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PubMed1993

[Parasitological fecal studies of equids, dogs, cats and hedgehogs during the years 1984-1991].

The results of the coproscopical examinations in horses, dogs, cats and hedgehogs between 1984 and 1991 are presented. In 9192 samples from horses 55.5% stages of strongylids, 4.0% of Parascaris equorum, 2.2% of anoplocephalids, 1.6% Strongyloides westeri, 0.7% of Oxyuris equi, 0.6% of Eimeria leuckarti, 0.2% of Fasciola hepatica and 0.04% of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi were found. In 48.0% of the 46 samples from donkeys eggs from strongylids were detected, in 17.4% larvae from Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, in 2.2% eggs from Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum and oocysts from Eimeria leuckarti, respectively. In 3329 samples of dogs 6.9% developmental stages of Toxocara canis, 6.0% of Giardia spp., 4.2% of Isospora spp., 3.0% of Sarcocystis spp., 2.5% each of ancylostomids and Trichuris vulpis, 1.1% of Toxascaris leonina and 1.1% of Dipylidium canium, up to 1.0% of taeniids, 0.6% of each Mesocestoides spp. and Metastrongylidae, 0.3% of Strongyloides stercoralis and 0.2% of Capillaria spp. and Hammondia heydorni were detected. In 9.5% of the 1147 samples of cats eggs from Toxocara mystax were found, in 4.7% eggs of taeniids, in 4.6% cysts of Isospora spp., in 2.4% of Giardia spp., in 1.4% eggs of Dipylidium caninum, in 1.0% of Capillaria spp. and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, in 0.6% development stages of Toxoplasma gondii, in 0.5% of ancylostomids and in 0.3% of Sarcocystis spp. and Opisthorchis felineus. In 1175 samples of hedgehogs 48.8% eggs of Capillaria spp., 35.9% of Crenosoma striatum, 17.9% oocysts of Isospora spp., 2.3% eggs of Brachylaemus erinacei were found.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Coccidia and intestinal nematodes of East Central Illinois cats.

In a fecal examination survey (1975-1976) of 217 cats from laboratory colonies, a humane society shelter, and homes in east central Illinois, Toxocara mystax eggs were found in 32%, Toxascaris leonina eggs in 6%, Ancylostoma eggs in 9%, Capillaria eggs in 4%, Isospora felis oocysts in 23%, Isospora rivolta oocysts in 24%, and Toxoplasma or Besnoitia oocysts in 1%. The laboratory and humane shelter cats were the most heavily infected. Isospora felis and I rivolta could not be transmitted to 2 pups by feeding oocysts from the cat or to 2 other pups by feeding the organs of mice that had been fed the oocysts.

Ancylostomiasis↗
PubMed1997

Frequency of intestinal parasites in adult cancer patients in Mexico.

Approximately 28% of the Mexican population has intestinal parasites. Oncologic patients receiving chemotherapy should have a coproparasitoscopic study to avoid disseminated parasitic infections. The frequency of intestinal parasites, including Cryptosporidium and Isospora, was evaluated in 100 diarrheic (DS) and 100 formed stools (FS) from adult patients recently diagnosed with cancer, using wet mounts stained with Kinyoun, saccharose and ZnSO4 procedures stained with Lugol's iodine. Seven patients with DS and three with FS had more than one parasite. Pathogenic intestinal parasites were seen in 26% of DS and 15% of FS. Of the frequent parasites, Entamoeba histolytica was found in 12 DS and in 2 FS (p = 0.01), Giardia lamblia in three DS and six FS and Hymenolepis nana in eight DS and 10 FS. Other pathogenic parasites were found only in DS: Cryptosporidium sp. in five patients, Ascaris lumbricoides in two, Strongyloides stercoralis in two and Isospora sp. in one. Cryptosporidium and Isospora were only identified by wet mounts stained with Kinyoun while other parasites were identified by flotation procedures. Since six (3%) of our patients had coccidia, the laboratory must perform special techniques for their detection. In epidemiologic settings where there is a high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections the coproparasitoscopic studies should be performed and antiparasitic treatment provided before starting chemotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Transformation of oocysts from several coccidian species by heat treatment.

