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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Efficacy of florfenicol for treatment of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of florfenicol treatment for bovine mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus nonagalactiae streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and others. DESIGN: Double blind study with cases randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. SAMPLE POPULATION: 861 cows/10 commercial dairy farms. PROCEDURE: Experimental (750 mg of florfenicol) or control (200 mg of cloxacillin) treatment was administered by intramammary infusion every 12 hours for 3 treatment to all cases. Treatments were randomly assigned identified only by numerical labels. To retain blinding, the longer withdrawal time was adhered to for all cases. Cases remained in the study only if there was no other treatment. Quarter samples were recultured 14, 21, and 28 days later. If all samples after day 1 were culture negative, the case was defined as cured. If only 1 of the follow-up results was positive, the case was considered cured if the day-28 somatic cell count was < 300,000/ ml. Failure of treatment was defined as 2 or more culture positive follow-up samples. RESULTS: Florfenicol and cloxacillin did not differ significantly in efficacy versus clinical (n = 85) or subclinical (n = 71) bovine mastitis, or for any etiologic agent (X2). Overall cure rates for mastitis were: Str agalactiae, 5 of 8 (63%); Sta aureus, 5 of 54 (9%); Streptococcus sp, 16 of 35 (46%); Staphylococcus sp, 7 of 33 (21%); E coli, 5 of 11 (46%); Klebsiella sp, 3 of 6 (50%); others, 1 of 9 (11%); and all cases, 42 of 156 (27%). CONCLUSIONS: Florfenicol did not offer any advantage over cloxacillin in efficacy against bovine mastitis. Overall cure rates were low. As with most mastitis treatment regimens poor efficacy may be partly attributable to the short duration of treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Role of teat dips and hygiene in mastitis control.

The primary sources of mastitis pathogens are infected quarters, chapped, sore, or eroded teat ends, and the environment. The major means of transfer of the most predominant mastitis pathogens is the milking routine. Methods are available to reduce the number of organisms normally transferred during each of the procedures. However, with the exception of teat cup pasteurization, the application of hygienic procedures in herds where teat dipping is practiced did not result in additional beneficial effects. Effectiveness of 4% chlorine, 0.5 and 1% iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine teat dips has been demonstrated in field trials and should be the preferred products in a mastitis control program. Most gram-negative organisms get on teats by direct contact with the bedding. In herds with clinical coliform mastitis, changing the bedding material has been associated with fewer clinical mastitis cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Tuberculous mastitis. A review of 34 cases.

During a review of 67 cases of mastitis, 34 were diagnosed as cases of tuberculous mastitis. The majority of the patients with tuberculous mastitis were Black women. The mean age of the patients was 34 years. One patient was lactating and several were of postmenopausal age. All presented with unilateral breast masses, thought to be inflammatory in 10 and neoplastic in 10. In none was tuberculosis suspected clinically. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on the histopathological demonstration of tubercles, caseation and a granulomatous inflammation, with acid-fast bacilli in 5 instances. The differential diagnoses included duct ectasia, a foreign-body giant-cell reaction with fat necrosis, foreign material or an abscess, granulomatous mastitis, fungal mastitis, sarcoidosis and a syphilitic gumma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Factors affecting the distribution of clinical mastitis among udder quarters in French dairy cows.

Factors related to the distribution of clinical bovine mastitis between rear and front quarters were studied using data from a 4 year survey of commercial dairy herds in western France. The study involved 844 mastitis cases affecting 597 lactations of 500 French Friesian cows from 44 herds. Risk factor hypotheses were related to certain aspects of lactation, udder conformation and management practices. Distribution was modelled using a hierarchical logistic regression. Rear quarters were affected in 61.9% of cases. The only significant risk factor was the cow's parity; rear quarter clinical mastitis was more frequent in primiparous than in multiparous cows. In this retrospective study, udder conformation did not seem to play a significant role in mastitis distribution. No overdispersion parameter was observed, indicating that each mastitis case could be considered as an independent event.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Characteristics of the staphylococci isolated from the udder of cows with mastitis].

