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PubMedDate not supplied

[Parents' participation in sex education of children].

A sociological study was carried out among parents with children aged 2-11 years in order to evaluate their knowledge of psychosexual development and medical activity with regard to sexual education of their children. The results indicate scanty knowledge of special publications on sexual education: 54% parents never read such books, and 42% of those who read, do not use the information they get. One-third of parents consider that sexual education is not their responsibility. According to parents' opinions, TV remains the main source of knowledge of sex for their children. Less than half of respondents ever spoke to their children about sexual behavior. Hence, improvement of the knowledge of parents, particularly mothers, of psychosexual education of children is an important task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relation between breakfast food choices and knowledge of dietary fat and fiber among Swedish schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: To investigate dietary knowledge and beliefs of schoolchildren, in relationship to breakfast choices, with specific attention to fat and fiber content. METHODS: Food choice and perceptions were studied by interviews using the "stacking box methodology". Youth (n = 181) aged 11-15 years were instructed to select food items among photographs of breakfast foods. In addition to choosing their own typical breakfasts, they were asked to exchange foods in hypothetical breakfasts to create meals with less fat and more fiber. The interview also dealt with recent changes in breakfast habits, and perceptions of healthy breakfasts, dietary fat, and foods rich in fiber. Data were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Knowledge concerning sources and health attributes of dietary fiber was associated with usual consumption of bread and breakfast cereals rich in fiber. In a similar way, a positive attitude toward limited fat intake predicted consumption of reduced-fat milk products. However, no association was observed between food choices and knowledge of a food-packaging symbol indicating low-fat and fiber-enriched foods. CONCLUSION: Lack of awareness of, and knowledge about, healthy eating may be important barriers to the development of health promoting food habits by schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

An analysis of the concept of self-neglect.

A dimension of self-care that has rarely been studied but that nonetheless poses serious problems for efforts to enhance health is self-neglect. Self-neglect here refers to clients who display a pattern of intentionally neglecting prescribed self-care activities despite available resources and knowledge. This article presents the results of a concept analysis of self-neglect as a first step toward further theory development, research, and eventual practical applications. The literature review addresses suicidology and noncompliance as areas significant to analysis of the concept. Ethical, personal, and esthetic as well as empirical sources of knowledge are included as relevant to the conceptualization of self-neglect. Several case examples are constructed to distinguish self-neglect from other health-related behaviors that are potentially harmful. Measures designed to address the complexity of the concept are outlined as the empirical referents. It is concluded that the concept analysis of self-neglect can help to extricate nurse theoreticians and clinicians from conceptual ruts so that new answers to old but challenging problems related to self-care will be discovered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Study of the opinion and level of knowledge about AIDS problem among secondary school students and teachers in Alexandria.

The level of knowledge and the opinion about HIV/AIDS problem of 571 students (179 females, 392 males) and 211 teachers (85 females, 126 males) were assessed using an interview-questionnaire. The results explored the little priority given to sex education in Egyptian schools in addition to the very minor role of schools as source of knowledge (about AIDS problem) for students and teachers who revealed much interest towards the problem and wanted to know more about it, reflecting the need for urgent organized health educational programme.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

[Study on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding infectious diseases among Chinese people in 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on infectious diseases in different Chinese populations by their education levels, occupation and residential districts. METHODS: Data regarding awareness of the transmission routes and prevention strategies on hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prevalence rates on a) self-reported STD b) seeking treatment for STD c) source of knowledge on AIDS prevention, were calculated based on results from 17 questions of BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census. RESULTS: Most people realized that hepatitis, STD and AIDS were important issues in public health. However, their awareness on the transmission routes of these diseases was not satisfied. Moreover, due to the fear of these diseases, 27.6% and 30.1% of the people studied thought that shaking hands with STD patients and HIV carriers could get infected. 9.9% of the people reported that they ever used a condom during the past year. 2.2/1000 of the people reported that they had ever suffered from STD during the past 5 years, with 3.4/1000 in males, 0.9/1000 in females, 4.2/1000 in urban population and 1.6/1000 in rural population. Among these STD patients, 75.0% of them reported that they had ever received treatment in a STD clinic including 38.2% of them reporting that they had ever received treatment in private clinics without license, and 6.7% of them reported that they had ever treated by drugs bought by themselves. 47.0% of people reported that they had received health education materials or information on AIDS prevention from medical workers or through media. 12.1% of the people had been informed that condom use could prevent from STD and AIDS transmission. CONCLUSION: The awareness on hepatitis, STD and AIDS was quite insufficient in the Chinese general population, especially in rural and western part of China. With the development of AIDS epidemic from people with high risk behavior to the general population, China will undertake tremendous disease burdens from AIDS in the future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1994

