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PubMed1991

Biotechnology awareness study, Part 1: Where scientists get their information.

A model study, funded by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and conducted by the Southeastern/Atlantic Regional Medical Library (RML) and the University of Maryland Health Sciences Library, attempted to assess the information needs of researchers in the developing field of biotechnology and to determine the resources available to meet those needs in major academic health sciences centers. Nine medical schools in RML Region 2 were selected to participate in a biotechnology awareness study. A survey was conducted of the nine medical school libraries to assess their support of biotechnology research. To identify the information needs of scientists engaged in biotechnology-related research at the schools, a written survey was sent to the deans of the nine institutions and selected scientists they had identified. This was followed by individual, in-depth interviews with both the deans and scientists surveyed. In general, scientists obtained information from three major sources: their own experiments, personal communication with other scientists, and textual material (print or electronic). For textual information, most study participants relied on personal journal subscriptions. Tangential journals were scanned in the department's library. Only a few of these scientists came to the health sciences library on a regular basis. Further, the study found that personal computers have had a major impact on how biotechnologists get and use information. Implications of these findings for libraries and librarians are discussed.

Awareness↗
PubMed1998

Rich in resources/deficient in dollars! Which titles do reference departments really need?

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE: Budget pressures, combined with the growing availability of resources, dictate careful examination of reference use. Two studies were conducted at the University of Maryland Health Sciences Library to examine this issue. A twelve-month reshelving study determined use by title and discipline; a simultaneous study analyzed print abstract and index use in an electronic environment. METHODOLOGY: Staff electronically recorded statistics for unshelved reference books, coded the collection by discipline, and tracked use by school. Oral surveys administered to reference room abstract and index users focused on title usage, user demographics, and stated reason for use. RESULTS: Sixty-five and a half percent of reference collection titles were used. Medical titles received the most use, but, in the context of collection size, dentistry and nursing titles used the greatest percentage of their collections. At an individual title level, medical textbooks and drug handbooks were most used. Users of abstracts and indexes were primarily campus nursing and medical students who preferred print resources. CONCLUSION: The monograph data will guide reference expenditures in canceling little-used standing orders, expanding most-used portions of the collection, and analyzing underused sections. The abstract and index survey identified the following needs: targeting instruction, contacting faculty who assign print resources, increasing the number of computer workstations, and installing signs linking databases to print equivalents.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1969

Summary report of a study of academic medical library statistics.

Common statistical analyses were applied to the statistics on medical school libraries published in 1964 and 1966 in the Bulletin to assess the potential utility of such survey data. The major conclusions of the study are that these statistics (1) are highly redundant; (2) are essentially descriptive and not amenable to analysis for predictive purposes; (3) are of questionable reliability; (4) are of minimal utility for library investigators and managers, and of doubtful value for establishing standards. The authors believe that, rather than continuing to collect similar statistics in the future, we need a systematic program to define specific requirements of data use and to design survey methods that will produce data meeting these requirements.

Libraries, Medical↗
PubMed1971

An investigation of the education needs of health sciences library manpower. V. Manpower for hospital libraries.

The extent of library service and the character of the library staff of hospitals in the United States are reported from the results of a survey conducted by the American Hospital Association in 1968. These data supplement the data reported on the nonhospital institutional population to make up a composite picture of health sciences library manpower today. Only 2,918 hospitals (48.5 percent) out of a total of 6,018 surveyed reported the existence of a library of any kind, though some of the hospitals reported multiple libraries. For all of these libraries only 2,872 individuals were reported under the rubric for "librarians," and of these only 726 were reported as having the master's degree or better. Of the total staff almost half are non-salaried (volunteer or contributory) and almost half of the salaried staff are half time. It is obvious, therefore, that hospital libraries must be substantially strengthened if they are to fulfill their important function in the biomedical information network.

Education, Graduate↗
PubMed1975

A survey of the use of on-line computer-based scientific search services by academic libraries.

