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PubMed1990

[Differential and ontogenetic meaningfulness of iconic, linguistic and formal codes on cognitive development: new questions].

Man is a semiotic functioning animal, i.e. civilizations are units of symbolic (architectural), iconic, linguistic, formal, etc...) organizations. These units can only initially develop when enabled--but not necessarily produced--by a material base of a bio-physical nature, namely the central nervous system. In short, taking but three more academic factors, images, texts, and algebra, for example, are grasped by this material base. However, it is clear that the effects produced on children (and on adults, for that matter) are not equal. Scholastic goals, however, emphasize "fables" and "equations" whereas social mediatization emphasizes "images" and economic mediatization "equations". Hence the problems of appropriation of linguistic codes. To show the danger of an imbalance in these appropriations, the concept of differential semanticization is called upon: images are over-semanticized, with identification at risk; algebra is under-semanticized, at risks of obsessionalization. Texts, themselves, call upon the imagination and not on an imaginary structure imposed by a multivocal iconic pressure nor an imaginary structure rarefied by the prevalence of systems with univocal elements. Hence the importance of reading and writing for maintaining a nondepersonalizing semiotic balance.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Reading disability: a discussion of visual, auditory, and linguistic factors.

A case is presented in which the chief complaint of letter reversals and poor reading achievement suggests a visual or visual-perceptual problem. Analysis of the history, refraction, visual skills, and visual-perceptual test results indicates that a visual system dysfunction is not a significant factor in this case. Rather, a linguistic skills deficit is suggested by the pattern of errors exhibited on the tests. The influence of linguistic skills on several commonly used visual tests is discussed.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1984

Young children's understanding of attributes and dimensions: a comparison of conceptual and linguistic measures.

Preschoolers' (2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds) understanding of attributes and dimensions was examined in 3 experiments. Attribute knowledge is the knowledge that a particular attribute--for example, red--can be instantiated in a variety of distinct objects. Dimension knowledge is the knowledge that there are qualitatively distinct kinds of attributes; for example, red and blue are attributes of the same kind, a kind that is different from that of big. Preschoolers' understanding of attributes and dimensions was assessed by both a conceptual measure and a linguistic measure. A language-free follow-the-leader task served as the conceptual measure. In this task, all the children showed strong attribute knowledge. However, 2-year-olds did not appear to differentiate attributes into their dimensional kinds. The observed trend in the linguistic task was not isomorphic to that observed in the conceptual task. The acquisition of some attribute and dimension labels appears to follow closely the trend in conceptual development, whereas the acquisition of others (specifically, size-attribute labels) lags severely behind the attainment of the basic concepts. The results provide new information about the development of object comparison and the acquisition of dimensional terms.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

[Mitochondrial DNA markers and the problem of origin of populations from the Indo-European linguistic family].

Data on the polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the Caucasoid populations, including Eastern Slavs living in Russia, were analyzed. For populations of the Indo-European linguistic family, a correlation was demonstrated between the mtDNA marker types BamH I-3/Ava II-9 (or -13)/Msp I-4 and the linguistic group to which the population belonged. The data on the geographic distribution of the marker Indo-European mtDNA types in different populations throughout the world and the genetic similarity of Caucasoid populations of the Middle East, Italy, and Russia were analyzed with respect to the types of the control region of mtDNA. The results confirm the hypothesis of Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza about the spreading of the farming culture in Europe in the course of migration of Caucasoids of Middle Eastern origin in the early Neolithic periodic period. To test the hypotheses on the origin of Indo-Europeans and Indo-European languages with the use of mtDNA markers, additional information on mtDNA polymorphism in the world of Caucasoid populations is required.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed1975

[Further studies of the cytoarchitectonic division in the dorsal surface of the lst temporal gyrus of a linguistic genius and 2 anthropoids].