Medical-surgical nurses' utilization of research methods and products.

The purpose of this study was: (a) to describe the self-reported use of the methods and products of research by medical-surgical nurses, and (b) to identify attitudes toward the use of research-based knowledge in clinical nursing practice. Two hundred and twelve registered nurses completed the Research Utilization Questionnaire. Survey results indicated that it was difficult for respondents to change practice based on research. Nurses were willing to participate in research if investigations were relevant to practice. Articles from nursing research journals were ranked low by the respondents as sources of knowledge, while information gained from individual patients was ranked high.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Ground-based research with heavy ions for space radiation protection.

Human exposure to ionizing radiation is one of the acknowledged potential showstoppers for long duration manned interplanetary missions. Human exploratory missions cannot be safely performed without a substantial reduction of the uncertainties associated with different space radiation health risks, and the development of effective countermeasures. Most of our knowledge of the biological effects of heavy charged particles comes from accelerator-based experiments. During the 35th COSPAR meeting, recent ground-based experiments with high-energy iron ions were discussed, and these results are briefly summarised in this paper. High quality accelerator-based research with heavy ions will continue to be the main source of knowledge of space radiation health effects and will lead to reductions of the uncertainties in predictions of human health risks. Efforts in materials science, nutrition and pharmaceutical sciences and their rigorous evaluation with biological model systems in ground-based accelerator experiments will lead to the development of safe and effective countermeasures to permit human exploration of the Solar System.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Knowledge and home management of malaria fever by mothers and care givers of under five children.

This study documents the knowledge and home management practices of 376 mothers and care givers of under five children on malaria fever. Results revealed that both the knowledge and case management practices were poor as only 179 (46.8%) knew how malaria was transmitted. Of those who knew malaria could be prevented, clearing of bushes and gutters was the commonly stated method (78 or 21.8%), followed by the use of traditional herbs. 'Agbo' by 75(20.9%) mothers. The elders and friends were stated to be the major source of knowledge about malaria by 141(37.5%) mothers. Knowledge scores was significantly higher in older mothers, among the educated, and skilled mothers (P<0.05). As regards practices, self-medication with modern drugs was common, these drugs had been given in the home by 265(70.5%) mothers while "Agbo", had been used by 95(25.5%) mothers before presenting at the clinic. Paracetamol was the modern drug often used (217 or 81.8%). Followed by chloroquine (57 or 21.5%). However, drug treatment practice were often incorrect. Chloroquine was prescribed correctly by 15(26.3%) mothers, while 109(50.2%) gave the correct dose of paracetamol. Only 16(4.3%) of the children received anti-malarial on the day the illness began. There is the need for education programmes on malaria for mothers, especially for young, illiterate and unskilled mothers, including the family elders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Medical ethics, moral philosophy and moral tradition.