To explore their use of on-line computer-based bibliographic search services, a one-page questionnaire was sent to 100 academic libraries in the United States having separate departmental chemistry or science libraries. An attempt was made to determine the background training of the persons performing the searches, who the end users were, the growth trend, the funding, the data bases used, and the value to the users. Of the 73 replies, 49.3% indicated use of such services, while 24.6% were planning to use them primarily by faculty and graduate students. Of those reporting, 83.3% used searchers with a background in library or information science; 47.2% had a background in scientific discipline. Two or more on-line services were used by 72.2%. A majority of respondents stated that the user paid all expenses or a portion of the expenses. The searches met the needs of the user most of the time in 83.3% of the cases, and all of the time in 5.4%.

Information Systems↗
PubMed1993

Paraprofessional staff: a review and report on current duty assignment in academic health sciences libraries in North America.

This paper reviews paraprofessional employment in libraries and examines the trend toward assigning increasingly complex duties to academic library paraprofessionals. During the spring of 1989, directors of academic health sciences libraries in the United States and Canada were surveyed to determine the duties assigned to paraprofessionals. The results show that paraprofessionals are assigned a wide range of duties, including supervising functional areas, such as circulation and interlibrary loan, and some tasks often considered professional, such as original cataloging and in-depth reference work. The findings illustrate the importance of the paraprofessional to librarianship.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1990

The use of grey literature in health sciences: a preliminary survey.

The paper describes some initiatives in the field of grey literature (GL) and the activities, from 1985, of the Italian Library Association Study Group. The major categories of GL are defined; a survey that evaluates the use of GL by end users in the health sciences is described. References in selected periodicals and databases have been analyzed for the years 1987-1988 to determine the number of articles citing GL, the number of GL citations found in selected periodicals, the various types of GL found, and the number of technical reports cited and their country of origin and intergovernmental issuing organization. Selected databases were also searched to determine the presence of GL during those same years. The paper presents the first results obtained.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[French language pharmaceutical publications in 1995. I. Assessment and analysis of French language pharmaceutical periodicals].

Periodicals constitute a vital source of information and an invaluable continuing education medium to pharmacists. The aim of the present study was to compile the list of the 83 pharmacy-related periodicals published in French as at 1995 with a view to establishing their main characteristics. The first part focuses on the definition of the concept of "French language pharmaceutical periodicals" selected for the survey needed a) to be in circulation in 1995 and published at least two times a year, b) published by pharmacists or non-pharmacists but must carry articles intended to help, inform, or retrain pharmacists irrespective of their specialties (community, hospital, biological or industrial pharmacy) as well as their closest collaborators (assistants, technicians, etc.) and c) published in French. The second section presents the methodology of the survey, which consisted essentially in consulting publisher and library catalogs and direct interviews with embassies and Pharmacy Associations in French-speaking countries. Questionnaires were also sent out to editors of periodicals and the information gathered was analysed by computer. The following section reproduces the results of the the survey: These were classified into three categories: scientific, professional, and continuing education periodicals. The last section concentrates on their readership (national, international), frequency, modalities of publication, date of creation, indexing in bibliographic databases.

Language↗
PubMed1986

Continuing education needs of hospital librarians.

The Hospital Library Section (HLS) of MLA conducted a survey of its members to determine their continuing education needs and preferences. A questionnaire mailed with the HLS Newsletter gathered information in four general areas: preferred modes of continuing education, subjects viewed as most important, motivators and deterrents, and topics for presentation at the 1985 MLA annual meeting. Additional data were collected on the type and bed size of the member's institution. Of the 560 questionnaires mailed, 257 (46%) were returned. Overall, for continuing education, members favored one-day courses dealing with automated systems, planning and marketing; for annual meeting topics, they were additionally interested in health care finance.

Education↗
PubMed2006

What do family physicians consider an error? A comparison of definitions and physician perception.