The transformation of sporocysts in oocysts of Eimeria caviae, E. intestinalis, E. nieschulzi, E. separata, E. tenella, Isospora canis, I. heydorni, and Toxoplasma gondii by heat treatment was examined. Fresh unsporulated oocysts from these species were heated at 50 degrees or 55 degrees C for less than 5 min and cultivated at 25 degrees C for 1 week. No transformation of sporocysts was observed in the sporulated oocysts following heating at 55 degrees C, but sporulated oocysts of Tyzzeria and Caryospora types were found in some I. canis and I. heydorni oocysts after heating at 50 degrees C followed by cultivation. A few sporulated oocysts of the Isospora type were observed in E. intestinalis oocysts after cultivation. All transformed sporulated oocysts contained eight sporozoites. In contrast, the number of sporocysts varied from two to 0. These results indicate that sporocyst formation in oocysts was affected by heat treatment. The relationship between the total numbers of sporozoites and sporocysts in the transformed oocysts was consistent with that of the "Octozoic" group classified by Hoare.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Three new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) from the Marble-throated skink, Marmorosphax tricolor Bavay, 1869 (Reptilia: Scincidae), endemic to New Caledonia with a taxonomic revision of Eimeria spp. from scincid hosts.

Three new species of coccidia are described from Marble-throated skink Marmorosphax tricolor from New Caledonia, namely, Isospora bocagei sp. n., Acroeimeria rouxi sp. n., and Choleoeimeria sadlieri sp.n. All species differ markedly from other eimerian coccidia described from scincid hosts. Isospora marmorosphaxi develops extra-nuclearly in small intestine. A. rouxi develops epicitoplasmatically in small intestine. C. sadlieri affects the gall bladder mucosa. Generic affiliation of Eimeria-like coccidia from reptiles is discussed and all taxa (with adequate information on endogenous development available) from scincid hosts are revised and placed into genera Acroeimeria and Choleoeimeria.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The current status of the small subunit rRNA phylogeny of the coccidia (Sporozoa).

There is no current comprehensive assessment of the molecular phylogeny of the coccidia, as all recently published papers either deal with subsets of the taxa or sequence data, or provide non-robust analyses. Here, we present a comprehensive and consistent phylogenetic analysis of the available data for the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence, including a number of taxa not previously studied, based on a Bayesian tree-building analysis and the covariotide model of evolution. The assumptions of the analysis have been rigorously tested, and the benefits and limitations highlighted. Our results provide support for a number of prior conclusions, including the monophyly of the families Sarcocystidae (cyst-forming coccidia) and Eimeriidae (oocyst-forming coccidia), but with bird-host Isospora species in the Eimeriidae and mammal-host species in the Sarcocystidae. However, it is clear that a number of previously reported relationships are dependent on the evolutionary model chosen, such as the placements of Goussia janae, Lankesterella minimia and Caryospora bigenetica. Our results also confirm the monophyly of the subfamilies Toxoplasmatinae and Sarcocystinae, but only some of the previously reported groups within these subfamilies are supported by our analysis. Similarly, only some of the previously reported groups within the Eimeriidae are supported by our analysis, and the genus Eimeria is clearly paraphyletic. There are unambiguous patterns of host-parasite relationship within the coccidia, as most of the well-supported groups have a consistent and restricted range of hosts, with the exception of the Toxoplasmatinae. Furthermore, the previously reported groups for which we found no support all have a diverse range of unrelated hosts, confirming that these are unlikely to be natural groups. The most interesting unaddressed questions may relate to Isospora, which has the fewest available sequences and host-parasite relationships apparently not as straightforward as elsewhere within the suborder.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of enteropathogens in suckling and weaned piglets with diarrhoea in southern Germany.