1. As an addition to already published studies in this journal (BEHEIM 1974) about the cytoarchitectonic divisions in six left human dorsal surfaces, the left and the right dorsal surface of a linguistic genius and of two anthropoids were examined; a second human right dorsal surface was used for a comparison. 2. In all these cases it was possible to confirm the presented in the first article dividing characteristics of the described partitions of the cortex in spite of considerable cytoarchitectonic differences between individuals, as well as, between left and right dorsal surfaces. 3. The linguistic genius (El 9) showed on the left side a striking development of the 2d transverse gyrus by the repetition of two fields and threefold increase of the most interior field of the medial segment with the smallest nerve cells of the tr 2. 4. On the right side El 9 revealed, besides a considerable narrowing of the caudal part of the lst transverse gyrus in the 2nd transverse gyrus, only division into two parts of the medial segment of the gyrus; the most interior field was missing. The caudal field of the tr 2 and regio t par tr were large in comparison with the left side. A similar picture was presented by the right dorsal surface in the case of the highly musical scientist (El 2) in whom the left tr 1 was especially extensive. In both right dorsal surfaces the nerve cells of the tr 1, especially in markedly narrowed caudal part, were very small; the nerve cells of the tr 2 - exclusive tr 2 c - were smaller than on the left side - as much as it was possible to judge without comparative microphotographs; the nerve cells of the tr 2 c appeared to correspond to that on the left side. In regio t par tr the nerve cells, practically of "normal" size, were so severely damaged that it could not be topographically differentiated. 5. In both anthropoids, the topography of the dorsal surfaces was similar to that of the man; in both left sides area tr 1 c could not be subdivided; on the right side the differentiation between the subareae of tr 1 i and tr 1 c was even not possible. In tr 2 on both sides it was possible to divide in two the middle part of the gyrus similarly as in examined human right side; in addition there was a conspicuous extension of the lateral and caudal area of the tr 2. 6. The literature concerning the left-right differences in the dorsal surfaces and about the sensory primary auditory cortex is quoted and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Cultural and linguistic validation of questionnaires for use in international studies: the nine-item BPH-specific quality-of-life scale.

Questionnaires to evaluate symptoms and quality of life are being increasingly used in urology. It is, however, important that these questionnaires show equivalence when they are used in international, collaborative studies. Precise linguistic and cultural validation should greatly increase their compatibility in different population and cultural groups. Indeed, recent progress in the validation of symptom scores, such as the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), has helped international comparability in epidemiology and clinical trials. The management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increasingly focuses on quality of life and the development of a successful BPH-specific quality-of-life questionnaire is an important advance in the study of BPH. The nine-item BPH-specific quality-of-life scale is currently undergoing linguistic and cultural validation and appears to be satisfactory for extensive use in different cultures.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMed1998

[Development of different linguistic systems in children with a cochlear implant].

The authors have studied a population of 21 pre-lingually deaf children equipped with a cochlear implant for at least 24 months. Their linguistic progression after implantation has been compared with the standard language development in normally hearing children, using a model published by Marie Therese Le Normand in 1996. 3 types of development can be distinguished: Profile 1 (shown by 9 children) in which language development after implantation is rapid and homogeneous: profile 2 (shown by 8 children), in which it is slower and more heterogeneous, with a longer pre-linguistic phase; Profile 3 (shown by 3 children) in which there are diverse problems with development. The authors then searched to establish the influence of the age at implantation and the mode of communication on this development.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phonological representations, reading development and dyslexia: towards a cross-linguistic theoretical framework.

This paper attempts to integrate recent research findings in phonological development, reading development and dyslexia into a coherent theoretical framework that can provide a developmental account of reading and reading difficulties across languages. It is proposed that the factors governing phonological development across languages are similar, but that important differences in the speed and level of phonological development are found following the acquisition of alphabetic literacy. The causal framework offered is at the level of a cognitive model, which may prove useful in organizing future cross-linguistic developmental work.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Failure of linguistic relationships to predict genetic distances between the Waiãpi and other tribes of lower Amazonia.

Data on blood group, serum protein, erythrocyte enzyme, and histocompatibility antigen (HLA) traits are presented for the Waiãpi, a Tupi-speaking tribe of the Brazilian and French Guianas. Intra- and intertribal comparisons have been made between these data, and previously published data from French Guiana, from another Tupi tribe and from other tribes of neighboring areas, and from the continent as a whole. For this purpose, we have modified the usual measure of genetic distance to obtain a value which is independent of the number of loci being considered. The intertribal genetic distances do not correlate with linguistic affinity. Social differences, which may have affected the rate of drift from the continental mean, correlate better with genetic distances.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1985

Isolation by distance, linguistic similarity, and the genetic structure on Bougainville Island.

