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PubMed2005

Inhalation exposure to isocyanates of car body repair shop workers and industrial spray painters.

As part of a large-scale epidemiological study, occupational isocyanate exposure was assessed in spray-painting environments. The aim was to assess which compounds contribute to isocyanate exposure in car body repair shops and industrial painting companies, and to identify tasks with high risk of isocyanate exposure. Mainly personal task-based samples (n = 566) were collected from 24 car body repair shops and five industrial painting companies using impingers with DBA in toluene. Samples were analysed by LC-MS for isocyanate monomers, oligomers and products of thermal degradation. From the 23 analysed compounds, 20 were detected. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a HDI, TDI and MDI factor with the thermal degradation products divided over the TDI and MDI factors. The HDI factor mainly consisted of HDI oligomers and was dominant in frequency and exposure levels in both industries. Spray painting of PU lacquers resulted in the highest exposures for the HDI factor (<LOD-2643 microg/m(3) NCO), with no significant difference between the industries. Exposure variability during PU spray painting was large with a variability over time of (ww)S(2) = 9.1 compared with between-worker variability of (bw)S(2) = 1.6. Lower level exposure to the HDI factor was found during other painting-related tasks and even tasks without direct exposure to paint. Exposure to the TDI factor was found more regularly in car body repair shops than in industrial painting companies. Exposure levels were low (<LOD-5 microg/m(3) NCO) compared with the HDI factor and no clear contrast in levels between the tasks was observed. Exposure to the MDI factor was found incidentally during spraying and welding in car body repair shops (<LOD-0.5 microg/m(3) NCO). The results indicate that paint is the most important source and major contributor of isocyanate exposure in both industries with highest exposures during PU spraying. However, since respiratory protection is less extensively used during other tasks, lower level exposure during these other tasks may significantly contribute to the internal dose.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2000

Occupational lung cancer risk for men in Germany: results from a pooled case-control study.

Occupational exposures such as crystalline silica, diesel engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and man-made mineral fibers are strongly suspected to increase lung cancer risk. Two case-control studies in Germany conducted between 1988 and 1996 were pooled for a joint analysis. A total of 3,498 male cases and 3,541 male population controls, frequency matched for age and region, were included in the study. The lifelong history of all jobs and industries was coded and occupational exposures were evaluated by expert rating. Odds ratios, crude and adjusted for smoking and asbestos exposure, were calculated by conditional logistic regression. Job-related evaluation showed a statistically significant increased odds ratio adjusted for smoking among farmers; forestry workers, fishermen, and livestock workers; miners and quarrymen; chemical processors; cabinet makers and related wood workers; metal producers and processors; bricklayers and carpenters; road construction workers, pipelayers and well diggers; plasterers, insulators, and upholsterers; painters and lacquerers; stationary engine and heavy equipment operators; transport workers and freight handlers; and service workers. With regard to specific occupational exposures, elevated odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) for lung cancer risk adjusted for smoking and asbestos exposure were observed for man-made mineral fibers (OR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.17, 1.88); crystalline silica (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.22, 1.62); diesel engine exhaust (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.23, 1.67); and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.14, 2.04). The risk of asbestos exposure, adjusted for smoking was also increased (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.24, 1.60).

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of occupational doses from internal contamination with 241Am.

A group of workers with occupational intakes of 241Am, which occurred a long time ago, has been followed for some time. Results of in vivo measurement and bioassay of excreta are compared with the values predicted by the ICRP Publication 78 model. The observed skeletal content is, as a rule, higher than the predicted one. The ratio of excreted activity in urine to that in faeces is in very good agreement with the model prediction. Another group of workers from a waste management department, who were internally contaminated in July 2001, has also been followed. In some cases, there is quite a large difference in calculated intake between excretion by urine and that by faeces. The contaminant was presumably the same as that in the group of workers with old intakes, but its physical and chemical form could be influenced by a fixating lacquer used to prevent the spread of contamination.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Fusarium infections of the skin.

