Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intergenerational effect”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[The second Holocaust: life is threatening].

According to the author's observations, the "second holocaust" is a phenomenon encountered both in the first and the second generation. This dramatic concept seeks to convey the fact that the devastations of the actual holocaust are re-enacted and unconsciously repeated by the survivors and their children in terms not only of the content of the trauma but also of its style. Referring to a number of potted case histories, the authors describe how inevitable and absolute the shadow of destruction is felt to be by the victims and how the contrive to survive under this shadow. From a therapeutic viewpoint it appears helpful to encounter the onset and the effects of this "second holocaust" by activating the life side of the life-death dichotomy as a counter against the compulsive urge for repetition. Life, through felt itself to be permanently at risk, must be made to function as the motor for the negation of death.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The role of childhood stressors in the intergenerational transmission of alcohol use disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined relations between childhood stressors (e.g., disrupted family rituals, embarrassment, neglect, abuse), family history of paternal alcoholism, and alcohol use disorders in late adolescence and early adulthood. Of particular interest was the extent to which stressor exposure mediated the association between paternal and offspring alcohol use disorders. METHOD: A mixed-gender sample of 457 (238 female) participants, approximately half (N = 234) with a family history of paternal alcoholism, were assessed for alcohol use disorders and childhood stressors via clinical interviews. RESULTS: Family history of paternal alcoholism was associated with every childhood stressor examined, often strongly. In addition, a number of childhood stressors (e.g., verbal, emotional, physical and sexual abuse) were related to an alcohol use disorder in late adolescence/early adulthood. However, only a portion of the effect of family history on a subsequent alcohol use disorder was accounted for by the childhood stressors we examined. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that self-reported childhood stressors are strongly related to a family history of alcoholism, but are only moderately and inconsistently related to the development of an alcohol use disorder. Moreover, they appear to, at best, only partially mediate the relation between family history of alcoholism and an alcohol use disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Barriers to effective contraception and strategies for overcoming them among adolescent mothers.

Young women often have difficulty accessing and correctly using contraception. However, these difficulties are not primarily the result of lack of knowledge or experience of contraception. In this study, nine adolescent mothers were interviewed about their experience of contraception before and after the birth of their children. These adolescent women faced barriers to effective contraceptive use before the birth of their children. These barriers included indifference to the possibility of pregnancy, perceived invulnerability to pregnancy, and forgetting to use contraception regularly. Analysis also revealed that during the time these women were sexually active prior to pregnancy, many had used a range of strategies to overcome these barriers to effective contraception, including using adult support, allowing an adult to take responsibility for contraception, and using multiple methods of contraception to cover for contraceptive failure. The strategies used by these women to delay childbearing indicate valuable areas for further research in preventing unplanned adolescent pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The Senior Mentor Program at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine: an innovative geriatric longitudinal curriculum.

This paper describes development, implementation, and evaluation strategies of a longitudinal geriatric curriculum, the Senior Mentor Program (SMP). The rationale for exposing undergraduate medical students to healthy, community-dwelling older adults is to use the relationship and activities as vehicles for improving knowledge of aging and providing students experience with aging as a stage and process. The University of South Carolina School of Medicine's major aim in geriatrics is to prepare students to become skilled physicians in care of older adults. The SMP is embedded into the curriculum. The program introduced medical students to healthy older adults, presented selected health care issues in this population, integrated material early in the curriculum, acquainted students with longitudinal patient care, and introduced students to older adults' living arrangements. The SMP is an effective means of infusing geriatric content into the medical school curriculum and positively affects mentors' and students' attitudes toward each other. This has implications for medical and professional schools, such as nursing, social work, and physical therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

African-American fathers: perceptions of two generations.

The purpose of this study was to determine how African-American fathers of 10-14-years-olds viewed their assets and limitations as parents, and to find out how children from this age group saw the parent performance of their fathers. The Parent Success Indicator was administered to 102 fathers and to 104 adolescents. Significant differences were found between generations on five of six subscales. The independent variables entering the greatest effect on how both generations perceived parental success were amount of time father and child spent together, having an adult at home when a child returns from school, and gender of child.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Advances in risk assessment and communication.

Risk analysis continues to evolve. There is increasing depth and breadth to each component of the four-step risk-assessment paradigm of hazard identification, dose-response analysis, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Basic conceptual approaches to understanding how people perceive risk are being tested against a growing body of empirical observations, many involving stakeholders. Emerging ideas such as the precautionary principle have provided challenges that have led to a rethinking of the role of risk assessment in environmental health. Newer problems, such as intergenerational issues posed by long-lasting radiation pollution, environmental justice, and the assessment and communication of risks related to terrorism, have spurred innovative approaches to risk analysis.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

The effect of extended family living on the mental health of three generations within two Asian communities.

