SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Judgment”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Frequency judgment accuracy as a function of age and school achievement (learning disabled versus non-learning-disabled) patterns.

The accuracy of children's judgments of relative situational frequency was examined in two experiments. In Experiment 1 children with normal achievement in Grades 2 and 3 were compared with such children in Grades K and 5, as well as with three groups of low-achieving children in Grades 2 and 3. These latter groups consisted of children low in reading achievement, those low in math achievement, and those identified as learning disabled. Frequency judgment accuracy increased from kindergarten to Grades 2 and 3. No other comparisons yielded significant differences. Experiment 2 confirmed both the above age difference and the absence of any frequency judgment deficiency on the part of the low-achieving groups.

Achievement↗

PubMed1989

Judgments of quantity and conservation of quantity: the area of a rectangle.

This study examines the relationships between perceptive judgment of quantity and conservation judgment of quantity with regard to the concept of area. Twenty children who passed an area conservation task (mean age = 8) and 20 children who failed it (mean age = 6, 7) were administered an area judgment task. This task was a replication of Anderson and Cuneo's study (1978, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 107, 335-378). The conserving children generally appeared to apply an additive rule (the height and width rule) observed by Anderson and Cuneo in 5 year olds. The nonconserving children in contrast generally presented patterns suggesting centration on one of the two dimensions. The implications for Anderson's and Piaget's conceptions of conservation development are discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

Lexical judgments after right- or left-hemisphere injury.

Patients with unilateral left- or right-hemisphere lesions were asked to make similarity judgments to visually presented words on the basis of rhyme, meaning or visual similarity. The left-hemisphere-injured group was significantly impaired, relative to controls, for all types of lexical judgments, with the greatest impairment in the rhyme condition. Patients with right-hemisphere injury were also impaired, but only when lexical judgments were based on meaning. The results are generally consistent with normal and split-brain lateralization findings, and provide evidence supportive of a right-hemisphere contribution to some aspects of lexical semantic processing.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Hemispheric differences in the judgment of number.

Two manual reaction-time experiments examined visual field differences for the judgment of number. All told, three tasks (recognition/enumeration, magnitude judgment and oddity judgment) were performed on three nonverbal indicators of number (dot clusters, bargraphs and dials) and two verbal indicators (word names of numbers and digits). The results indicated that field differences depended largely on display format, not on the task. Thus, dot clusters, bargraphs and dials all showed a left visual field superiority, while words showed a right visual field superiority. There was no evidence of lateralization for digits.

Functional Laterality↗

PubMed1995

Proximity judgments in color space: tests of a Euclidean color geometry.

We describe two tests of the hypothesis that human judgments of the proximity of colors are consistent with a Euclidean geometry on color matching space. The first test uses proximity judgments to measure the angle between any two intersecting lines in color space. Pairwise estimates of the angles between three lines in a plane were made in order to test the additivity of angles. Three different color proximity tasks were considered. Additivity failed for each of the three proximity tasks. Secondly, we tested a prediction concerning the growth of the variability of judgments of similarity with the distance between the test and reference stimuli. The Euclidean hypothesis was also rejected by this test. The results concerning the growth of variability are consistent with the assumption that observers use a city-block metric when judging the proximity of colored lights.

Color Perception↗

PubMed2006

Effects of processing fluency on comparative performance judgments.

Research has shown that performance predictions are biased by the impact of processing fluency. However, existing data are inconclusive with regard to comparative judgments of performance. In five experiments, participants in an easy condition gave more favorable comparative judgments than participants in a difficult condition. Participants judged their performance more favorably if they named colors of non-color words rather than non-matching color words (Experiment 1), if they had to generate six words of a category rather than 12 words (Experiment 2), if they had to run in place for 15 s rather than 2 min (Experiment 3), but the latter result holds only true if participants were not active in sports (Experiment 4). When 67% of the items in a recognition test were old words, participants thought that their recognition performance was better than when 33% of the items were old words, although recognition performance did not differ between groups (Experiment 5). We discuss this result in the light of recent theories about effects of processing fluency on judgments.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

Of gnomes and leprechauns: the recruitment of recent and categorical contexts in social judgment.

