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PubMed1995

[The history of tomography].

It is easily forgotten that not yet a hundred years ago the only way to look into the patients' body was via invasive procedures. Within the year of the discovery of X-rays by Conrad Röntgen the need for three dimensional imaging had been voiced. The driving force behind this development was undoubtedly clinical motivation. Planar X-radiographs were not satisfactory to the clinicians who urged the radiologists to provide them with tomographic images. Between 1910 and 1940, classical tomography has been the product of individuals rather than collective groups. It is only in the mid thirties that scientists found out about each other and started to correspond vigorously. Mayer was the first to suggest in 1914 the idea of tomography. Bocage, Grossman and Vallebona all developed the idea further and built their own equipment. In 1931 Ziedses des Plantes published the most extensive and thorough study on tomography. In the forties and fifties a stagnation is noticed, only further refinements to the existing equipment are carried out. Although Frank and Takahashi published the basic principles of axial tomography in the mid forties, we had to wait for the necessary developments in electronics before Hounsfield was able to develop and commercialize the first axial computer tomography in 1972 (EMI-Scanner). At the time all the big radiology companies rushed into the field and soon, second, third and fourth generation CT scanners became available. Only a few years later a new way of generating images without using ionizing radiation was introduced. Lauterbur and Damadian produced the first low quality images with magnetic resonance, a technique called zeugmatography by its inventors. In 1974 the first images of a living subject were published and initial scepticism was replaced by euphoria. This resulted in the spectacular evolution in Magnetic Resonance that we are now observing. While it is impossible to predict the future, the development of networks, the increase in data acquisition and storage will spread a new light on our specialty. A closer cooperation between radiologists, pathologists and clinicians will undoubtedly be necessary, as well as a partial redefinition of the radiologists task.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed1996

New therapeutic uses for an old family of drugs: travels of a dental researcher from the lab to the university's office of technology transfer and beyond.

The authors, including an academic-inventor, the director of the University's tech-transfer office, and the CEO of a "start-up" pharmaceutical company based on the professor's (and his colleague's) inventions, relate the history and current status of their interactions. To start, the basic research leading to the "eureka" experiment (such things really do happen) is summarized: namely, the discovery of (i) the surprising ability of the tetracycline antibiotics to inhibit mammalian tissue-destructive proteinases (collagenase, gelatinase) during a variety of disease processes, e.g., periodontitis, the arthritides, osteopenia/osteoporosis, sterile corneal ulcers, tumor invasion/metastasis/angiogenesis, and (ii) a series of chemically-modified, non-antibacterial analogs of tetracyclines to inhibit these enzymes without producing typical antibiotic side effects. The role of the University in obtaining the services of patent attorneys, and its assistance in developing the strategy to deal with an industrial partner, is addressed. Above all, the authors stress the need for close cooperation and collegial interactions between all three groups in this high-risk (but potentially high-benefit-to-the-public) enterprise.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1997

Plastic surgical techniques in the fifteenth century by Serafeddin Sabuncuoğlu.

Serafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (A.D. 1385-1468) is the author of the first illustrated surgical textbook in the Turkish-Islamic literature, namely, Cerrahiyet-ül Haniyye (Imperial Surgery). A pioneer in all fields of surgery. Sabuncuoğlu developed numerous original techniques. He was a keen observer and inventor and a prolific writer who combined his fortune with knowledge of his era. He described a mass reduction procedure for the management of gynecomastia, probably one of the first attempts at reduction mammaplasty. He gave detailed descriptions of different eyelid pathologies and their surgical managements. The aim of this study is to investigate the contributions of this remarkable pioneer to the field of plastic surgery.

Eyelids↗

PubMed1997

[Neytumorin as biomodular onco-therapy--allegations without documentation].