Fusarium species are ubiquitous and may be found in the soil, air and on plants. Fusarium species can cause mycotoxicosis in humans following ingestion of food that has been colonized by the fungal organism. In humans, Fusarium species can also cause disease that is localized, focally invasive or disseminated. The pathogen generally affects immunocompromised individuals with infection of immunocompetent persons being rarely reported. Localized infection includes septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, cystitis and brain abscess. In these situations relatively good response may be expected following appropriate surgery and oral antifungal therapy. Disseminated infection occurs when two or more noncontiguous sites are involved. Over eighty cases have been reported, many of which had a hematologic malignancy including neutropenia. The species most commonly involved include Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium moniliforme (also termed F. verticillioides). The diagnosis of Fusarium infection may be made on histopathology, gram stain, mycology, blood culture, or serology. Portals of entry of disseminated infection include the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and cutaneous sites.The skin can be an important and an early clue to diagnosis since cutaneous lesions may be observed at an early stage of the disease and in about seventy-five cases of disseminated Fusarium infection. Typical skin lesions may be painful red or violaceous nodules, the center of which often becomes ulcerated and covered by a black eschar. The multiple necrotizing lesions are often observed on the trunk and the extremities. Onychomycosis most commonly due to F. oxysporum or F. solani has been reported. The onychomycosis may be of several types: distal and lateral subungual (DLSO), white superficial (WSO), and proximal subungual (PSO). In proximal subungual onychomycosis there may be associated leukonychia and/or periungual inflammation. Patients with Fusarium onychomycosis have been cured following therapy with itraconazole, terbinafine, ciclopirox olamine lacquer, or topical antifungal agent. In other instances nail avulsion plus antifungal therapy has been successful. In patients with hematologic malignancy or bone marrow transplant, who may experience prolonged or severe neutropenia during the course of therapy, the skin and nails should be carefully examined and consideration given to treating potential infection sites that may serve as portals for systemic dissemination. When disseminated Fusarium infection is present therapy with antifungal agents has generally been disappointing with the chances of a successful resolution being enhanced if the neutropenia can be corrected in a timely manner.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

The microhardness of articular cartilage.

The standard metallurgical technique of microhardness testing was useful for investigations on the physical properties of articular cartilage. The problem of visco-elasticity of the cartilage was overcome by using a brittle lacquer coating as a memory device. The surface layer was the hardest plane when the superficial layer was intact. Removal of the superficial layer however, made this plane the softest. There was no variation in hardness with depth. The plane at right angles to the vector of movement of the joint was harder than the plane parallel to the vector of movement. This indicates the presence of a secondary fiber system in the middle layer of articular cartilage. The fibers in this system run predominantly at right angles to the direction of motion of the joint.

Cartilage, Articular↗
PubMed1993

Double contrast small bowel follow-through with an acid-resistant effervescent agent.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: A new technique was developed to achieve double contrast examinations in the small bowel without intubation. METHODS: Effervescent granules and tablets were coated with an acid-resistant acrylic lacquer to provide selective enteric gas release. The coating thickness was 15% of dry weight for the granules and 1 to 4.5 mg/cm2 for the tablets. Fifty patients were examined using the method in a controlled study. All examinations were reviewed by two radiologists using a three-step quality score. The results were compared to 20 enteroclysis examinations. RESULTS: Image quality was better for the coated tablets compared with the granules (P < .01). The double-contrast small bowel follow-through (DC-SBFT) provided a better quality examination in the terminal small bowel than in the jejunum. Enteroclysis yielded better results for the jejunum, but was not superior in the terminal ileum. Average time of fluoroscopy was 477 seconds for the DC-SBFT (n = 50) compared with 952 seconds for patients receiving enteroclysis (n = 528). No side effects or adverse reactions occurred due to contrast media application. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this new method are preliminary, yet promising. For young patients and certain indications it may provide a less invasive alternative to enteroclysis.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Burns due to flammable solvents ignited with floor buffers.

Three patients, employed by janitorial service agencies, were burned severely while buffing floors. A solvent to remove floor lacquer was used in one case, and a solvent to remove glue that held carpet to the floor was used in the other two cases. The solvent used in each case is flammable and was ignited when a floor buffer was used near it. The floor buffers are specifically labeled as unsafe to operate near flammable liquids. The patients' injuries were severe. All three patients survived. This represents a rather unusual and unsafe industrial practice that should be avoided.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Pathologic findings in pathologic myopia.