Participants rated schematic faces from two categories, gnomes and leprechauns, on feature widths and pleasantness of facial configuration. Three target faces shared critical facial features across categories while two contextual faces extended the range for that category to include either very wide or very narrow features. In Experiment 1a, results indicated contextual effects on judgments of target faces when they were rated in separate categorical blocks [Wedell, D. H., & Pettibone, J. C. (1999). Preference and the contextual basis of ideals in judgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 346-361], but not when faces from both categories were rated together in Experiment 1b. Two additional experiments explored this failure to use categorical information. Categorical context was found to produce contrast effects on descriptive ratings of feature width when participants were forced to rely on name cues rather than actual faces in Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, both contrast effects on descriptive ratings and assimilation effects on ideals for pleasantness were found when the names for the faces were learned separately for each category. These results identify constraints on the nature of category-based stereotyping effects on judgment while isolating the influence of recent and categorical context.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Neural correlates of temporal-order judgments versus those of spatial-location: deactivation of hippocampus may facilitate spatial performance.

The retrieval of temporal-order versus spatial-location information was investigated using fMRI. The primary finding in the hippocampus proper, seen in region of interest analyses, was an increase in BOLD signal intensity for temporal retrieval, and a decrease in signal intensity for spatial retrieval, relative to baseline. The negative BOLD signal change with spatial memory processing, while unexpected, is consistent with the recent fMRI literature indicating decreased BOLD can be associated with neuronal activation, and it is argued that the deactivation observed here may facilitate spatial performance. Spatial-location judgments also yielded a stronger (positive) response in the right midfrontal gyrus, while temporal-order judgments (autobiographic condition only) showed greater activity in the left superior temporal gyrus, suggesting greater working memory demands and greater semantization for each judgment type, respectively. Finally, all conditions activated the left midfrontal gyrus, although autobiographic memories showed additional activity in the medial frontal gyrus.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Temporal order judgment in mice.

A temporal order judgment task was developed for mice. After training male mice (C57BL6NCrj, n=15) to poke their noses into a hole, two stimuli (brief puffs of air) were delivered to the whiskers with a fixed interval of 750 ms in one of four orders: right (R)-left (L), L-R, L-L, and R-R. The mice were rewarded when they oriented their heads toward the first (n=5) or second (n=10) stimulus after a visual go signal. The mice were trained for up to 50 days. All mice met the criterion for task achievement (daily correct response rate >70% on 3 consecutive days) in response to unilateral stimuli (L-L and R-R), and 9 of the 15 mice met the criterion for task achievement in response to bilateral stimuli (L-R and R-L). The median periods for task achievement were 15 and 34 days for unilateral and bilateral stimuli, respectively. The correct response rate dropped to approximately the chance level after all whiskers had been removed. The nine successful mice were trained further and tested with smaller interstimulus intervals. The probability of right-first judgment plotted against the stimulation interval was fitted with a sigmoid function (r2=0.92) with asymptotes of 0.29 and 0.73 and a temporal resolution of 160 ms. The sigmoid curve was biased horizontally by 133 ms, reflecting the fact that stimuli delivered simultaneously were judged as left-first rather than right-first. The results show that mice can be trained to judge the temporal order of tactile stimuli delivered to whiskers and that such judgment might be lateralized to the right hemisphere.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

An event-related potential study of two kinds of source judgment errors.

The neural correlates of source judgment errors for confusable and nonconfusable source-item pairings were investigated. At study, subjects were presented with a series of lists of word pairs. Word pairs belonging to the same list were formed by pairing one of two associated words with different associates of an unstudied theme word (e.g., ship-frost, captain-chilly, ship-freeze, captain-frigid, etc., in one list; wife-pane, husband-glass, wife-curtain, husband-sill, etc., in another list). At test, subjects discriminated 'Old pairs' (e.g., ship-frost) from 'Intra' rearranged pairs (e.g., ship-chilly), 'Inter' rearranged pairs (e.g., ship-pane), and 'Old-New' pairs (e.g., ship-bulb). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for each class of test item. Similar proportions of 'yes' responses to Old and Intra rearranged pairs were observed, but the false alarm rate for Inter rearranged pairs was markedly lower. ERPs elicited by correctly classified Old pairs and false alarms to Intra rearranged pairs were indistinguishable and exhibited 'left parietal' and 'right frontal' effects, characteristic of recollection-based recognition. ERPs for false alarms to Inter rearranged pairs did not show these effects. It is concluded that source judgment errors for confusable source-item pairings are mediated by the same processes that support correct source judgments. Such errors reflect recollection of gist information which is nondiagnostic with respect to source.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

Category-related brain activity to natural categories is associated with the retrieval of visual features: Evidence from repetition effects during visual and functional judgments.

