clinical scale Pd than community comparison parents. Mothers of both schizophrenia and ADHD probands shared some personality indicators of stress reactivity. Although this study, like all non-adoptee family studies, cannot disentangle genetic effects on the development of these personality characteristics from environmental effects, we speculate that the emotional distress resulting in higher levels of the MMPI characteristics seen in the patients' mothers reflects the impact of raising a psychiatrically ill offspring.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Does the MMPI differentiate chronic illness from chronic pain?

This study examines the relationship between MMPI scales and functional limitation for the chronic illness populations of chronic low back pain, migraine headache, hypertension and diabetes. Average MMPI profiles for these groups approximate those of previous studies with the chronic low back group having the most disturbed profile and showing elevations especially on the Hs, Hy and D scales. Several kinds of analyses, however, demonstrate that, in general, the MMPI group differences can be accounted for by individual self-rated functional limitation. The data do not support attempts at defining a low back pain or chronic pain personality profile apart from the emotional disturbance associated with chronic limitation and disruption of activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

MMPI and headache: a special focus on differential diagnosis, prediction of treatment outcome, and patient-treatment matching.

The relation between personality characteristics and the psychological functioning of headache patients has long been a topic of interest. Early investigations focused on clinical and anecdotal reports while recent research has moved toward a more objective evaluation of headache groups by using the MMPI. However, the findings from diverse studies have not been integrated, nor has a rationale for the use of these data in the clinical management of headache been formally presented. The focus of this review is to present a concise, integrated analysis of previous group MMPI headache studies and apply these findings to differential diagnosis, prediction of treatment outcome, and client-treatment matching. Five selected clinical case studies indicating various degrees of psychopathology in migraine headache patients are presented to highlight treatment issues in support of an idiographic utilization of the MMPI for the clinical treatment of headache patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Psychosomatic aspects of chronic pain: a new way of description based on MMPI item analysis.

Certain psychic structures which are represented in special configurations of MMPI scale values--the 'neurotic triad' and the 'conversion V'--are said to be typical of chronic pain patients. But considering the problems of reliability and validity of MMPI scales and new theoretical reflections regarding psychosomatic disorders, the diagnostic information given by these scale-based descriptions seems to be low. The present study examines the MMPI patterns of patients suffering from chronic headaches (N = 45) and chronic low back pain (N = 45) in comparison with a control group (N = 33) to obtain more relevant diagnostic information. Both pain groups claim to have strange bodily sensations accompanied by anxiety. Headache patients as well as low back pain patients tend to deny feelings of anger and aggressiveness. In comparison with the control group all pain patients adapt themselves to their immediate social environment to a much higher degree.

Adaptation, Psychological↗