Medical ethics is commonly assumed to be a form of 'applied moral philosophy' in which practical moral judgments are deduced from moral theories. This account of the relationship between moral theory and moral judgment is inadequate in several reports. The deductivist approach often results in inadequate attention being given to social, historical and developmental contexts. It also fails to explain some common phenomena in practical moral reasoning. In contrast to the emphasis in deductivism, a case-centered or casuistic practical ethics insists on immersion in the particularities of cases and on interpretation of details in light of moral maxims and other mid-level forms of moral reasoning. Two features of casuistics that ought to be distinguished but frequently are not, are: (1) the emphasis on immersion and interpretation, and (2) a claim about the relation between moral judgment and moral theory as sources of moral knowledge. Once we consider case-centered moral judgments as sources of moral knowledge, we must also begin to look critically but open-mindedly to moral traditions which, upon examination, appear to be more dynamic and to have more reformist potential than is commonly assumed.

Cultural Diversity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A preliminary study of the factors which lead to patient readmission in psychiatric hospitals].

The readmission of patients to psychiatric hospitals is preoccupying. This occurrence led us to this study which has as objective the identification of the determinant factors of the readmission; the nurse's opinion of what can be done to attenuate and the source of knowledge on the topic. The date collection was carried out with twenty three nurses of three countries: Peru (7), Brazil (9) and Colombia (7). The following factors were evidenced: social-economical, lack of orientation of family members and patient and institutional policy. Activities mentioned were actions directed toward working with families and patients, team work and community work. The sources of information most frequently mentioned were daily practice, reading and events. Some differences were evidenced among the three countries.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

Monte Carlo simulation of a dynamic MLC based on a multiple source model.

Detailed knowledge of the characteristics of the radiation field shaped by a multileaf collimator (MLC) is essential in intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). A previously developed multiple source model (MSM) for a 6 MV beam was extended to a 15 MV beam and supplemented with an accurate model of an 80-leaf dynamic MLC. Using the supplemented MSM and the MC code GEANT, lateral dose distributions were calculated in a water phantom and a portal water phantom. A field which is normally used for the validation of the step and shoot technique and a field from a realistic IMRT treatment plan delivered with dynamic MLC are investigated. To assess possible spectral changes caused by the modulation of beam intensity by an MLC, the energy spectra in five portal planes were calculated for moving slits of different widths. The extension of the MSM to 15 MV was validated by analysing energy fluences, depth doses and dose profiles. In addition, the MC-calculated primary energy spectrum was verified with an energy spectrum which was reconstructed from transmission measurements. MC-calculated dose profiles using the MSM for the step and shoot case and for the dynamic MLC case are in very good agreement with the measured data from film dosimetry. The investigation of a 13 cm wide field shows an increase in mean photon energy of up to 16% for the 0.25 cm slit compared to the open beam for 6 MV and of up to 6% for 15 MV, respectively. In conclusion, the MSM supplemented with the dynamic MLC has proven to be a powerful tool for investigational and benchmarking purposes or even for dose calculations in IMRT.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

Health problems and sexual activity of selected inner city, middle school students.

