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PubMed1987

Immune thrombocytopenia: effects of maternal gamma globulin infusion on maternal and fetal serum, platelet, and monocyte IgG.

A 24-year-old woman with lupus-like serologic abnormalities had immune thrombocytopenia that resolved after splenectomy, but increased quantities of platelet surface IgG persisted. Three years later, during the 36th week of her first pregnancy, gamma globulin (400 mg/kg daily for 5 days) was administered intravenously to decrease the risk and/or severity of immune thrombocytopenia in her infant. The infusion produced marked but transient elevations of maternal concentrations of serum IgG and quantities of monocyte surface IgG, but no significant changes in Fc receptor-mediated rosetting of peripheral blood monocytes with antibody-sensitized platelets occurred. Modest increases in quantities of platelets and plasma platelet-specific IgG were demonstrated. The infant, delivered by cesarean section 2 days after the end of the infusion, had a normal platelet count; cord blood had a normal concentration of serum IgG, but an elevated quantity of platelet surface IgG (by comparison with values for normal adults). Infant values of plasma platelet-specific IgG, monocyte surface IgG, and monocyte/platelet rosettes also were within the range of normal for adults. Anticytomegalovirus antibody was present in large amounts in the gamma globulin infused, first appeared in maternal serum after therapy, and was detected in cord serum. The significance of these observations to the management of immune neonatal thrombocytopenia is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Maternal understanding of infant diabetes risk: differential effects of maternal anxiety and depression.

PURPOSE: This study describes maternal understanding of infant risk associated with newborn genetic screening for type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Mothers of at-risk infants (n = 195), identified through the Prospective Assessment of Newborns for Diabetes Autoimmunity study, were notified of risk status by standardized script. Mothers participated in structured telephone interviews 1 and 3.5 months after notification that assessed understanding of infant risk and psychologic response to the news. RESULTS: Most mothers (78.5%) were accurate in their understanding of infant risk at the initial interview, with a slight decline at the follow-up interview (73%). There was a significant increase in underestimation of risk from the initial (12%) to the follow-up interview (19%) (chi2 (1) = 6.0, P = .01). Mothers with less education, those from ethnic minority backgrounds, and those who were not married tended to be less accurate. Further, mothers who experienced more anxiety and fewer depressive symptoms in response to the news were more likely to be accurate. Likewise, underestimation of risk was associated with fewer anxiety and more depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the complex picture of factors promoting maternal understanding of infant diabetes risk in a sample of mothers whose newborns had been identified as at increased risk for type 1 diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Maternal separation anxiety: its developmental course and relation to maternal mental health.

Maternal separation anxiety is a construct that describes a mother's experience of worry, sadness, or guilt during short-term separations from her child. This investigation examined potential differences in psychological correlates between mothers with high and low levels of anxiety when their children were 8 months, 3 1/2 years, and 6 years of age. High levels of maternal separation anxiety had different psychological correlates contingent upon the age of the child. Depressive symptomatology and separation anxiety were unrelated at times 1 and 2, but when the children were 6 years old, mothers who had the highest levels of anxiety tended to have more depressive symptomatology, fewer coping skills, a more negative representation of self, and embraced more traditional sex-role values. Study findings are discussed with respect to their relevance to the mother's role as developmental partner to the child and linked to major theoretical perspectives that address the mother-child relationship.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal and newborn outcomes related to maternal warming during cesarean delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods of maternal warming during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia on maternal and newborn outcomes. DESIGN: Randomized control trial. SETTING: Two acute care hospitals in central Canada. PATIENTS: 62 women (32 intervention, 30 control). INTERVENTIONS: Women received either a forced-air warming blanket (intervention) or usual care warmed cotton blankets (control). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For mothers: oral temperature, degree of shivering, thermal comfort, and pain scores. For newborns: rectal temperature at birth, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores, and frequency of interventions for hypoglycemia within 3 hours of birth. RESULTS: With the exception of perceived thermal comfort, women in the two groups were not significantly different in terms of oral temperature, incidence of shivering, and pain scores. Similarly, newborns in both groups were not significantly different in terms of any of the measured variables. Although newborn rectal temperature was within the normal range, mothers in both groups showed a significant decline in body temperature to the mild hypothermic range (control 36.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C to 35.9 +/- 0.5 degrees C, p < .001; intervention 36.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C to 36.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C, p < .001). CONCLUSION: The usual treatment of supplying warmed cotton blankets remains the treatment of choice for this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

High incidence of maternal HLA A, B and C antibodies associated with a mild course of haemolytic disease of the newborn. Group for the Study of Protective Maternal HLA Antibodies in the Clinical Course of HDN.