A retrospective study was conducted of 308 eyes with pathologic myopia obtained from 202 patients (23 surgical eyes; 285 post mortem eyes) over a 67-year period. Histopathologic findings and percentage of eyes affected, in decreasing order of frequency, were myopic configuration of the optic nerve head, 37.7%; posterior staphyloma, 35.4%; degenerative changes of the vitreous, 35.1%; cobblestone degeneration, 14.3%; myopic degeneration of the retina, 11.4%; retinal detachment, 11.4%; retinal pits, holes, or tears, 8.1%; subretinal neovascularization, 5.2%; lattice degeneration, 4.9%; Fuchs spot, 3.2%; and lacquer cracks, 0.6%. The reasons for enucleation in the surgically obtained eyes included, in decreasing order of frequency: degeneration after retinal detachment; secondary glaucoma; endophthalmitis; postsurgical epithelial ingrowth; expulsive hemorrhage; degeneration after cataract extraction; and presumed intraocular tumor. Clinicopathologic correlations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

High prevalence of myopia in Japanese patients with idiopathic focal subretinal neovascularization.

PURPOSE: To determine whether myopia is more prevalent in Japanese patients with idiopathic focal subretinal neovascularization (IFSN) than in normal control subjects. METHODS: Forty-seven eyes of 46 patients with an initial diagnosis of IFSN and 291 eyes of 291 controls were studied. Refractive errors were measured with an autorefractometer, and the spherical equivalent of the refractive error was used for the statistical analyses. All patients had undergone fluorescein angiography (FA) to confirm the presence of the choroidal neovascularization. In addition, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) had been performed to determine whether chorioretinal atrophy and breaks of Bruch's membrane, which are consistent with myopic retinopathy, were present. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in the control group was not significantly different from that of patients in the IFSN group. The mean spherical equivalent of the refractive errors was -2.62 +/- 2.70 diopters (D) in the control group and -5.24 +/- 3.41 D in the IFSN group (P = 0.00005). The incidence of high myopia was significantly higher in the IFSN group (41.3%) than in the control group (12.0%, P < 0.0001). FA and ICGA showed no chorioretinal atrophy and lacquer cracks, thus confirming that patients with myopic retinopathy were excluded from the IFSN group. During the mean follow-up period (44.7 months), myopic retinopathy did not develop in any of the eyes in the IFSN group. CONCLUSION: Japanese patients with IFSN were highly myopic, suggesting that myopia may play a role in the development of choroidal neovascularization in IFSN patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Mortality of paint and coatings industry workers. A follow-up study.

Extensive follow-up of production workers in the paint and coatings industry failed to indicate any important hazard that was previously unsuspected. The authors are more confident of the results of their original study since studying a subsample of persons lost to follow-up in the original study. Some efforts to investigate certain diseases (skin and liver cancer) more vigorously met with failure, which illustrates the problem of attempting retrospective studies by using death certificates for case ascertainment. Of the successful studies, the leukemia case-control analysis showed a possible relationship to lacquer production, which probably included benzene exposure. For lung cancer, no exposure category was associated with increased risk. The bowel cancer excesses, concentrated in three plants, are probably not job related and in any case do not represent an industry-wide problem. Cerebrovascular accidents showed a mild elevation of risk for vehicle workers. Although strong statements concerning the safety of this industry probably await more studies or further follow-up of this cohort, there is every indication that it is an industry without a major excess of any job-related disease. In drawing this conclusion, however, one must be aware that an individual job or individual plant could harbor health problems that would not be detected by a study of this type.