Previous research has revealed extensive genetic variation among villages on Bougainville, in the Solomon Islands. Using previously published gene frequency data for seven loci, the role of isolation by distance in structuring genetic variation on Bougainville was reanalyzed. Newer methods of kinship estimation show that earlier estimates of the isolation by distance parameters were low. The fit of the model is highly significant (R2 = 0.409; P less than 0.001), and the parameter estimates indicate high isolation: a = 0.0538, b = 0.1978, L = -0.0057. Several methods of residual analysis were applied in order to determine factors affecting the fit of the model. Linguistic similarity has a significant effect on genetic variation once the effects of geographic distance are taken into account. Population-specific deviations from the expected model may be explained, in part, in terms of population history. Compared to other human populations, Bougainville Island shows an even greater among-group variation than has been suggested previously.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1997

Linguistic influences on children's number concepts: methodological and theoretical considerations.

From observations of how children match numerals to number tokens, previous research has suggested that cognitive representations of numbers vary with the linguistic demarcation of numerals. It is argued here that this paradigm does not always support the idea that language affects number concepts and that children's performance is shaped by other constraints. In Experiment 1, increasing the salience of multiple unit tokens significantly altered the distribution of response strategies in 6 1/2- to 7 1/2-year-old children. In Experiments 2 and 3, the importance of instructions in biasing responses is demonstrated, as 5 1/2- to 7 1/2-year-old children's use of multiunit tokens increased when given an example of their potential use. It appears that the task reflects in part children's interpretations and misinterpretations of task demands. Implications for the role of language in acquiring base-10 number concepts are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1998

Transfer effects across contextual and linguistic boundaries: evidence from poor readers.

We report two experiments that are consistent with two hypotheses about poor, nonfluent readers: (1) fluency gains in text reading skill transfer across contextual and linguistic boundaries and (2) these fluency gains enable higher-order comprehension operations to function in the processing of text. We conclude that unlike the fluent reader, the nonfluent reader does not completely integrate the surface characteristics (words) of the text and the message of the text. Word-level representations remain free to support transfer across various processing episodes. Thus, a variety of reading experiences aimed at promoting word recognition fluency will provide benefits to the developing reader.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Tone perception in Cantonese and Mandarin: a cross-linguistic comparison.

This study investigated the effects of linguistic experience on tone perception. Both Cantonese (in Experiment 1) and Mandarin (in Experiment 2) tones, including both lexical and nonlexical tones, were presented to three groups of subjects: Cantonese, Mandarin, and English native speakers. Subjects were asked to determine whether two auditorily presented tones were the same or different. The interval between the presentation of the two tones, and the level of interference during this interval, were manipulated. Native speakers did better at discriminating tones from their own languages than the other two groups of subjects, for both lexical and nonlexical tones. Subjects did worst when they were required to count backward during the interstimulus interval. Cantonese speakers were better than both Mandarin and English speakers at discriminating Cantonese tones, and there was no difference between Mandarin and English speakers, except in one condition. Mandarin speakers did better than both Cantonese and English speakers, and Cantonese speakers did better than English speakers, at discriminating Mandarin tones. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of language background, differences between Cantonese and Mandarin tones, and the nature of encoding in short-term memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Genomic structures and population histories of linguistically distinct tribal groups of India.

There are various conflicting hypotheses regarding the origins of the tribal groups of India, who belong to three major language groups--Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian and Tibeto-Burman. To test some of the major hypotheses we designed a genetic study in which we sampled tribal populations belonging to all the three language groups. We used a set of autosomal DNA markers, mtDNA restriction-site polymorphisms (RSPs) and mtDNA hypervariable segment-1 (HVS-1) sequence polymorphisms in this study. Using the unlinked autosomal markers we found that there is a fair correspondence between linguistic and genomic affinities among the Indian tribal groups. We reconstructed mtDNA RSP haplotypes and found that there is extensive haplotype sharing among all tribal populations. However, there is very little sharing of mtDNA HVS-1 sequences across populations, and none across language groups. Haplogroup M is ubiquitous, and the subcluster U2i of haplogroup U occurs in a high frequency. Our analyses of haplogroup and HVS-1 sequence data provides evidence in support of the hypothesis that the Austro-Asiatic speakers are the most ancient inhabitants of India. Our data also support the earlier finding that some of the western Eurasian haplogroups found in India may have been present in India prior to the entry of Aryan speakers. However, we do not find compelling evidence to support the theory that haplogroup M was brought into India on an "out of Africa" wave of migration through a southern exit route from Ethiopia. On the contrary, our data raise the possibility that this haplogroup arose in India and was later carried to East Africa from India.