Faecal samples from suckling (n = 205) and weaned piglets (n = 82) with diarrhoea from 24 farms in Southern Germany were examined for shedding of important metazoic parasitic, viral and bacterial pathogens using culture, microscopic and electronmicroscopic methods. Escherichia coli isolates were tested further for the enterotoxin genes est-Ia and elt-I by colony blot hybridization. Isospora suis was diagnosed in 26.9% and Cryptosporidium parvum in 1.4% of the piglets investigated. The proportion of coronavirus-positive animals was 13.4% and 4% were positive for rotavirus. It was found that 17.6% of the animals were infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC; 10.1% ETEC-ST-Ia and 8.6% ETEC-LT-I, respectively). The occurrence of the pathogens was significantly associated with the age of the animals examined (P < 0.001). Isospora suis was predominantly isolated from suckling piglets (in the second and third week of life), while in weaned piglets (fourth week of life) rotavirus and ETEC were most prevalent. On 22 of the 24 piglet production farms examined at least one of the investigated pathogens was detected. Coronavirus was diagnosed in 66.7%, I. suis in 62.5%, rotavirus in 20.8% and C. parvum in 8.3% of the farms. These results underline the fact that despite the hygienic, technical and immune preventive efforts during the last years, enteropathogens are still common in German piglet production units.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

The Toxoplasma gondii oocyst from cat feces.

Coccidian oocysts resembling those of Isospora bigemina were excreted by cats fed Toxoplasma. In order to identify these oocysts with Toxoplasma infectivity a number of critical comparisons were made. The appearance of oocysts and Toxoplasma infectivity was simultaneous in the feces of 23 of 24 adult cats, 3-5 days after feeding of Toxoplasma cysts; in the feces of 4 out of 9 cats, 7-10 days after feeding of trophozoites; and in 8 out of 17 cats, 20-24 days after feeding of cat feces containing oocysts. Oocysts and infectivity were present in similar numbers, and they disappeared simultaneously from the feces of cats. Oocysts and infectivity were also observed simultaneously in the feces of 9 kittens, 1-2 days old, fed Toxoplasma cysts. Oocysts could not be separated from infectivity by filtration, by continuous particle electrophoresis, or by density gradient centrifugation. Excystation of oocysts was followed by an increase in titer of Toxoplasma infectivity. Unsporulated oocysts in fresh cat feces were noninfectious to mice, but oocyst sporulation was associated quantitatively with the development of infectivity at different temperatures and conditions of oxygenation. Maximum oocyst sporulation at 48 hr correlated with the development of maximum Toxoplasma infectivity. 1 and 2% sulfuric acid, and 2.5% potassium dichromate were found to be the best preservatives for sporulation of oocysts and for the development of Toxoplasma infectivity. Low sporulation rates in 0.1% formalin, 20% ethanol, and in water were associated with low infectivity in these reagents. Neither Toxoplasma infectivity nor oocysts developed in 0.3% formalin, 1% ammonium hydroxide, or 1% iodine in 20% ethanol. Oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites were stained specifically with Toxoplasma antibody in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Typical coccidian stages, schizonts, and male and female gametocytes were found in the epithelium of the small intestine of kittens fed Toxoplasma cysts. The classification of T. gondii is discussed in relation to that of other isosporan coccidia of cats and dogs. The term "Toxoplasma oocyst" is introduced and Toxoplasma is classified in the family Toxoplasmidae of the suborder Eimeriina. The species Isospora bigemina is restricted to dogs, and I. cati to cats. I. felis and so-called I. rivolta from cats were noninfectious to dogs, and did not confer immunity to subsequent infection with I. canis and I. rivolta from dogs.

Air↗
PubMed1984

Complete development of Isopora suis of swine in chicken embryos.

Development of the swine coccidium , Isospora suis, in embryonated chicken eggs is described. The allantoic cavities of eight-to-ten-day-old white Leghorn embryos were inoculated with either 100,000 or 200,000 sporozoites. Developmental stages morphologically similar to those found in the intestines of piglets were present in the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), beginning three days post inoculation (PI). No stages were found in the mesodermal or ectodermal layers of the CAM and none were observed in heart, lung, liver, or spleen. Type I meronts and merozoites were found on days 3 through 10 PI. Type II meronts and merozoites were found days 4 through 10 PI. Mature microgamonts , macrogamonts, and oocysts were found on days 7 through 10 PI. Oocysts appeared to be retained in the endodermal cells and in ovo sporulation did not occur. Attempts to sporulate CAM-derived oocysts were not successful. Isospora suis was not pathogenic for embryos under the conditions of this study. This study represents the first fully documented report of complete development of a mammalian coccidium in chicken embryos.