California↗
PubMed2004

Retinal complications after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper reviews the retinal complications that may occur after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). RECENT FINDINGS: During the review period (1 year), several nonrandomized retrospective studies and case reports/series were published. One study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of prophylactic laser photocoagulation for retinal breaks in patients with myopia undergoing LASIK. Retinal breaks were identified and treated in 39 eyes (2%). None of the patients developed a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) (except one trauma case). Another group studied retinal disease observed in 9239 consecutive eyes after refractive surgery (including LASIK) and found RRD in 11 eyes (0.36%) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in 10 eyes (0.33%). Three reports described a total of 16 patients with a previously placed encircling scleral buckle for a RRD who had LASIK to correct myopia. In all patients, the visual acuity (VA) improved. Another study reported the characteristics and surgical outcomes of RRD in myopic eyes after LASIK (33 eyes of 27 patients; frequency 0.08% [33/38, 823]). They found that 45.8% lost two or more lines of VA after vitreoretinal surgery. Two letters described the characteristics and potential mechanisms of a macular lacquer crack (one with subsequent development of subfoveal CNV) in a myopic patients corrected by LASIK. SUMMARY: Serious complications after LASIK are infrequent. A dilated fundus examination is very important before LASIK and in every patient whose VA after LASIK is not as good as expected to avoid delayed referral to a vitreoretinal specialist if necessary. Only prospective studies can determine whether the procedure exacerbates myopic pathology.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of the drug treatment and persistence of onychomycosis.

Onychomycosis is a common nail disease responsible for approximately 50% of diseases of the nail. It occurs more in the elderly, though several cases have been reported among children. Several factors influence, such as climate, geography, and migration. The two dermatophytes most commonly implicated in onychomycosis are Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, accounting for more than 90% of onychomycoses. Nonetheless, several other toxigenic molds have been implicated. For convenience, onychomycosis is divided into four major clinical presentations: distal subungal, which is the most common form of the disease; proximal subungal, which is the most common form found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection; superficial; and total dystrophic onychomycosis. Epidemiology of onychomycosis in adults and children is evaluated and the most common clinical symptoms addressed. Although the risk factors are discussed, the multifactorial nature of onychomycosis makes this inexhaustible. The diagnosis and treatments are difficult and the choice of appropriate antifungal drugs complex and require the knowledge of the chemical structures of the metabolites of the molds that cause onychomycosis and their interaction with the antifungal drugs. This is true because most of the antifungal drugs are derived from mold/fungal metabolism. Treatment with griseofulvin and amphotericin is displaced by the use of newer drugs from azole compounds, pyrimidines, and allylamines derivatives. Amorolfine, itraconazole, and ciclopirox nail lacquer solution 8 have gained support globally, but the side effects, drug resistance, and persistence of the disease are still a serious concern to the patients, just as economics and quality of life. Hence, the search for safer and more efficacious drug treatments are continuing.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1992

Laccase from Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) Polymerizes Monolignols.

Current understanding of the final oxidative steps leading to lignin deposition in trees and other higher plants is limited with respect to what enzymes are involved, where they are localized, how they are transported, and what factors regulate them. With the use of cell suspension cultures of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), an in-depth study of laccase, one of the oxidative enzymes possibly responsible for catalyzing the dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignols in the extracellular matrix, was undertaken. The time course for secretion of laccase into suspension culture medium was determined with respect to age and mass of the cells. Laccase was completely separated from peroxidase activity by hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, and its purity was assessed with different types of gel electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing-, native-, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Amino acid and glycosyl analyses of the purified enzyme were compared with those reported from previous studies of plant and fungal laccases. The specific activity of laccase toward several common substrates, including monolignols, was determined. Unlike a laccase purified from the Japanese lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera), laccase from sycamore maple oxidized sinapyl, coniferyl, and p-coumaryl alcohols to form water-insoluble polymers (dehydrogenation polymers).

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol.