NeyTumorin is a combination of peptides and proteins of 15 different organs from fetal and young pigs and cows. The list of indications ranges from cancer prevention to long-term treatment of malignancies. One vial of NeyTumorin-Sol costs DM 122.34. The therapy for a patient with a T1-2N0M0 cancer costs about DM 16,500 and an advanced stage up to over DM 100,000. The inventor of the Cytoplasmatic Therapy is K.E. Theurer. About 40 years ago, he founded the Vitorgan-Pharmaceutical Company which produces and distributes NeyTumorin. It is claimed that "physiological repair aids" from the cytoplasm of healthy animal organs induce a "hygiogenization" of the disturbed metabolism and NeyTumorin has immunogenic and immuno-modulatory effects which are important for the efficacy. The promotors classify NeyTumorin as a biological response modifier. The components of NeyTumorin are not defined. Preclinical investigations showing direct cytostatic and immunomodulatory effects are not sufficiently documented. Often extremely high concentrations of NeyTumorin were used. Clinical studies including prospective randomized trials are not conclusive because of false or insufficient documentation. There is no proof for either the claimed mechanism of action nor for a clinical efficacy.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed1996

Portrait of a confederate secret agent: Henry A. Parr, DDS.

Dr. Henry Albert Parr wore many faces during his career beginning with his Civil War service as a Confederate secret service agent and ending as a presidential dentist. How he played the roles in between as a pirate, accused murderer, pharmacist, inventor, and dental educator is a real odyssey--and worthy of documentation.

History, 19th Century↗

PubMed1997

[Posthumous nomination for Medicine Nobel Prizes. I. The Romantic Era (1800-1848)].

In the centennial of Alfred Nobel's death, the author proposes the nomination of great physicians of XIX century for a posthumous Medicine Nobel Prize. The valorization given by medical historians such as Garrison, Lavastine, Castiglioni, Lain Entralgo and Guerra, was used to select the best candidates. One to three names were assigned per year, from 1800 to 1848. Four categories of "Romantic Nobel Prizes" are assigned: a) Founders of basic disciplines (anatomy, chemistry, physiology etc); b) Masters of clinical and surgical medicine, pathology and specialties; c) Discoverers of transcendental diseases that are eponyms and d) Other great inventors or discoverers. A total of 66 nominees for the Nobel Prize, equally distributed between French, German and English physician, are presented. The omissions and limitation of this proposals are discussed.

Europe↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coagulation and hemorheology.

The application of principles of hemorheology on a process of blood coagulation was suggested by H.H. Hartert - inventor of the thromboelastograph which he introduced in 1947. These principles of applying of a mechanical force and detecting the response of coagulating blood enable to determine a functional evidence of the physiological process producing a hemostatic clot. The thromboelastography, as well as other rheological techniques used for this determination, are introduced evaluating the process in terms of the rate of coagulation, clot elasticity, deformability and permeability. Recent applications of the techniques to the diagnosis of disorders of hemostasis and the study of drug effects on coagulation are presented as well.

Blood Coagulation↗

PubMed1998

Leeuwenhoek and Vermeer, an association of genius.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek, the inventor of the microscope and originator of the microscopic sciences, had an interesting association with the great Dutch artist, Vermeer, whose paintings were recently displayed in major exhibitions in Holland and the U.S.A. Leeuwenhoek is of particular interest to dental medicine for the first description of the oral bacteria and the first microscopic description of the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa, with its different layers from stratum germinativum to stratum corneum.

Bacteriology↗

PubMed2005

The impact of medical issues in inpatient geriatric psychiatry.

At an advanced age, serious medical and psychiatric illnesses frequently coalesce. Often, the need for admission to inpatient geriatric psychiatric care arises from coexisting medical problems. While cognitive and behavioral interventions are important, the complexity of physical comorbidities usually becomes the focus of hospitalization and requires intensive medical treatments. This paper describes adaptations made in one metropolitan geriatric psychiatry unit in order to better treat complex patients who experience both medical and psychiatric illness. The need for all members of the interdisciplinary team to expand their practice and the importance of complementary approaches of psychiatry and medicine are emphasized.

Aged↗