Allantois↗
PubMed1987

Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascar Gekkonids.

Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the Madagascar giant day gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, and the Golddust day gecko, P. laticauda. Both species of coccidia were found to infect the anterior one-half of the small intestine. Oocysts of Eimeria brygooi n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 23.0 X 21.3 (18.8-25.2 X 16.4-23.2)micron; shape index (L/W) 1.1 (1.0-1.2). A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are ovoid, 9.2 X 7.9 (8.0-10.0 X 7.2-8.8) micron; shape index 1.2 (1.0-1.3), with a Goussia-type suture; Stieda and substieda bodies are absent. A sporocyst residuum is present, 4.2 X 3.0 (3.2-6.4 X 2.4-4.0) micron. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This coccidian was found to infect five of six (83%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda examined. Oocysts of Isospora gekkonis n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 24.2 X 22.0 (21.6-26.4 X 20.0-23.6) micron; shape index 1.1 (1.0-1.2). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.2 X 9.4 (11.2-12.8 X 8.4-10.0) micron, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index 1.3 (1.2-1.4). A sporocyst residuum is present, either compact, 5.1 X 4.2 (4.0-7.2 X 3.2-5.6) micron or diffuse. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora gekkonis was found in two of six (33%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda. In addition, oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were found in the cloacas of two of six (33%) necropsied P. m. grandis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. VI. Six new species from the eastern mole, Scalopus aquaticus.

Thirteen eastern moles, Scalopus aquaticus, collected in West Texas were examined for coccidian oocysts; 11 (85%) were infected and eight (73%) of these had multiple infections representing two or more species. One cyclosporan, three eimerians, and two isosporans were studied and all are described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Cyclospora megacephali n. sp. were subspheroidal, 18.5 X 15.7 (14-21 X 12-18) microns; they had sporocysts pointed at one end with Stieda bodies nearly as wide as the sporocysts themselves, and were 15.0 X 7.2 (11-17 X 6-9) microns; C. megacephali was found in four (31%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria scalopi n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 13.6 X 12.6 (11-17 X 11-15) microns with sporocysts lemon-shaped, 8.7 X 5.5 (7-10 X 4-7) microns; it was found in six (46%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria aquatici n. sp. were asymmetrically ellipsoidal, 17.0 X 10.6 (14-20 X 9-14) microns with sporocysts elongately ovoidal, 9.0 X 5.2 (8-11 X 4-6) microns; it was found in two (15%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria motleiensis n. sp. were subspheroidal, 17.0 X 15.3 (15-20 X 13-18) microns with sporocysts ovoidal, 10.7 X 6.8 (10-13 X 6-8) microns; it was found in seven (54%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora motleiensis n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 13.6 X 12.0 (10-17 X 8-15) microns with sporocysts broadly ovoidal, 9.5 X 6.7 (7-11 X 4-8) microns; it was found in nine (69%) hosts. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora aquatici n. sp. were subspheroidal, 20.9 X 18.4 (15-24 X 13-21) microns with sporocysts ellipsoidal, 11.8 X 9.0 (9-14 X 7-11) microns; it was found in two (15%) hosts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Observations on some avian Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Amazonian Brazil.