A total of 175 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 67 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were studied, isolated from 486 samples of milk secretion taken aceptically from the individual quarters of the udder of cows affected with subclinical and purulent (clinical) mastitis. The staphylococci were referred to as the causative agent of mastitis in case they were the only microflora in the seedings of the investigated material. Tests were applied as given in Fig. 1 to characterize the strains. It was found that mastitis in cows could be due to both plasma coagulating staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus epidermidis organisms. The two Staphylococcus species were isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The division between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Staphylococcus strains by the plasma-coagulating symptom proved impossible, and this made it necessary to use other tests for pathogenicity. It became evident that the thing Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis had in common when isolated from cows with mastitis was the production of a gold-like pigment and delta hemolysin. Similarly to Staph. aureus isolated animals, the bovine Staph. epidermidis organisms did not possess fibrinolysin and rarely produced hemolysin. The isolated organisms belonging to the coagulase-positive staphylococci corresponded by their basic properties to Staphylococcus aureus var. bovis as described in the literature. The cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated under similar conditions showed in a considerable per cent of the cases somewhat different behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Management of lactation mastitis in a Western Australian cohort.

This study describes the reported management and treatment strategies which are advised by health professionals and undertaken by mothers with mastitis using data obtained from a self report questionnaire completed by women who suffered a total of 78 cases of mastitis within the first three months postpartum. This study revealed two important areas that need to be addressed by practitioners treating women with mastitis. Firstly, a greater emphasis must be placed on determining potential causal factors for individuals cases of mastitis to aid in the prevention and management of recurrent episodes. Secondly, women require more information on all aspects of mastitis ranging from causal factors to information on the efficacy of the broad range of treatment strategies available.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

The Usefulness of MIBI Scanning to Detect Underlying Carcinoma in Women with Acute Mastitis.

The efficacy of Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography in the detection of breast carcinoma has been proven in previous studies. In this study we evaluated the influence of active mammary inflammation on Tc-99m sestamibi scintimammography and its ability to detect breast malignancy in the presence of this condition. Twenty-one women with acute nonpuerperal mastitis underwent breast scintimammography using Tc-99m sestamibi. Their mean age was 49.6 years. In 15 women the scan was positive, 2 suffered from inflammatory carcinoma of the breast, and all the other women had acute mastitis. Six patients had a negative scan, and in all of them, acute mastitis was diagnosed. Total accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the detection of breast mastitis were 62%, 68%, and 88%, respectively. Scintimammography in patients with acute inflammation of the breast is frequently positive in the absence of malignant condition, therefore it should not be used during acute mastitis for the detection of breast cancer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

Mastitis prevalence and the selection of dry cow therapy programmes in dairy herds.

Sales of intramammary cerates to a group of 142 dairy farms over a period of two years were monitored. On the assumption that three tubes of cerate are used to treat one case of mastitis, an estimate was made of the prevalence of clinical mastitis in these herds. The prevalence in seasonal supply herds was 21 cases per 100 cows per year and the prevalence in town supply herds was 66 cases per 100 cows per year. The usage of dry cow therapy was related to changes in the prevalence of clinical mastitis in these herds. The use of whole-herd therapy reduced the prevalence of clinical mastitis in herds which had a high prevalence in the first year, but in herds with a low prevalence of clinical mastitis the prevalence increased after the use of dry cow therapy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A comparative efficacy trial between cefuroxime and cloxacillin as intramammary treatments for clinical mastitis in lactating cows on commercial dairy farms.

