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PubMed1989

Intrusion of the mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa: report of a case in an 11-year-old girl.

Intrusion of the head of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa is a rare but highly significant result of trauma to the mandible. Various treatment modalities for this type of injury have been reported in the literature. This case report concerns the intrusion of the left mandibular condyle into the middle cranial fossa in an 11-year-old girl. Five days after the original injury, severe limitation of opening was noted, as was a significant overjet and posterior open bite. A CT scan revealed intrusion of the left condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Treatment consisted of closed reduction with intermaxillary fixation. At the 10-month follow-up, full range of motion was possible with only minimal deviation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[A histological and histomorphometric study of the mandibular condyle during prenatal growth of the human mandible].

There is still some controversy on condylar cartilage growth capacity, whether it is similar or not to long bones growth cartilage. Recently it has been set that human tibial proximal growth decreases gradually throughout the second half of pregnancy period. The aim of this study is to determine whether changes are produced within mandibular condylar cartilage during fetal period are similar or not those that take place in growth platform. Lateral X-rays from the right half of the mandible of 19 human foetus between 18 and 41 weeks had been obtained. Total mandibular length, corpus length, ramus length and gonial angle were measured. A hystological condylar study was made, recording its thickness from sagittal sections of the central condylar area. Total mandibular length as well as corpus and ramus length progressively increased during studied period, existing high correlation between those parameters and gestational age and weight. Gonial angle decreases in studied period. Changes in condylar thickness were correlated neither with pregnancy age nor with fetal weight or X-rays mandibular parameters. These outcomes show that changes in mandibular condyle are not similar to those produced in tibial growth proximal platform and suggest condylar modifications could be more related to local factors than with general body growth mechanisms.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2003

The immunolocalisation of VEGF in the articular cartilage of sheep mandibular condyles.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has recently been found to be essential for hypertrophic chondrocyte apoptosis and angiogenesis at the growth plate of long bones, indicating a central role in endochondral ossification. VEGF has more recently, also been shown to be expressed in articular cartilage chondrocytes in human osteoarthritic and rheumatoarthritic joints but not healthy adult joints. To investigate the role of VEGF in the fibrocartilage of the temporomandibular joint, this study aimed to document the presence and distribution of VEGF in the condylar articular cartilage of sheep temporomandibular joints. METHODS: Mandibular condyles of the temporomandibular joints of five 18-month old Wether sheep were fixed, decalcified, paraffin embedded and sectioned. The sections were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for VEGF. RESULTS: VEGF was found to be localised predominantly to the proliferative and maturing layers of chondrocytes in the condylar fibrocartilage of the temporomandibular joints. Articular cartilage is an avascular and alymphatic tissue. As such, the localisation of VEGF to the articular cartilage of normal temporomandibular joint condyles suggests a role for VEGF other than angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: VEGF is shown here for the first time to be present in mandibular condylar cartilage, leading us to propose a possible role in non-angiogenic extracellular matrix remodeling.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Biomechanical comparison of plating techniques for fractures of the mandibular condyle.

We compared the biomechanical behaviour of various rigid internal fixation techniques for treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process. Fifteen sheep hemimandibles were used to evaluate three bicortical plating techniques. A custom-made 3-point biomechanical test model was used for the samples. Each group was tested with compression forces by an Instron Lloyd LRX machine. The resistance to forces (N) that caused displacements of 1.75 and 3.50mm were compared using the Instron software programme and displacement graphics. There were no significant differences among the three groups for displacements of 1.75 and 3.50mm. Our study showed that the titanium miniadaptation plates, minicompression plates, and the absorbable miniplates did not differ significantly in their biomechanical behaviour.

Absorbable Implants↗

PubMed1987

Critical periods in the prenatal morphogenesis of the human lateral pterygoid muscle, the mandibular condyle, the articular disk, and medial articular capsule.

This study was prompted by the renewed clinical interests in understanding the natural history or early morphogenesis of the human temporomandibular joint. Using histologic preparations of 52 representative human embryos and fetuses, each of the major components of the joint was systematically assessed for its changing structure and related to an approximate time scale. The emergence and continued morphogenesis of the joint articular fossa, mandibular condyle, disk, capsule, lateral pterygoid muscle fibers, and both joint cavities occur in regular temporal and spatial pattern. A key observation from this study of embryos and fetuses ranging in age from 32 days to 22 weeks is that each of the component parts of the TMJ progressively emerge with some kind of continuity from a common mass of embryonic mesenchyme interposed between the future temporal bone and mandibular regions. The observations of this study lead to the suggestion that significant developmental disturbances to this common tissue mass or "developmental field" can lead to anomalous morphogenesis of those structures expected to emerge over time from the "developmental field" of the temporomandibular joint. Timing and the identification of a critical time period for the joint are important variables. This study identifies the critical period in the early morphogenesis of TMJ structures as generally falling between the early 7th and 11th prenatal weeks.

Cartilage, Articular↗

PubMed2000

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in osteoarthritic fibrocartilage from human mandibular condyle.

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage and synovial fluid and is thought to be involved in the degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. However, MMP-2 expression and osteoarthritic changes in internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint are unknown. In the present study, we have examined the histological relationship between osteoarthritic changes on articular cartilage with or without articular disc perforation, and MMP-2 expression, in 85 mandibular condyles from cadavers. The expression and tissue immunolocalization of MMP-2 in fibrocartilages from these condyles was examined histochemically. The Mankin grade of histological criteria for specimens with disc perforation was significantly higher than that of specimens without perforation. MMP-2 immunostaining was positive in the cytoplasm of chondrocytes and in their surrounding matrix. There was a linear correlation between MMP-2-positive cell rates and Mankin grade. Our data suggest that MMP-2 plays an important role in fibrocartilage degradation in internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint.

Aged↗

PubMed1953