Oocysts of Eimeria porphyrulae n.sp. are described in faeces of Porphyrula martinica (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae). They are ellipsoidal to oval, 22.4 x 17.7 (20.0-23.7 x 16.2-18.7) microns, shape-index (length/width) 1.3. Oocyst wall about 1.25 microns thick, colourless, with two layers: inner one prominently striated. Micropyle and sub-micropylar granule present: no oocyst residuum. Sporocysts 17.5 x 9.0 (17.0-19.0 x 8.0-10.0) microns, shape-index 1.9, with inconspicuous Stieda/sub-Stieda bodies. Sporocyst residuum of scattered granules, sometimes a compact mass: sporozoites with two refractile bodies. Eimeria crypturelli n.sp. is described in faeces of Crypturellus soui (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae). Oocysts ellipsoidal-oval, 20.75 x 14.5 (17.5-25.0 x 11.25-21.25) microns, shape-index 1.4. Oocyst wall about 1.25 microns thick and bi-layered: inner layer faintly striated. Micropyle present, with oocyst residuum immediately below: single polar body rarely present. Sporocysts 13.0 x 7.5 (12.5-13.75 x 7.5-8.1) microns, shape-index 1.7, with a Stieda body but seemingly no sub-Stieda. Sporocyst residuum compact: sporozoites with two refractile bodies. Isospora cacici n.sp. is recorded from faeces of Cacicus cela cela (Passeriformes: Icteridae). Oocysts subspherical-spherical, 26.5 x 23.7 (22.5-27.5 x 20.0-26.2) microns, shape-index 1.1. Wall a single, colourless layer about 1.5 microns thick. No micropyle or oocyst residuum: 1-2 polar bodies. Sporocysts ellipsoidal, 17.7 x 12.5 (17.5-18.75 x 11.25-13.75) microns, shape-index 1.4, with pronounced Stieda/sub-Stieda bodies: residuum compact and sporozoites with two refractile bodies. Isospora thraupis n.sp. is described from faeces of Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Passeriformes: Thraupidae).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of isosporiasis among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Los Angeles County.

To determine factors associated with isosporiasis in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Los Angeles County, data from the AIDS surveillance registry were analyzed for the eight-year period 1985-1992. Isosporiasis was reported in 127 (1.0%) of 16,351 persons with AIDS during the study period. Prevalence of infection was highest among foreign-born patients (3.2%), especially those from El Salvador (7.4%) and Mexico (5.4%), and in all persons of Hispanic ethnicity (2.9%). Persons with a history of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) were less likely than PCP-negative patients to have isosporiasis (0.2% and 1.4%, respectively, P < 0.01). A decrease in the prevalence of isosporiasis in patients negative for PCP was observed beginning in 1989 (P = 0.02). Prevalence decreased with age (P < 0.01, by chi-square test for trend). After controlling for multiple factors by logistic regression, isosporiasis was more likely to occur in foreign-born patients than in those born in the United States (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4, 9.9, P < 0.001) and in Hispanics than in whites (non-Hispanics) (adjusted OR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.7, 7.2, P < 0.001). A prior history of PCP continued to be negatively associated with isosporiasis (adjusted OR = 0.2, 95% CI 0.1, 0.3, P < 0.001). Age and time remained independently associated with infection. These data suggest that isosporiasis among persons with AIDS in Los Angeles County may be related to travel exposure and/or recent immigration and that the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for PCP may effectively prevent primary infection or expression of latent isosporiasis. Physicians should have an increased index of suspicion for Isospora in AIDS patients with diarrhea who have immigrated from or traveled to Latin America, among Hispanics born in the United States, in young adults, and in those not receiving PCP prophylaxis. Food and water precautions should be advised and TMP-SMX prophylaxis considered for the prevention of Isospora infection for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who travel to Latin America and other developing countries.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

Case report: Nitazoxanide treatment failure in chronic isosporiasis.

We report a 60-year-old immunocompetent patient with chronic biliary isosporiasis who failed to respond to orally administered cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and orally administered treatment with nitazoxanide, a 5-nitrothiazole benzamide compound. Severe malabsorption was regarded as responsible for the subtherapeutic levels of nitazoxanide in plasma and bile, resulting in treatment failure. Intravenously administered cotrimoxazole stopped the shedding of Isospora belli oocysts in bile within 5 days, excluding initially suspected resistance to cotrimoxazole. Patients with malabsorption and cholangitis due to Coccidia such as Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium spp. or due to protozoa that cause microsporidiasis seem to be predisposed to fail to respond to otherwise effective treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