DNA, Mitochondrial↗
PubMed2004

The history of research on the filled pause as evidence of the written language bias in linguistics (Linell, 1982).

Erard's (2004) publication in the New York Times of a journalistic history of the filled pause serves as the occasion for this critical review of the past half-century of research on the filled pause. Historically, the various phonetic realizations or instantiations of the filled pause have been presented with an odd recurrent admixture of the interjection ah. In addition, the filled pause has been consistently associated with both hesitation and disfluency. The present authors hold that such a mandatory association of the filled pause with disfluency is the product of The written language bias in linguistics [Linell, 1982] and disregards much cogent evidence to the contrary. The implicit prescriptivism of well formedness--a demand derived from literacy--must be rejected; literate well formedness is not a necessary or even typical property of spontaneous spoken discourse; its structures and functions--including those of the filled pause--are very different from those of written language The recent work of Clark and Fox Tree (2002) holds promise for moving the status of the filled pause not only toward that of a conventional word, but also toward its status as an interjection. This latter development is also being fostered by lexicographers. Nonetheless, in view of ongoing research regarding the disparate privileges of occurrence and functions of filled pauses in comparison with interjections, the present authors are reluctant to categorize the filled pause as an interjection.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Metalexical awareness: development, methodology or written language? A cross-linguistic comparison.

This study explores the ability to access word boundaries of pre-school children, using an on-line methodology (Karmiloff-Smith, Grant, Sims, Jones, & Cockle (1996). Cognition, 58, 197-219.), which has hardly been used outside English-speaking countries. In a cross-linguistic study in the Netherlands and Norway, four and five-year-old children were asked to repeat the last word every time a narrator stopped reading a story. In total 32 target-words were used, both closed and open class words, and both monosyllabic and disyllabic words. The outcomes in both countries were different from those of the original English study (Karmiloff-Smith et al., 1996): four- and five-year-olds were successful in only about 26% of the cases, whereas the success rate in the former English experiment was 75% for the younger and 96% for the older children. No differences were found between age groups and between open and closed class words. This methodology does reveal the ability to access word boundaries, but probably not because of the ease of the on-line methodology in itself, but rather because literacy introduces new representations of language, even in on-line processing. The outcomes implicate that the ability to mark word boundaries does not seem to be a valid indication of who is ready for reading.

Awareness↗
PubMed2025

Impacts of Climate Change and Related Weather Events on the Health and Wellbeing of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Vulnerable populations such as culturally and linguistically diverse communities (CALD), ethnic minorities and racial groups face a disproportionate burden of climate change-related health impacts due to a combination of socio-cultural and economic factors, geographic vulnerabilities and health disparities. This review synthesised the existing evidence on the health and wellbeing impacts of climate change and related weather events among CALD communities. METHODS: A narrative synthesis approach was utilised to conduct a systematic review. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched, identifying 25 studies for appraisal and synthesis. Studies published in the English language from January 2010 to March 2024 were included in the review. RESULTS: The reviewed studies, mostly carried out in the USA, employed varied study designs, and focused on diverse CALD groups such as migrants, farmworkers and racial and ethnic minorities. The included studies addressed broader and specific climate change-related events, ranging from heat-related impacts and hurricanes to occupational heat exposure. CALD communities were found to be more vulnerable to climate change-related negative physical and mental health issues, further exacerbated by poor living conditions, limited access to healthcare, and cultural and language barriers. CONCLUSION: Future efforts by governments, healthcare agencies, employers and research institutions should prioritise multilingual risk communication strategies, providing culturally appropriate health education and healthcare access, housing improvements and the investigation of long-term health impacts of climate change and coping mechanisms adopted among CALD populations.

Climate Change↗
PubMed1996

Linguistic analysis of protein folding.

Folding of nascent chains resembles the decoding of spoken language in that information is emitted as a unidirectional, one-dimensional string of elements, with higher structures and long-distance interactions emerging with time. Applying a "pseudolinguistic' analysis of structure to a set of all 36 possible six-stranded antiparallel beta-sandwich topologies reveals new order principles and reduces the complexity of this family significantly. The simple connectivity diagrams ("linguistic trees') proposed here allow predictions of the speed and cooperativity of beta-sheet folding and help understanding the cotranslational folding from the N-terminus.

Kinetics↗