BACKGROUND: A study by Shah & Sonuga-Barke (1995) identified a relationship between family structure and the mental health of Pakistani Muslim mothers and their children. Children in extended families fared better, but their mothers fared worse than their nuclear family counterparts. The present study replicates and extends this study by exploring the impact of nuclear and extended family living on the mental health of three generations (children, mothers and grandmothers) in British Hindu as well as Muslim communities. METHOD: 44 Muslim and 42 Hindu families participated in the study. The mental health of mothers and grandmothers and the behavioural problems of children (aged 5-11) were examined. Both mothers and grandmothers completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The children's behavioural adjustment was rated by their teachers using the Rutter Scale. Other relevant variables such as acculturation levels were also measured. RESULTS: Children and grandmothers were better adjusted in extended families than nuclear families. In contrast, mothers were better adjusted in nuclear families. This interaction between family type and generation was evident in both Muslim and Hindu families and did not appear to be mediated by other variables such as acculturation. Furthermore, mothers' and childrens' adjustment was significantly correlated with grandmothers', but not mothers', mental health in extended families (although not in nuclear families). DISCUSSION: These results provide further evidence for the link between family structure and mental health in Asian communities. They also challenge some of the assumptions about maternal mental health, its effects on child adjustment and its links to systems of social support. In extended families where social support was likely to be most available mothers were at greatest risk, while their children profited and this advantage seemed to be linked to the grandmaternal presence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Mentoring in multiple dimensions.

Thousands of words, scores of models, and multitudes of professionals have attempted to explain and successfully replicate this "thing" we call mentoring. All in service to a greater good, using a win-win interpretation of the purpose and outcome, mentoring has become the hallowed pathway to success in almost every profession. However, life is more than a cause and effect equation. This article examines mentoring from a multi-dimensional perspective, with those dimensions encompassing the generational history, family belief system, cultural archetypes, individual learning style, and physical challenges inherent in people of one culture moving through a rigid educational system designed by people of another culture.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Intergenerational transmission of depression: test of an interpersonal stress model in a community sample.

An interpersonal stress model of depression transmission was tested in a community sample of nearly 800 depressed and never-depressed women and their 15-year-old children. It was hypothesized that maternal depression (and depression in the maternal grandmother) contributed to chronic interpersonal stress in the mothers, affecting quality of parenting and youths' social competence. In turn, poor social functioning and interpersonal life events caused at least in part by the youths were predicted to be the proximal predictors of current depressive symptoms and diagnoses. Structural equation modeling confirmed the predicted associations among variables and the link between youth chronic and episodic interpersonal stress and depression. Additionally, the association between maternal and child depression was entirely mediated by the predicted family and interpersonal stress effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Anticipation or ascertainment bias in schizophrenia? Penrose's familial mental illness sample.

Several studies have observed anticipation (earlier age at onset [AAO] in successive generations) in familial schizophrenia. However, whether true anticipation or ascertainment bias is the principal originating mechanism remains unclear. In 1944 L. S. Penrose collected AAO data on a large, representative sample of familial mental illness, using a broad ascertainment strategy. These data allowed examination of anticipation and ascertainment biases in five two-generation samples of affected relative pairs. The median intergenerational difference (MID) in AAO was used to assess anticipation. Results showed significant anticipation in parent-offspring pairs with schizophrenia (n = 137 pairs; MID 15 years; P = .0001) and in a positive control sample with Huntington disease (n = 11; P = .01). Broadening the diagnosis of the schizophrenia sample suggested anticipation of severity of illness. However, other analyses provided evidence for ascertainment bias, especially in later-AAO parents, in parent-offspring pairs. Aunt/uncle-niece/nephew schizophrenia pairs showed anticipation (n = 111; P = .0001), but the MID was 8 years and aunts/uncles had earlier median AAO than parents. Anticipation effects were greatest in pairs with late-AAO parents but remained significant in a subgroup of schizophrenia pairs with early parental AAO (n = 31; P = .03). A small control sample of other diseases had MID of 5 years but no significant anticipation (n = 9; P = .38). These results suggest that, although ascertainment-bias effects were observed in parent-offspring pairs, true anticipation appears to be inherent in the transmission of familial schizophrenia. The findings support investigations of unstable mutations and other mechanisms that may contribute to true anticipation in schizophrenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Suicidality and cultural values among Hong Kong adolescents.