The prevalence of Giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from aboriginal communities in the Kimberley.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from Aboriginal communities in the west Kimberley region of Western Australia. DESIGN: A four-year parasitological survey of faecal specimens from humans and faecal and intestinal specimens from dogs and cats. SETTING: Local hospital servicing Aboriginal communities surveyed in this study and the Veterinary School, Murdoch University. POPULATION: Children (under 14 years) and adults, as well as dogs and cats, from five Aboriginal communities. RESULTS: G. duodenalis was the most prevalent parasite in children and adults (32.1% in children, n = 361; 12.5% in adults, n = 24). Human infections with Hymenolepis nana (20.5%) and Entamoeba coli (13.0%) were also common. Ancylostoma duodenale (1.3%), Pentatrichomonas hominis (1.0%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.52%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.52%), Sarcocystis sp. (0.52%), Trichuris trichiura (0.26%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.26%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.26%) and Isospora belli (0.26%) were present at low rates. Dogs were most commonly infected with Ancylostoma caninum (51.1%) and G. duodenalis (17.0%). Cats were found to have a high prevalence of Ancylostoma tubaeforme (18.2%), Toxoplasma gondii (18.2%), Isospora felis (15.1%) and Spirometra erinacei (15.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that children from Aboriginal communities in the west Kimberley region of Western Australia, particularly in the age group one to five years, are commonly infected with intestinal parasites. The dogs and cats in these communities are also infected. The high prevalence rates of Giardia and other enteric parasites in this survey are indicative of poor living conditions and low levels of hygiene. In addition, the high prevalence of hookworm and Giardia infection in dogs and hookworm and Toxoplasma infection in cats is of potential zoonotic significance for humans in these communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Isosporiasis in Venezuelan adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characterization.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of isosporiasis and its clinical and laboratory pattern in Venezuelan patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (n = 397). At enrollment, they underwent a thorough clinical history and physical examination, and provided stool specimens for the identification of Isospora belli and other parasites. Isospora belli was identified in 56 subjects (14%) and diarrhea, either acute or chronic, was present in 98% of these cases (P < 0.001). Eosinophilia was strongly associated with isosporiasis (P = 0.01). It was also found that the presence of eosinophilia was more common in I. belli-infected patients without weight loss (P < 0.001). Twenty-six (81.25%) subjects with I. belli infection had CD4+ cell counts < 200 cells/mm3 (P = 0.03). In addition, the data and its description shows the association to be < 100 cells/mm3. This infection seems to be seasonal because the recovery of oocysts occurred mainly in months with significant rainfall. In fact, isosporiasis should be suspected in HIV-infected patients from tropical countries with diarrhea, weight loss, eosinophilia, and low CD4+ cell counts.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Recent advances in the knowledge of the biology of the cyst-forming coccidia.

A review is given on recent knowledge of the genera Caryospora, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Hammondia, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis and Frenkelia. Caryospora hitherto considered to be monoxenous was found to have an optional intermediate host. Many Isospora species had to be transferred to the genus Cystoisospora because optional intermediate hosts were discovered. The obligatory two-host genus Hammondia could be confirmed to be distinct from the genus Toxoplasma. Even though the life cycles of Besnoitia wallacei and B. darlingi could be elucidated, the mode of transmission of B. besnoiti which is of considerable economic importance is still unknown. Since the discovery of the life cycle of the sarcosporidia in 1972 more than 600 papers have been published on this parasite. At present, 122 Sarcocystis species are named, and of 56 species both the definitive and intermediate hosts are known. It was shown that not only carnivorous and omnivorous mammals but also birds of prey, owls, and reptiles are definitive hosts of Sarcocystis species. the close relationship between the genera Sarcocystis and Frenkelia was confirmed by several investigators. Biology and Sarcocystis are of special interest. In the developmental cycle of most Sarcocystis species there are two schizogonic generations in endothelial cells of blood vessels, and in some species there is an additional asexual multiplication by endodyogeny in white blood cells. Some Sarcocystis species are highly pathogenic in non-immune intermediate hosts. Moreover, the sarcocysts which hitherto have been considered to be apathogenic may impair their hosts. In horses, they may cause myopathy, and in pigs, they have considerable influence on several parameters determining meat quality.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The observation of coccidia in swine].

The coccidia species of domestic pig and wild boar were compared and defined morphologically and the sporogony of both was examined. No difference could be detected between the coccidia species of domestic pig and wild boar. Six Eimeria and one Isospora species were found: Eimeria debliecki, E. polita, E. porci, E. scabra, E. spinosa, E. suis and Isospora suis. E porci could be found in Austria for the first time. E. cerdonis Vetterling, 1965 is a synonym of E. polita Pellérdy, 1949.

Animals↗