AIMS: To assess the efficacy of a commercial intramammary preparation containing cefuroxime as a treatment for clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. METHODS: Clinical mastitis cases (n=440) were identified during early to mid lactation on 36 seasonally-calving commercial dairy herds in south-western Victoria, Australia, that ranged in size from 140 to 550 cows. A milk sample for bacterial culture was collected from each affected quarter prior to treatment. Cases were treated using a commercial intramammary antibiotic product containing either 250 mg cefuroxime or 200 mg cloxacillin, according to the manufacturer's recommendations, and the recommended milk with-holding period was observed. The assessment of clinical cure of each case was made by the farm owner/manager at the end of the milk with-holding period. Post-treatment milk samples were taken from clinically cured quarters at each of three consecutive milkings, commencing 7 days after the end of the milk with-holding period and submitted for bacterial culture. RESULTS: Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 252/416 (60.6%) pre-treatment milk samples submitted from eligible cases. Streptococcus uberis was the most frequent isolate, being cultured from 31.7% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18.3% of pre-treatment samples, and Esherichia coli from 7.0%. The clinical cure rate for all eligible cases was 81.7%. There was no significant difference in clinical cure rates between cases treated with cefuroxime (186/225=82.7%) and cases treated with cloxacillin (154/191=80.6%). The trial had 80% power to detect a significant difference if the actual cure rates differed by at least 12.6%. There was a superior clinical response rate (p=0.04) for mastitis cases from which E. coli was isolated that were treated with cefuroxime (18/19=95%) compared with cloxacillin 6/10=60%), but case numbers were low (n=29). The overall bacteriological cure rate for the trial was 70% (69/98 cases assessed). There was no significant difference (p=0.27) in bacteriological cure rate between cases treated with cefuroxime (42/56=75%) and cases treated with cloxacillin (27/42=64%). CONCLUSIONS: This trial demonstrated that cefuroxime was an effective intramammary treatment for clinical mastitis and had similar clinical and bacteriological cure rates to cloxacillin, an accepted industry-standard product. Activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was demonstrated for cefuroxime which, along with the economic benefits of less discarded milk compared with other antibiotic preparations, indicated that cefuroxime is likely to be an appropriate intramammary antibiotic for the treatment of clinical mastitis in commercial dairy herds during early to mid lactation in Victoria, Australia.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Long non-coding RNAs link DNA methylation to immune regulatory networks in bovine subclinical mastitis.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important regulators of inflammatory and immune signaling, yet their contribution to bovine subclinical mastitis remains poorly defined. Here, we characterized the lncRNA expression landscape associated with disease in milk somatic cells of healthy and subclinical mastitic Vrindavani cattle. We identified 11,403 high-confidence lncRNAs, of which 104 were differentially expressed in subclinical mastitis (adjusted P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05; |log2FC| &#x2265; 1), with the vast majority upregulated in mastitic samples. Predicted cis- and trans-associated target analyses identified 637 non-redundant genes, and KEGG analysis identified 8 significantly enriched cis-associated pathways and 152 significantly enriched trans-associated pathways (adjusted P&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05), predominantly enriched for immune and inflammation-related pathways. These findings prioritized a subset of mastitis-associated lncRNAs for subsequent methylation and interaction-network analyses. A subset of these lncRNAs further overlapped differentially methylated regions (DMRs), suggesting a potential association between lncRNA expression changes and DNA methylation alterations. Integration of lncRNA-miRNA and miRNA-mRNA interactions identified lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks involving DMR-associated lncRNAs. Among the prioritized candidates, MSTRG.28878.1 showed overlap with a hypomethylated promoter-associated DMR, increased expression, and multiple connections within the predicted interaction network. Together, these findings identify candidate lncRNAs, methylation-associated loci, and predicted molecular interactions associated with bovine subclinical mastitis and provide a resource for future functional investigation of candidate non-coding RNA-associated mechanisms in disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of enrofloxacin treatment on plasma endotoxin during bovine Escherichia coli mastitis.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To investigate the effect of enrofloxacin on endotoxin resorption during bovine Escherichia coli mastitis. ANIMALS: 12 healthy early post partum Holstein cows. TREATMENT: Mastitis was induced by intramammary infusion of 10(4) cfu E. coli P4:032. Six cows were treated twice according to the usual enrofloxacin therapy: 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin 1) intravenously at 10 h and 2) subcutaneously at 30 h after challenge. The other 6 cows served as non-treated controls. METHODS: Blood and milk samples were collected at several time points after challenge. LPS in plasma was quantified using the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The somatic cell count (SCC) and cfu of milk samples were also analysed. RESULTS: Occasional LPS peaks were detected in the plasma of 2 control cows at 6 h post-challenge and of 1 enrofloxacin-treated cow at 10 h post-challenge (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively, in comparison with time 0), just before enrofloxacin treatment. After enrofloxacin treatment, no significant LPS amounts were detected in the plasma of treated cows, but neither in the control cows. CONCLUSION: During induced coliform mastitis, LPS resorption in plasma occured only sporadically and within 10 h post-challenge. Whereas enrofloxacin treatment clearly limited bacterial growth in milk, significant effects on LPS resorption could not be detected. This suggests that enrofloxacin treatment of E. coli mastitis is predominantly beneficial by its bactericidal activity and is not associated with enhanced resorption of endotoxins.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mammographic and sonographic findings in the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.