The allergens causing mango dermatitis have long been suspected to be alk(en)yl catechols and/or alk(en)yl resorcinols on the basis of observed cross-sensitivity reactions to mango in patients known to be sensitive to poison ivy and oak (Toxicodendron spp.). Earlier, we reported the 3 resorcinol derivatives: heptadecadienylresorcinol (I), heptadecenylresorcinol (II) and pentadecylresorcinol (III); collectively named 'mangol', as mango allergens. In this study, we extracted the 1st 2 components (I and II) from the Philippine mango, adjusted them to 0.05% concentration in petrolatum and patch tested the components on 2 subjects with mango dermatitis. Both subjects reacted to I. 1 subject also elicited a weaker positive reaction to II. To investigate the cross-reaction between mangol and urushiol, we also patch tested the same subjects with urushiol. The subject sensitive to II reacted to urushiol. 6 subjects with a history of lacquer contact dermatitis and positive reactions to urushiol were similarly patch tested. 5 persons reacted to I. 2 subjects also exhibited a slower but positive reaction to II. This is the 1st report in which heptadec(adi)enyl resorcinols known to be present in mango have been shown to elicit positive patch test reactions in mango-sensitive patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Onychomycosis in children: a brief overview with treatment strategies.

Onychomycosis in children is uncommon. In those children that are affected, a family history of onychomycosis is not uncommon, giving importance to the examination of the entire family for fungal nail infections. In the United States, the newer oral antifungal agents itraconazole, fluconazole, and terbinafine, and the topical nail lacquers ciclopirox and amorolfine are not approved for this indication. More data are needed on the use of these antifungal agents for the treatment of onychomycosis in children.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

A pharmacokinetic study of sulphasalazine and two new formulations of mesalazine.

We have examined the pharmacokinetics of enteric coated sulphasalazine compared with two new formulations of mesalazine. These consisted of microgranules of mesalazine coated with Eudragit S in a concentration of either 20 or 25% dry lacquer substance; these in turn were enclosed in capsules coated with Eudragit L. In-vitro dissolution studies of coated microgranules showed that drug release was pH dependent. Studies in 7 normal volunteers showed median peak concentrations of 5-amino-salicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-amino-salicylic acid occurred at about 6 hours with both microgranular preparations, compared with sulphasalazine at 15 h. The microgranule formulation coated with 20% Eudragit S gave serum levels and overall systemic absorption similar to values with sulphasalazine. This new formulation may be of value for delivering mesalazine and other therapeutic agents to the colon.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Occupational respiratory and skin sensitization caused by polyfunctional aziridine hardener.

Polyfunctional aziridine (PFA) is increasingly used as a water-based crosslinker in two-component paints, paint primers, lacquers, topcoats and other protective coatings. The crosslinker is made by reacting multifunctional acrylic monomer with a highly reactive aziridine compound. Respiratory allergy or hypersensitivity from PFA has not been reported previously. During 1978-1991 we came across nine cases with hypersensitivity from PFA: two had allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), four had occupational asthma and three had both of them. Five of the patients were parquet layers, two were fibreboard painters, one was a spray painter and one was a salesman of PFA products. ACD was diagnosed by positive allergic patch test reactions with PFA in a dilution series in petrolatum: 0.32%-0.5% gave a 2(+)-3+ allergic reaction in the five cases with ACD but 0.1% gave only a weak reaction in one case, whereas the methacrylate patch test series was negative. The diagnosis of seven cases of occupational asthma due to PFA hardener was based on symptoms related to exposure to PFA hardener at work, and on positive provocation tests with PFA hardener. One had an immediate type reaction, one a had a dual reaction, and the others had late reactions. The positive reactions with the PFA hardener and the negative reactions with the acrylate compounds indicate that PFA caused ACD which is different from the previous reports in which acrylates present as impurities in the PFA hardener caused the sensitization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The hydroxypyridones: a class of antimycotics of its own.

The hydroxypyridones chemically form a class of antimycotics not related to others. For a long time ciclopirox olamine has been the only compound to be used clinically. Recently, ciclopirox as a free acid and rilopirox have also been considered. The congeners are active against a broad spectrum of medically relevant fungi including dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds in vitro. According to investigations based on animal and in vivo models for fungal disease, this also applies in vivo. Low toxicity in the experimental animal has made topical applications in man possible. Clinical experience relates, in particular, to dermatophytosis and vaginal candidosis, but rarer conditions have also been investigated. High tolerability corresponds to efficacy in major dermatomycological conditions. Today, interest mainly focuses on ciclopirox lacquer for onychomycosis. Here as in general, the relative role of hydroxypyridones will have to be finally established in comparative trials.

Antifungal Agents↗