Mild courses of haemolytic disease of the foetus or newborn (HDN) due to Rh (D) blood group antibodies are associated with and may therefore be ameliorated by maternal antibodies reacting with human leucocyte antigens (HLA) of the child, an observation drawn from our own earlier data (Neppert J, Kissel K. Lancet 1992;339:1481). This study (i) corroborates this association; (ii) reveals shortcomings in the published data; and (iii) examines the characteristics of HDN cases when these shortcomings have been rectified. Samples from 51 women with antibodies against their child's blood group antigens of the Rh system were analysed for HLA A, B, C and DR antibodies during parturition. The mothers were divided into two groups, either severe or mild, dependent upon the clinical course of the HDN, and the incidence of HLA antibody production was determined for each group. HLA A, B, C and/or DR antibodies were detected in 85.2% of those women whose children had a mild course of HDN prenatally or perinatally (n=27). This is statistically greater than the incidence of 50.0% (Fisher's exact test: p=0.014) found in the group of women whose children had a severe HDN either pre- or perinatally (n=24) and is greater than the 35% (n=20; p=0.0001) found in women without Rh or other irregular antibodies. HLA DR antibodies were detected in three cases. The findings support our hypothesis that maternal anti HLA A, B and C antibodies may protect against a potential severe HDN. We therefore assume that those women will benefit who have already had a child with a severe HDN and in whom HLA antibodies were not previously detected, if HLA antibody production is provoked by subcutaneously inoculating with the father's leucocytes before or at the beginning of the new pregnancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Chronic maternal hypoxia. Effect of mid-gestational maternal hypoxia on methionine-enkephalin concentrations within pre- and postnatal rabbit brainstem regions.

We examined the effect of chronic maternal hypoxia on methionine-enkephalin concentrations in fetal (gestational day E-28) and neonatal (postnatal days 3, 7, 21) brainstem regions. Pregnant rabbits were housed in environmental chambers at gestational day E-10. Between E-14 and E-28 the pregnant rabbits were separated into two groups. Group I were controls (C) and breathed 21% O2/79% N2 and group II, hypoxia (H), breathed 12-14% O2/86-88% N2. Sacrifice occurred at various days depending on the experimental paridigm. On gestational day E-28, the first group of 6 pregnant animals (3 C, 3 H) were delivered by hysterotomy and the pups were immediately sacrificed. On and after gestational day E-28, the remaining 12 pregnant animals breathed room air. These animals delivered spontaneously between 30 and 32 days of gestation. The pups remained with their mothers until sacrifice. On postnatal days 3, 7, or 21, methionine-enkephalin was measured by radioimmunoassay in the colliculi (fetal animals), superior and inferior colliculi (postnatal animals), pons and medulla (both groups). In both normoxia-exposed and hypoxia-exposed animals, methionine-enkephalin was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the pons, and lowest in the colliculi. Chronic maternal hypoxia significantly increased the methionine-enkephalin concentration in the pons of E-28 fetuses (p less than 0.02). Levels were increased in the medulla as well but these did not reach significance (p = 0.09).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Pregnancy in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor: normal maternal skeletal response, but fetal hypomineralization rescued by maternal calcium supplementation.