Physical examinations were performed and health and sexual histories were taken on 496 12-14-year-old, inner city, middle school students participating in extracurricular activities. Health problems were identified in 9.5% of students. Twenty-one percent of a subgroup of 276 students reported sexual activity; males were three times as likely as females to report intercourse. More than one-half of a smaller subgroup named their parents as their primary source of information on sex. The value of the screening exam is discussed, and suggestions are offered on the content of preventive health and sex education curricula for this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of antipyretic misuse in children up to 5 years of age: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Fever in children is a common and usually benign symptom. It is known that antipyretic treatment is ineffective in the prevention of simple febrile seizures. Caregivers' administration of antipyretic medications to children has been reported, but data concerning the formulations used, actual doses administered, and effects of ethnicity and socioeconomic status on administration practices are incomplete. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting antipyretic administration (higher-than-recommended doses in particular) by caregivers to their febrile children in 2 differing cultural-ethnic backgrounds. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey study, conducted from January to March 2002, was part of a larger, ongoing survey study of the differences in care givers' knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes concerning children's fever in the 2 major cultural-ethnic groups in the Negev District in Israel: Jews and Bedouin Moslems. It was conducted at the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED), Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. A structured questionnaire was administered to Jewish and Bedouin Moslem parents or usual caregivers of young (age, 0-60 months) children attending the PED due to fever. Each child's weight was obtained from the PED medical record. After completion of the interview, the reported antipyretic dose per kilogram of body weight was calculated. Less-than-recommended dose was defined as <9 mg/kg for acetaminophen and <4.5 mg/kg for ibuprofen. Higher-than-recommended dose was defined as >16.5 mg/kg for acetaminophen and >11 mg/kg for ibuprofen. RESULTS: The caregivers of a total of 201 children (mean [SD] age, 20 [17] months; mean [SD] weight, 10.4 [4.0] kg) were included in the study. The study included 101 Jewish and 100 Bedouin Moslem caregivers. The proportion of people surveyed who were parents was 98%; grandmothers, 2%. Differences existed between the 2 cultural-ethnic groups in the source of knowledge regarding antipyretic use in children (a significantly larger proportion of Jewish caregivers received their knowledge concerning antipyretic use from package inserts compared with Bedouin caregivers [25.7% vs 6.0%; P < 0.001], and a significantly lower proportion of Jewish caregivers used "other" sources [15.8% vs 39.0%; P < 0.001]). Most (65.2%) caregivers indicated that they administered antipyretics for no or minimal elevations in body temperature (<-38 degrees C); 52.7% administered individual acetaminophen doses within 10% of the recommended dose, 34.8 % administered a higher-than-recommended dose, and 21.4% repeated the dose at intervals of <or=3 hours. More Bedouin than Jewish caregivers exposed their children to higher-than-recommended antipyretic doses (48.0% vs 21.8%; P < 0.001). After adjusting for maternal education and work-for-income status, child's age, child's order in the family, and number of children in the family, a significant and independent inverse relationship was found between child's weight and higher-than-recommended acetaminophen doses, in which for each additional kilogram of body weight, a 30% decrease in the proportion of children administered higher-than-recommended doses was found (odds ratio [OR], 0.7 for each additional kg; 95% CI, 0.59-0.89; P = 0.002). In addition, a significant and independent relationship was found between the formulation of acetaminophen and the administration of higher-than-recommended doses (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.32-10.23; P < 0.001), with rectal suppositories related to the administration of higher-than-recommended dose by 4.9-fold. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey concerning antipyretic treatment of children by their Jewish and Bedouin Moslem caregivers suggest that lighter body weight and the use of acetaminophen rectal suppositories were associated with the administration of higher-than-recommended doses of acetaminophen. Recommended doses of acetaminophen must be based not on the age but on the weight of the child.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beliefs, perceptions and psychological impact of acne vulgaris among patients in the Assir region of Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of reports in the literature detailing the assessment of the beliefs, perception and psychological impact of acne patients. This is the first study from Saudi Arabia designed to address this issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A voluntary self-completed questionnaire was used to collect data from acne patients visiting a community-based hospital in Assir region of Saudi Arabia. DATA COLLECTED, INCLUDED: patients biodata, duration and severity of the disease before the presentation, source of knowledge, psychological impact, and medication preference. The findings were compared to those of developed countries. RESULTS: 130 patients completed the questionnaires. Females were more affected than males (71.5%, 28.5% respectively). The M:F ratio was 1:2.5. Males tend to present with more severe form of the disease. Most patients had the disease for more than 1 year at presentation. Most patients sought medical advice as a self-made decision. Doctors were the most common source of information to patients. Most patients believe that hormonal imbalance and dirt were the major cause of acne while most of them believed that stress and diet were the major exacerbating factors. The most significant psychological impact in acne patients was on their self image which was severe in 49% of the patients, while the most bothering symptom was the spot of acne lesion. Most patients had used skin cleansers and creams before seeking medical advice (46.1%, 31.5% respectively). Retinoids and antibiotics were the most known prescribed medications to acne patients. Most acne patients expressed no preference of medication, but most of those who did so preferred topical medication. CONCLUSIONS: No major differences were found in the beliefs, perception and psychological impact of acne patients from a developing society compared to more developed societies. More community-based and developmental programmes are needed to upgrade the knowledge and common beliefs of acne patients.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2001

Clinically significant depressive symptoms and very mild to mild dementia of the Alzheimer type.