The aim of this study was to describe the mammographic and sonographic findings of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis which is a rare inflammatory disease of the breast of unknown etiology. The clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of 12 cases with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis were retrospectively reviewed. Mammography was performed in all cases, 8 of which showed a focal asymmetric density, 3 had a mass with irregular margins, and 1 had no abnormality. Sonography was performed in 10 cases, and a focal area with inhomogeneous and hypoechoic pattern was depicted in 6 cases, 4 of which were associated with internal tubular hypoechoic structures. One case revealed a hypoechoic mass consistent with malignancy. In 1 case sonography showed an edematous pattern involving nearly the entire breast. Two patients had normal sonograms. If a focal asymmetric density is seen in mammography and inhomogeneous hypoechogenity with internal hypoechoic tubular structures accompany ultrasonographically, these findings should suggest the possibility of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis; however, very often idiopathic granulomatous mastitis mimics a breast carcinoma clinically and the final diagnosis should be reached histopathologically due to high false-positive and false-negative mammographic appearances.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Postlactational tumoral granulomatous mastitis: a localized immune phenomenon.

Recurrent, nodular necrotizing granulomatous mastitis in two patients is reported in detail. Pathologic, immunologic, and bacteriologic studies in one patient indicate that this entity is different from plasmas cell mastitis, fat necrosis, mammary ductal ectasia, and the usual infectious and puerperal mastitis. Systemic antibreast autoimmune mastitis and vasculitis are also ruled out. Its pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, surgical treatment, and prognosis are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Use of liposome-immunopotentiated exopolysaccharide as a component of an ovine mastitis staphylococcal vaccine.

Experiments on the development of a vaccine against staphylococcal mastitis were carried out in ewes. The vaccine (Spanish patent no. 9200223) has the following components: (i) inactivated (formalinized) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. Staphylococcus simulans) and S. aureus toxoid in presence of an adjuvant (dextran sulfate, Mw 500,000); and (ii) S. aureus exopolysaccharide included within liposomes. High serum antibody titres were obtained against whole cells from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus simulans, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. However, there was no response to cells from Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus chromogenes strains. An immune response (serum IgG) against the inoculated exopolysaccharide was obtained when > or = 20 micrograms of exopolysaccharide were included in liposomes and when > or = 20 mg of exopolysaccharide were adjuvanted with dextran sulfate instead of liposomes. For experimental infection assays, ewes were vaccinated during pregnancy and challenged either with a low virulence S. simulans strain or with a highly virulent S. aureus strain. In these assays, the incidence of S. simulans subclinical mastitis and of S. aureus acute mastitis was significantly lower in vaccinated animals than in unvaccinated controls. Specifically, on challenge with S. simulans, two out of 14 glands became infected among the vaccinated animals and nine out of ten glands in the unvaccinated group (p < 0.001). On challenge with S. aureus, no protection was detected when component (ii) was omitted from the vaccine; nine out of ten animals developed mastitis (two mild, two moderate and five severe).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1991

Mastitis among lactating women: occurrence and risk factors.