Fetal mineralization appears to be driven by the pregnancy-induced stimulation of intestinal Ca absorption. We thus hypothesized that mineralization would be impaired in fetuses of mice that lack the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Here we report on the maternal response to pregnancy, and the fetal mineralization, in mice with a homozygous disruption of the VDR gene (VDR-/-) mated with wild-type (wt) males. We found that VDR-/- mice show mild hypocalcemia, clear rickets and osteomalacia on bone histomorphometry, lower cortical bone density on quantitative tomography, and reduced concentrations of calbindin-D9k (CaBP-D9k) in duodenal mucosa and kidney. The skeletal response to pregnancy was comparable in wt and VDR-/- mice; duodenal CaBP-D9k concentrations increased during pregnancy in VDR-/- as in wt mice, but remained 40% lower than in wt mice. We confirmed our hypothesis that mineralization is defective in d18.5 VDR+/- fetuses of VDR-/- mice, both by whole-body Ca determination and histomorphometric evaluation; the number of osteoclastic cells in bone was increased. The fetuses were hypercalcemic and had a 5-fold increase in circulating 1,25(OH)2D3. We then studied pregnancies in VDR-/- females, mated with wt males, fed a high Ca/P/lactose rescue diet during pregnancy. The rescue diet normalized the mineralization, the number of osteoclastic cells, and plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations in the fetuses. We interpret the data as evidence that, to ensure normal fetal mineralization, the maternal VDR-dependent intestinal Ca absorption can be substituted by passive Ca absorption entrained by a higher Ca intake. Alternatively or additionally, elevated 1,25(OH)2D3 in utero may disturb bone development.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Developmental expression of the creatine kinase isozyme system of Xenopus: maternally derived CK-IV isoform persists far beyond the degradation of its maternal mRNA and into the zygotic expression period.

The differential expression of the multilocus CK isozyme system throughout development of the two Xenopus species X. laevis and X. borealis was investigated. A cDNA containing the nearly complete coding sequence of the CK-IV subunit of X. laevis was isolated and sequenced. Early development of X. laevis proceeds with a stock of maternally derived CK-IV/IV isozyme. While the mRNA declines rapidly after fertilization and disappears before neurulation, maternal CK-IV/IV isozyme is active far beyond the onset of zygotic expression and is still detectable when tadpoles start feeding. Zygotic expression of CK-IV begins after neurulation, at stage 22/24, and seems to start simultaneously with that of another gene, CK-III. Modulation in the expression of these two genes and the appearance of two other isoforms, the CK-I and CK-II/III isozymes, take place during development in a tissue-specific manner. During metamorphosis, the CK phenotypes of eyes and skeletal musculature undergo additional changes. The final adult pattern only appears several weeks after metamorphosis. The presumed orthologous CK isozymes of X. borealis show a developmental profile similar to that of X. laevis, except that CK-II/II is equally present in oocytes and during early development, in addition to CK-IV/IV isozyme. These results show that the expression of each of the four CK genes of Xenopus is under differential developmental control.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy in mice: correlations between maternal weight, fetal and placental mass and the maternal serum levels of progesterone, pregnancy-associated murine protein-2 and alpha-fetoprotein.

Outbred Bom:NMRI mice were weighed daily for 18 days from observation of a vaginal plug. In a separate experiment, fetuses and placentae were weighed on each day of pregnancy. Pregnancy can be determined with 99% certainty on day 12 of gestation by the maternal body weight increase from day 1. The pregnancy-specific proteins alpha-fetoprotein (m-AFP) and pregnancy-associated murine protein-2 (PAMP-2), of fetal and placental origin respectively, were detectable on days 8 and 10 in the maternal circulation. Significant correlations were observed between m-AFP and fetal weight and PAMP-2 and placental weight. These markers may therefore be useful in the monitoring of fetal growth and placental growth respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The National Pork Producers Council Maternal Line National Genetic Evaluation Program: a comparison of six maternal genetic lines for female productivity measures over four parities.