BACKGROUND: Physicians are being asked to report errors from primary care, but little is known about how they apply the term "error." This study qualitatively assesses the relationship between the variety of error definitions found in the medical literature and physicians' assessments of whether an error occurred in a series of clinical scenarios. METHODS: A systematic literature review and pilot survey results were analyzed qualitatively to search for insights into what may affect the use of the term error. The National Library of Medicine was systematically searched for medical error definitions. Survey participants were a random sample of active members of the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and a selected sample of family physician patient safety "experts." A survey consisting of 5 clinical scenarios with problems (wrong test performed, abnormal result not followed-up, abnormal result overlooked, blood tube broken and missing scan results) was sent by mail to AAFP members and by e-mail to the experts. Physicians were asked to judge if an error occurred. A qualitative analysis was performed via "immersion and crystallization" of emergent insights from the collected data. RESULTS: While one definition, that originated by James Reason, predominated the literature search, we found 25 different definitions for error in the medical literature. Surveys were returned by 28.5% of 1000 AAFP members and 92% of 25 experts. Of the 5 scenarios, 100% felt overlooking an abnormal result was an error. For other scenarios there was less agreement (experts and AAFP members, respectively agreeing an error occurred): 100 and 87% when the wrong test was performed, 96 and 87% when an abnormal test was not followed up, 74 and 62% when scan results were not available during a patient visit, and 57 and 47% when a blood tube was broken. Through qualitative analysis, we found that three areas may affect how physicians make decisions about error: the process that occurred vs. the outcome that occurred, rare vs. common occurrences and system vs. individual responsibility. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of consensus about what constitutes an error both in the medical literature and in decision making by family physicians. These potential areas of confusion need further study.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

A survey of UK clinical librarianship: February 2004.

AIM: This article will describe a survey carried out in February 2004, the aim of which was to summarize the form and content of clinical librarian (CL) and other similar outreach information services to UK health professionals in the acute (secondary or tertiary) sector. OBJECTIVES: (i) To survey the activities and views of UK information professionals offering information services involving the librarians' presence in the clinical setting, (ii) to develop a tool to explore critical aspects of this form of information work, (iii) to create a contacts database for UK CLs, to be made available on the Internet. METHODOLOGY: All known information specialists/librarians offering CL or similar services were surveyed. The semi-structured questionnaire was piloted. Respondents were asked to consider their activity over a period of 4 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-six people responded to the invitation to take part and met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: A summary of a 'typical' clinical librarian revealed by this survey is given, with a major conclusion that there is a very mixed picture of activity. Opinion on how far CLs should go in fully appraising search results is uncertain. The survey suggests reasons for this and the developments that may influence change are discussed. Recommendations for future research and development are offered.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1994

[The European Health Information and Library Association--EAHIL/AEIBS].

The authors give a short history of the association, beginning with its establishment (1986) and a survey of its activities up to the summer of 1994, and its organization. They write about conditions and terms of membership, about aims and objectives of the association: to improve co-operation among European medical libraries, to raise standards of library and information services as well as professionality of librarians and information officers and their continuous education, especially in regard to new technologies. The authors also emphasize the European character and principles of tolerance that enable a connection of medical nursing, veterinary and pharmaceutical libraries/librarians in these specializations in various countries. It is necessary for information users to learn modern library methods, including information skills for the learning process (libraries of medical faculties). No less important is the role of libraries for research and evaluation of research. A survey of Czechoslovak and Czech participation in EAHIL is also given here. The course of the Fourth European Conference of Medical and Health Libraries on Oslo (from 28th June to 2nd July, 1994) is shortly described. Further library conference activities are also mentioned: 7th International Congress of Medical Librarianship in Washington, DC, May 10-12, 1995; Fourth Nordic Conference for Medical Libraries, Copenhagen (Denmark), August 21-24, 1995; EAHIL Symposium on Cooperation of Medical Libraries, Prague (Czech Republic), September 21-22, 1995; Fifth European Conference of Medical and Health Libraries, Coimbra (Portugal), September 18-21, 1996.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed1966

Library statistics of schools in the health sciences: part I.

During the winter of 1965/66, statistics on library staff, clientele, resources, expenditures, salaries, and services of medical, dental, pharmacy, osteopathic, and public health schools were collected by the MLA Committee on Surveys and Statistics. In an attempt to provide standardized information on these libraries, the Committee utilized questionnaires provided by the U.S. Office of Education. The survey was conducted in co-operation with the American Dental Association, the American Association of Dental Schools, the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education, and the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Metropolis redux: the unique importance of library skills in informatics.