It is debated whether category-related brain activation reflects a modality-specific (e.g., visual, functional representation systems) or a domain-specific (e.g., natural vs. artifactual categories) semantic memory organization. The present event-related potentials (ERPs) study is aimed at elucidating the nature of semantic representations of objects from natural (e.g., animal) and artifactual (e.g., tool) categories. Within a repetition priming paradigm, we tested the assumption that modality-specific semantic systems are differentially involved in representing artifacts and natural kinds by probing either visual or functional knowledge in a test task. In the exposure phase, subjects performed a classification task on object names for artifacts and natural objects. In the test phase, these previously presented (old) names were presented together with new names, and subjects had to perform either a visual (shape) or a functional (use) judgment. As in previous ERP studies, words from natural categories were associated with a more positive potential at occipito-parietal electrodes than words from artifactual categories. This effect was only obtained during the visual judgment task. This category-related ERP effect was diminished for words that had been previously presented. In the functional judgment task, category-related ERP effects were not obtained at all, probably due to the heterogeneity of the probed features. The observed interaction between task, category and repetition provides direct evidence that visual features play a more important role for the representations of natural compared to artifactual categories. Our data are therefore compatible with the notion of modality-specific semantic systems.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Quantity judgments and individuation: evidence that mass nouns count.

Three experiments explored the semantics of the mass-count distinction in young children and adults. In Experiments 1 and 2, the quantity judgments of participants provided evidence that some mass nouns refer to individuals, as such. Participants judged one large portion of stuff to be "more" than three tiny portions for substance-mass nouns (e.g. mustard, ketchup), but chose according to number for count nouns (e.g. shoes, candles) and object-mass nouns (e.g. furniture, jewelry). These results suggest that some mass nouns quantify over individuals, and that therefore reference to individuals does not distinguish count nouns from mass nouns. Thus, Experiments 1 and 2 failed to support the hypothesis that there exist one-to-one mappings between mass-count syntax and semantics for either adults or young children. In Experiment 3, it was found that for mass-count flexible terms (e.g. string, stone) participants based quantity judgments on number when the terms were used with count syntax, but on total amount of stuff when used with mass syntax. Apparently, the presence of discrete physical objects in a scene (e.g. stones) is not sufficient to permit quantity judgments based on number. It is proposed that object-mass nouns (e.g. furniture) can be used to refer to individuals due to lexically specified grammatical features that normally occur in count syntax. Also, we suggest that children learning language parse words that refer to individuals as count nouns unless given morpho-syntactic and referential evidence to the contrary, in which case object-mass nouns are acquired.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2003

Left inferior parietal cortex integrates time and space during collision judgments.

Left inferior parietal lobe lesions can cause perturbation of the space-time plans underlying skilled actions. But does the perceptual integration of spatiotemporal information use the same neural substrate or is the role of the left inferior parietal cortex restricted to visuomotor transformations? We use fMRI and a collision judgment paradigm to examine whether the left inferior parietal cortex integrates temporal and spatial variables in situations in which no complex action and no visuomotor transformation is required. We used a perceptual task in which healthy subjects indicated by simple button presses whether two moving objects (of the same or different size) would or would not collide with each other. This task of interest was contrasted with a control task that employed the same stimuli and identical motor responses but in which the size of the two moving objects had to be compared. To assess putative differential eye-movement effects both tasks were performed with and without central fixation. Analysis of the fMRI data (employing a random-effects model and SPM99) showed that collision judgments (relative to size judgments) provoked a significant increase in neural activity in the left inferior parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus) only. These results show that left inferior parietal cortex is involved in the integration of perceptual spatiotemporal information and thus provide a neural correlate for the use of space-time plans (whose perturbation can lead to apraxia as originally hypothesized by Liepmann). Furthermore, the data suggest that the left supramarginal gyrus combines temporal and spatial variables more widely than previously supposed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Effects of handedness on tactile temporal order judgment.