Litter (n = 8,424) and female performance records were collected in two breed-to-wean production units in order to evaluate genetic line differences for sow longevity and maternal performance over four parities. Lines evaluated were American Diamond Genetics, Danbred North America, Dekalb-Monsanto DK44, Dekalb-Monsanto GPK347, Newsham Hybrids, and National Swine Registry. Females within a line were derived from a minimum of 65 sires, 197 dams (three dams per sire), and a maximum of three daughters per dam, except in the GPK347, which were produced using semen from 12 Nebraska Index boars mated with Dekalb-Monsanto Line 34 females. All lines expressed 100% maternal heterosis. Mixed model statistical procedures were used with fixed effects including genetic line, parity, production unit, and two-way interactions. Random effects included a contemporary week of production and female for repeated records. Lactation length (average 15 d) was included as a linear covariate where appropriate. In total, 3,599 females entered as early-weaned pigs, 3,283 entered the breeding herd, 2,592 farrowed at least a single litter, and 1,656 and completed four parities. Line (P < 0.001) and parity (P < 0.001) effects were observed for virtually all traits measured. Ranges of genetic line differences averaged across parities were 1.76 pigs for total born, 1.45 pigs born alive, and 0.31 stillborn pigs per litter. Ranges of line differences in total and live litter weight were 1.4 and 1.3 kg, respectively. Ranges among lines, within Parities 1 through 4, for litter size at weaning were 0.56, 1.08, 0.91, and 0.64 pigs per litter, respectively. Line differences for weight (33.8 kg) and backfat depth (6.4 mm) at farrowing, lactation feed intake (8.7 kg), weight loss (5.0 kg), and backfat loss (0.87 mm) were observed. Extended wean-to-estrus interval was related to variation in weight, feed intake, and backfat loss in all lines except the GPK347. The GPK347 females farrowed and weaned the largest number of pigs, ate less feed in lactation, and lost more backfat and weight during lactation, yet they had the largest litters and the shortest wean-to-estrus intervals. Line x parity interactions existed for many traits due to small rank changes, but in general, the high- and low-ranked lines did not change. Genetic line differences in reproductive efficiency through four parities exist and must be recognized when choosing a female line.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between maternal characteristics, maternal vulnerability beliefs, and immunization compliance.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the relationship of demographic variables and mothers' perceived vulnerability to eight communicable diseases with immunization compliance. A random sample consisting of 40 mothers with preschool-age children 4-24 months of age was interviewed by means of the Communicable Disease Perceived Vulnerability Scale and the investigator-developed Demographic Data Collection Instrument. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi-square (p < or = .05). The average mother in the sample was White, had a 10th- to 12th-grade education, was 24-31 years old, and had a yearly income of $10,000-$45,000. Statistically there were no significant relationships between maternal characteristics or between maternal vulnerability beliefs and immunization compliance. However, it is clinically significant that the overall compliance rate of 70% in this rural area is much higher than the national average of 50%. Findings suggest that using health education materials at the time of newborn discharge, mailing reminder cards, and accessing a statewide computer recall system may increase immunization compliance. In addition, mothers who perceived a vulnerability to the diseases had a 60.6% compliance rate, suggesting that perception of vulnerability may be a useful predictor of immunization compliance.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Maternal coordination of the daily rhythm of malate dehydrogenase activity in testes from young rats: effect of maternal sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland and administration of melatonin.

Chronic sympathetic denervation of the pineal gland by bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) was performed on female rats 30 days before impregnation. The offspring, maintained in the dark from birth, had disruption of the malate dehydrogenase circadian rhythm in the testes at 25 days of age. A daily injection of melatonin (1 mg/kg s.c. at 10:00 or 18:00 h) to denervated mothers from the 14th day of pregnancy up to the 10th day postpartum produced one daily phase in the enzyme activity of tests in the offspring. Entrainment of daily enzyme activity also was obtained when the hormone was administered orally to the pups during the postnatal period or when pups were reared by intact (not denervated) foster mothers. The results indicate the involvement of the maternal pineal gland in the maternal transfer of photoperiodic information necessary for the coordination of the circadian system in young rats.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

["Maternal floor infarct", simultaneous manifestation of intrauterine fetal retardation and high maternal AFP level].

High AFP level (386.9 ng/ml) at the 16th gestational week in a 23-year old pregnant woman was observed. Fetal malformations or maternal causes could not be detected. Monitoring of fetal development and that of the fetal heart rate showed a worsening intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Due to the chronic hypoxia and IUGR cesarean section was performed in the 32nd gestational week and a 960 g female newborn was delivered. Histological examination of the placenta showed signs of maternal floor infarct (MFI): intervillous fibrin netlike deposition with the increase of extravillous trophoblast (X cells) and septal cystic formation. High unexplained AFP level and IUGR can draw attention to the possibility of intrauterine fetal demise, which indicates intensive intrauterine fetal monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Incidence of the cleft lip and palate in the University of Chile Maternity Hospital and in maternity Chilean participating in the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC)].

BACKGROUND: ECLAMC is a registry, aimed to assess the incidence of congenital malformations, that started in 1967 and Chile incorporated to it in 1969. AIM: To report the incidence of cleft lip/palate, updated to 1999 in the University of Chile Maternity Hospital and other Chilean hospitals participating in the ECLAMC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A review of the ECLAMC database that registers all births or stillbirths of more than 500 g. RESULTS: The incidence of orofacial cleft, at the University of Chile Maternity Hospital, in the period 1991-1999 was 17.8 per 10,000 (12.6 for cleft lip and 5.2 for cleft palate). The incidence in the rest of participating hospitals was 12.04 and 4.6 respectively. Males had a higher incidence of cleft lip and 80% of children with cleft palate, had other malformations, most of them as part of a syndrome (13 and 18 trisomy, holoproscencephalia, Pierre Robin, Apert en EE syndromes, anencephaly etc). In three of 12 children with cleft lip but without cleft palate, there was a relative with the same malformation. CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that both entities, cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate without cleft lip, are two etiopathogenically different conditions.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1992

Lack of effect of maternal cocaine administration on myometrial electromyogram and maternal plasma oxytocin concentrations in pregnant sheep at 124-146 days' gestational age.