OBJECTIVE: To compare depressive symptoms reported by persons with very mild or mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) with those reported for the person by a collateral source. DESIGN: Cross-sectional evaluation. SETTING: Washington University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive series of elderly volunteers (n = 156) enrolled in longitudinal studies with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5 (very mild) or 1 (mild). Twenty-one per cent (n = 33) exhibited clinically significant depressive symptoms for which treatment was recommended. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence and frequency of DSM-IV depressive symptoms within the last year and last month reported by the participant or collateral source as ascertained by clinical examination and structured interviews. RESULTS: Collateral source information is essential in diagnosing clinically significant depressive symptoms. The Geriatric Depression Scale scores correlate with participant information only and therefore may substantially underestimate depression. Depressive symptoms fluctuate in individuals with DAT. The most consistent depressive symptoms are depressed mood, fatigue and indecision. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant depressive symptoms may be common in individuals with very mild or mild DAT, although they may fluctuate. Information from both a knowledgeable collateral source and the participant is important for detection of depressive symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Knowledge and attitudes of Israeli high school pupils towards alternative medicine.

One hundred ninety-seven high school students were examined concerning their knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The students attended the 9-12th grades. The score level of the pupils' knowledge was quite satisfactory (67%). The knowledge didn't change during the 4 years of high school attendance and was not correlated with the pupils' grades or the socio-economic status (SES) data. The majority of the pupils showed positive attitudes towards the topics and treatment methods of CAM. The pre-existence of chronic diseases in the family and experience of family members with CAM had a positive influence upon pupils' attitudes. The principal sources of knowledge concerning CAM were the media (TV, radio and newspapers) and other acquaintances' experience with CAM. Sixty-nine percent of the pupils expressed their willingness to attend formal lessons and instruction about CAM in school. Our suggestion is to teach these topics formally in school with professional instructors (physicians and/or academic healers) during biology lessons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Methodological issues unsaid in medical research].

Methodology consitutes the study of methods considered as << manners of leading its thought, of establishing or of showing truths according to certain principles and with a certain order >>. We will see that medical << truths >>, knowledge, could be of an extremely different nature: factual knowledge is a simple observation, often with operational vocation\; theoretical knowledge belongs to a coherent whole, it fascines and facilitates our representations of pathologies\; the causal knowledge is often the subject of extreme interrogations in medical practice\; it is of primarily metaphysical nature. These distinctions are not without consequence in methodological terms. Theories are useful because they facilitate the choice of the assumptions to be tested, the variables to be measured and the interpretation of the results of experiments. The risk however exists to be unable to think apart from their framework, and thus to neglect any source of knowledge which they could not integrate. The cause is inaccessible to science\; it will be necessary, in practice, to be limited to the search for variables of upstream on which action of prevention or cure could be undertaken. To establish, to show this medical knowledge, it is necessary to resort to the scientific method by formulating refutable assumptions by reproducible experiments, and that this process involves a belief in the found results. It appears thus that for the same experimental plan, the level of belief and thus the level of proof of the results is a function of the type of measurement carried out (commonplace measurement or of high technicality), of the medical discipline and the media character or not of studied pathology, even of stakes of being able. The medical reproducibility of experiments is problematic since results of these experiments are in general random. This results from the considerable number of variables entering in the determination of human pathologies, and that the majority of these variables are either unknown, or impossible to control. Randomisation makes it possible to give a probabilistic character to this risk: it is then possible to resort to mathematics to carry out statistical tests, to calculate confidence intervals and to profit from a possibility of making inferences with a known margin of error. In the absence of randomisation, it is possible to resort to models\; they imply however the knowledge of statistical methods, reserve, experience and a great intellectual honesty during the interpretation of the results, finally a replication of the experiments is here, more than elsewhere, essential.

Biomedical Research↗