We examined effects of handedness on the judgment of temporal order of successive taps delivered to both hands. When the subjects' arms were uncrossed, the temporal resolution (84% correct responses) of right-handed subjects (52 +/- 4 ms, n = 16) was significantly better than that of left-handed subjects (83 +/- 9 ms, n = 16). When their arms were crossed, both groups tended to invert their judgment to a similar extent at intervals as long as 200-300 ms. In the arms crossed condition, right handed subjects inverted their judgment more often in response to left-hand-first stimuli than to right-hand-first stimuli, whereas left-handed subjects did not show the same asymmetry. We infer that hemispheric lateralization, which is generally stronger in right- than in left-handed subjects, contributes to the relatively better temporal resolution of right-handed subjects in the uncrossed condition, as well as to the asymmetric effect of stimulation order in the crossed condition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Similar cortical correlates underlie visual object identification and orientation judgment.

Visual object perception has been suggested to follow two different routes in the human brain: a ventral, view-invariant occipital-temporal route processes object identity, whereas a dorsal, view-dependent occipital-parietal route processes spatial properties of an object. Using fMRI, we addressed the question whether these routes are exclusively involved in either object recognition or spatial representation. We presented subjects with images of natural objects and involved them either in object identification or object orientation judgment task. For both tasks, we observed activation in ventro-temporal as well as parietal areas bilaterally, with significantly stronger responses for the orientation judgment in both ventro-temporal as well as parietal areas. Our findings suggest that object identification and orientation judgment do not follow strictly separable cortical pathways, but rather involve both the dorsal and the ventral stream.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The cerebellum's involvement in the judgment of spatial orientation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was conducted to integrate the clinical observations of the impaired judgment of spatial orientation of cerebellar patients with recent theoretical discoveries about the role of the cerebellum in cognitive functions. Ten normal healthy male right-handed Chinese postgraduates consented to participate in this study. The experimental task employed was a modified version of Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation Test, administered in a blocked fMRI study. The findings indicated activation of the cerebellar regions, the Hemisphere Lobules IV, VI and Crus I, while the subjects were performing the experimental task of the judgment of the orientation of lines. Furthermore, cortical regions were activated, including the bilateral precuneus (BA 7), the extrastriate regions (BA 19), and the bilateral prefrontal regions (BA 9, 10, 44, 46). The imaging data confirmed that the activity of the cerebellum is associated with judging spatial orientation. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Mechanical explanation of nature and its limits in Kant's Critique of judgment.

In this paper I discuss two questions. What does Kant understand by mechanical explanation in the Critique of judgment? And why does he think that mechanical explanation is the only type of the explanation of nature available to us? According to the interpretation proposed, mechanical explanations in the Critique of judgment refer to a particular species of empirical causal laws. Mechanical laws aim to explain nature by reference to the causal interaction between the forces of the parts of matter and the way in which they form into complex material wholes. Just like any other empirical causal law, however, mechanical laws can never be known with full certainty. The conception according to which we can explain all of nature by means of mechanical laws, it turns out, is based on what Kant calls 'regulative' or 'reflective' considerations about nature. Nothing in Kant's Critique of judgment suggests that these considerations can ever be justified by reference to how the natural world really is. I suggest that what, upon first consideration, appears to be a thoroughly mechanistic conception of nature in Kant is much more limited than one might have expected.

Causality↗

PubMed1997

Masked target priming effects on feeling-of-knowing and feeling-of-familiarity judgments.

The present study tested whether the same processes underlie recognition memory based on feeling-of-familiarity on the one hand and feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments made to unrecalled items on the other. Five experiments compared the effects of masked priming of targets in the memory tests. Masked priming increased recognition judgments based on feeling of familiarity (KNOW responses) but not those accompanied by conscious recollection (REMEMBER responses). The same masked priming procedure enhanced cued recall accuracy and FOK judgments made to recalled items but not for recall failures. These results are interpreted as indicating that the metamemory monitor subserving FOK does not have privileged access to unconscious information, and that FOK is based on partial products of retrieval.

Humans↗