Puerperal mastitis is a potentially serious illness among lactating women which traditionally has been thought to be associated with primiparity, stress, improper nursing technique, and incomplete emptying of the breast. However, none of these putative associations has been examined analytically in recent years. Further, the incidence of mastitis in the United States has not been estimated since 1975, although the prevalence of breastfeeding has increased dramatically since then. In this retrospective cohort study of 966 lactating women, the cumulative incidence of mastitis in the first seven weeks postpartum was 2.9%. This incidence was associated with professional, technical, or managerial occupation in both parents (rate ratio = 12.29; 95% CI: 1.62, 93.43) and with giving birth in the hospital delivery room, rather than the labor room (rate ratio = 4.05; 95% CI: 0.92, 17.83). Parity was not associated with risk of mastitis in this sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Teat skin normal flora and colonization with mastitis pathogen inhibitors.

Isolates of bacteria from normal teats were used to attempt colonization of teats of dry cows or neonatal calves. Isolates for inoculation were chosen on the basis of ability to inhibit mastitis pathogens in vitro, with the ultimate goal of in vivo inhibition of mastitis pathogens at the teat surface. Three bacterial normal flora isolates (Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus sp. and Aerococcus viridans) persisted less than 10 days on the teats of dry cows. The fourth isolate, Staphylococcus hominis 1, was studied in greatest detail because studies characterizing the normal teat flora showed staphylococci to be the predominant flora. The S. hominis 1 isolated used for inoculation was an inhibitor of Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. It was a biotype not found on these teats prior to inoculation, thus facilitating identification of the inoculated isolate on sequential sampling. Colonization of newborn calves, before other bacterial flora became established, resulted in recovery of inoculated S. hominis 1 for an average of 51 days or longer. On dry cow teats it was detected for up to 28 days. On several occasions the inoculated S. hominis 1 was found in pure culture. Since many new infections occur during the dry period, the colonization of dry cow teats with S. hominis 1 organisms inhibitory for Gram-positive pathogens should be tested as an adjunct to other methods of mastitis prevention.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Endotoxin levels in milk and plasma of mastitis-affected cows measured with a chromogenic limulus test.

A chromogenic limulus test ("Toxicolor") was applied to cow's milk and plasma after treatment with perchloric acid to remove interfering factors. The endotoxin levels in normal cow's milk and plasma were all less than 10 pg ml-1. In acute mastitis, the milk endotoxin level averaged (1.1 +/- 0.7) X 10(3) pg ml-1 in the cases where Gram-negative bacteria were isolated, while the plasma endotoxin concentration was normal. The endotoxin levels in the quarters infected with Gram-positive bacteria were all normal, both in milk and plasma. In gangrenous mastitis due to Gram-negative bacteria, the endotoxin concentration was very high in both milk [(9.3 +/- 5.3) X 10(6) pg ml-1] and plasma (85.2 +/- 68.2 pg ml-1). In similar cases due to Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin levels were all normal, both in milk and plasma, resembling the acute mastitis due to Gram-positive bacteria. The test was considered suitable for the diagnosis of mastitis due to Gram-negative organisms and the levels of endotoxin detected would aid in assessing the prognosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Controlling acute Escherichia coli mastitis during the periparturient period with recombinant bovine interferon gamma.

The efficacy of recombinant bovine interferon (rBoIFN)-gamma against experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis during the periparturient period was investigated. Dairy cows intramammarily treated with rBoIFN-gamma 24 h before the E. coli challenge had fewer infected quarters, lower clinical scores, and infections of shorter duration when compared to placebo-treated animals. All rBoIFN-gamma treated cows survived the experimental E. coli challenge. However, placebo treated cows had a 42% mortality rate attributed to coliform mastitis within 3 days of the challenge. Results from this study suggest that intramammary infusion of rBoIFN-gamma can prevent the rapid, unrestricted growth of E. coli within the mammary gland and inhibit the subsequent development of an unlimited inflammatory response under experimental conditions. It is likely that controlling severe local inflammatory reactions may also decrease the pathological alterations to mammary parenchymal tissue that often accompanies acute coliform mastitis during the periparturient period. The potential for prophylactic treatment of perinatal dairy cows with rBoIFN-gamma to regulate the rate, severity, and duration of naturally occurring coliform mastitis during periods of heightened susceptibility is discussed.

Animals↗