OBJECTIVES: The objective is to highlight the important role that librarians have in teaching within a successful medical informatics program. Librarians regularly utilize skills that, although not technology dependent, are essential to conducting computer-based research. The Metropolis analogy is used to introduce the part librarians play as informatics partners. Science fiction is a modern mythology that, beyond a technical exterior, has lasting value in its ability to reflect the human condition. The teaching of medical informatics, an intersection of technology and knowledge, is also most relevant when it transcends the operation of databases and systems. Librarians can teach students to understand, research, and utilize information beyond specific technologies. METHODS: A survey of twenty-six informatics programs was conducted during 2002, with specific emphasis on the role of the library service. RESULTS: The survey demonstrated that librarians currently do have a central role in informatics instruction, and that library-focused skills form a significant part of the curriculum in many of those programs. In addition, librarians have creative opportunities to enhance their involvement in informatics training. As a sample program in the study, the development of the informatics course at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences is included. CONCLUSIONS: Medical informatics training is a wonderful opportunity for librarians to collaborate with professionals from the sciences and other information disciplines. Librarians' unique combination of human research and technology skills provides a valuable contribution to any program.

Education, Continuing↗
PubMed1995

Refinement of the high-resolution physical and genetic map of Rhodobacter capsulatus and genome surveys using blots of the cosmid encyclopedia.

Cosmids from a library containing Rhodobacter capsulatus DNA fragments were previously ordered in two contigs: one corresponding to the chromosome and one to a 134 kb plasmid. This map contained 40 regions connected only by colony hybridization. To confirm the linkage and correct the map, the actual sizes of the overlaps were determined by blot-hybridization with Rhodobacter chromosomal DNA and by mapping of additional cosmids. Several revisions of the earlier map include single cosmid shifts and inversions. One additional gap in a cosmid contig was also found, raising the possibility that the chromosome is not a contiguous circle. About 2500 additional EcoRI,BamHI and HindIII restriction sites were added to the 560 EcoRV sites previously mapped onto the Rhodobacter chromosome, increasing the resolution of the physical map to the size of individual genes. Twenty-five new markers were located on the genetic map. The 48 markers now mapped represent nearly 300 genes and ORFs cloned from different species of Rhodobacter. The orientation of transcription of the four rrn operons was established using 16S rRNA- and 23S rRNA-specific probes and digestion with the rare-cutting enzyme, CeuI. Gel blots of 192 cosmids of the miniset of R.capsulatus digested with EcoRV were prepared. Such a hybridization template represents the whole genome cut into 560 DNA fragments varying in size from 0.4 to 25 kb. This template was used for high-resolution mapping of single genes, analysis of total genomic DNAs from related Rhodobacter strains and differentially expressed RNAs.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of a human perinatal myosin heavy-chain transcript.

Using a monoclonal antibody specific to the neonatal myosin heavy chain, we have cloned the full-length heavy chain cDNA from an 18-week human fetal cDNA library. Ribonuclease protection assays were used to survey a human muscle collection ranging from 11 weeks gestation to 16 years. Expression of the RNA encoded by this cDNA was observed at 20 and 21 weeks gestation and at 2 days after birth. No expression was observed at 13.5 weeks, before 2 years, at 2 years, or after 2 years gestation. Due to the timing of its expression, this cDNA appears to represent of the human fetal myosin heavy chain. Sequencing of the entire 6010 bases showed high similarity to the rat perinatal myosin heavy chain [Periasamy, M., Wieczorek, D. F. & Nadal-Ginard, B. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 21, 13,573-13,578]. However, moderate divergence was observed when compared to a previously described human perinatal myosin heavy chain [Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Feghali, R., Shows, T. B. & Leinwand, L. A. (1990) Gene 89, 289-294; Feghali, R. & Leinwand, L. A. (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108, 1791-1797]. Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analyses of sites in both the S1 and rod domains showed the presence of this fetal myosin heavy chain sequence in all 27 genomic samples examined. Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis failed to find the previously described perinatal isoform in any sample.

Amino Acid Sequence↗