Although cocaine abuse during human pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of preterm labor, there are few reports on the effects of cocaine on myometrial activity during pregnancy in experimental animals. Cocaine (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg) or vehicle was randomly administered intravenously to 15 pregnant ewes between 124-146 days' gestation (term is 147 days). Neither cocaine nor vehicle administration altered total myometrial electromyographic activity from pre-dose levels 1 or 6 hours after administration. Maternal arterial plasma oxytocin did not change during the study. Using a positive control, we confirmed observations of other investigators that administration of 2 mg/kg cocaine significantly increases maternal arterial blood pressure. The results indicate that cocaine does not stimulate myometrial contractility significantly in late pregnancy in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Lack of association between maternal antibodies to V3 loop peptides and maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission.

We investigated the association between maternal antibodies to HIV-1 peptides in pregnant women and the acquisition of HIV-1 infection by their offspring. Pregnant HIV-1-infected Haitian women were tested for the presence of antibodies against peptides of 14-17 amino acid length from the V3 loop region of strains IIIb and MN. Antibody testing was performed in two separate laboratories by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peptides from four regions of the V3 loop were synthesized in several different laboratories and the purity confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mothers of infants who acquired HIV-1 infections did not differ significantly from the mothers of uninfected infants in the prevalence or concentration of antibodies to any of the 15 peptides evaluated. Additional studies are indicated to determine if neutralizing antibodies or other immunologic parameters are associated with maternal-infant HIV-1 transmission.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy on maternal body components and fetal growth in young and adult rats.

In order to investigate the effects of exercise training on maternal adiposity and fetal development, young Wistar rats (45-50 days old) were divided into four groups: control non-pregnant, control pregnant, exercise-trained non-pregnant and exercise-trained pregnant. Four equivalent groups of adult rats (90-100 days old) were also used. Trained rats swam 1 h/day, 5 day/week throughout pregnancy or for a 22-day period (non-pregnant rats). Physical activity during the entire gestational period reduced weight gain during pregnancy. Both control and trained pregnant rats showed an increase in food intake during the 2nd week of pregnancy and increased food efficiency. Exercise training reduced perirenal fat weight in young and adult pregnant rats. Muscle protein content, litter size and birth weight of pups were similar for control and trained rats. These results indicate that the energy expenditure required during exercise training by both young and adult pregnant rats reduces depot fat and does not seem to alter normal gestation. Counterregulatory mechanisms during pregnancy and exercise training result in increased food efficiency which probably preserves both maternal and pup metabolism.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of alcoholization upon the maternal and fetal hepatic DNA and the maternal serum-proteins in pregnant albino rats.

Experiments were performed on pregnant albino rats (Wistar strain) of 150-200 g b.w. Biochemical investigations involved the determination of maternal and fetal hepatic DNA content (Spirin's method), of maternal serum proteins (total protein content and electrophoretic fractions). The mean litter size, early resorptions, fetal mortality, and some biochemical data of fetuses were also determined. The main statements were as follows: The chronic, peroral administration of 20% ethanol to pregnant albino rats before and during pregnancy induced changes of the biosynthesis of hepatic DNA: a nonsignificant increase as compared with the control group was recorded. The control of serum proteins revealed an increase of the total protein content and of the total electrophoretic serumglobulin fractions. Within the globulin fraction, a hyper-alpha-globulinemia, and a hypo-beta and gamma globulinemia were detected. In the fetuses of the experimental group a slight but statistically significant increase of the hepatic DNA content appeared. In the experimental group the early resorption rate (10.97%) and the fetal mortality (2.43%) was increased in comparison with the control group (0%). In the alcoholized mothers a nonsignificant decrease of the crown-rump length and a significant decrease of fetal and placental weight could be observed.

Alcoholism↗