Scholars have proposed that individualistic values resulting from globalization are associated with increasing behavioral and emotional problems among youth in modernizing cultures. This study examined specific individualistic and traditional values in the context of suicidal ideation and behaviors in Hong Kong among community adolescent youths (N=2427) ages 14-18 years. Participants indicated the extent to which self-direction/independence and obedience/respect for elders were important to them. They also reported on four progressive levels of suicidality: whether in the last year they had experienced suicidal ideation, made plans for a suicide attempt, attempted suicide, and (for attemptors) made a serious attempt requiring medical attention. After controlling for quality of family relationships and depressive symptoms, at least one of the values predicted suicidality at all but the highest level. There were sex-specific associations between values and suicidality. In general, endorsement of self-direction was correlated with reduced risk of suicidality for boys and was irrelevant to girls. In contrast, traditional emphases on obedience and respect for elders were more frequently protective against suicidality for girls and were inconsistent predictors for boys. The relationship between values and suicidality was generally independent of the effect of family relationships and depressive symptoms. Thus, values were associated with adolescent suicidality, but not consistently in the direction predicted by some theorists, and the association depended upon the adolescent's sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The success of Taiwanese fathers in guiding adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine similarities and differences in Taiwanese fathers' and adolescents' perceptions of paternal competencies. A multi-source (fathers (n = 176) and 10- 14-year-old adolescent children (n = 176), single-method (both generations completed the Parent Success Indicator) investigation was employed. Generational assessments were compared, and effects of independent variables were examined. Impressions from both generations were significantly different by child school grades and the amount of time fathers spent talking to and doing things with their adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Impact of the maternal microbiome on neonatal immune development.

Historically, multigenerational health and disease transmission have primarily focused on genetic inheritance. However, the discovery that beneficial microorganisms known as commensal microbiota outnumber human genes tenfold has reshaped this perspective, highlighting their critical role in maintaining homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Unlike the human genome, commensal microbiota is not genetically inherited but is acquired anew with each generation. with initial gut colonization playing a pivotal role in shaping an infant's immune system, neurodevelopment, and long-term health, all heavily influenced by maternal factors. In this review, we examine emerging research on maternal microbial influences on the fetus beginning in utero. We provide an updated overview of the current insights into the impact of the vaginal microbiome during parturition on offspring immunity and discuss the potential long-term health implications for infants born via cesarean section. We explore the advantages and limitations of techniques designed to mitigate these effects, such as vaginal seeding and emphasize that the development of the neonatal immune system is a dynamic process influenced by maternal factors beyond birth, including the transfer of microbiota through breast milk and skin contact. Finally, we present gaps in current research and propose future research directions to deepen our understanding of the impacts of the maternal microbiome on her child. Together, these insights demonstrate how maternal influence on offspring health and immunity extends beyond genetic factors, encompassing the transmission of microbiota, which, in turn, has profound long-term implications for health and disease resilience, offering a novel perspective on intergenerational health dynamics.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Effects of welfare reform on children of adolescent mothers: moderation by maternal depression, father involvement, and grandmother involvement.

There are few data available on how effects of welfare reform on children may differ for different kinds of families. This study examined the constructs of maternal depression, father involvement, and grandmother involvement as moderators of the effects of a welfare reform program on children. The sample included 1,602 children between the ages of 3 and 6 1/2 whose mothers had participated in New Chance, a multi-site welfare-to-work program with an emphasis on human capital development (i.e., education, job training). Father and grandmother co-residence were investigated, in addition to perceived support from these family members, in predicting cognitive and behavioral child outcomes. The mediating roles of parenting stress and emotional support in parenting were also explored. Although main effects were found for the intervention and for maternal depression, no main effects were found for the family ecology variables. However, interactions suggested complex relationships among New Chance and the family characteristics for both the full sample and for Latina families. Results are discussed in terms of policy implications and possible future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A psychological effect of having a potentially viable sequestration strategy.

Purposeful carbon sequestration by direct injection into the deep ocean can store carbon for centuries. Even after injected carbon begins to leak back out to the atmosphere, much of the injected carbon will remain sequestered because of the acid neutralizing capacity of seawater. The slow leakage that occurs centuries into the future can give a false sense of security that the carbon and climate problem is under control. If this were to cause policy makers to become less vigilant about reducing the total emissions of anthropogenic carbon, our descendants would be penalized with having much higher carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere when leakage begins. This "carelessness feedback" would apply to other forms of sequestration that are not permanent. To avoid falling into this trap requires generations of policy makers to be aware of the feedback and committed to intergenerational equity.

Editorial↗
PubMed2004

Recombination rate and reproductive success in humans.

Intergenerational mixing of DNA through meiotic recombinations of homologous chromosomes during gametogenesis is a major event that generates diversity in the eukaryotic genome. We examined genome-wide microsatellite data for 23,066 individuals, providing information on recombination events of 14,140 maternal and paternal meioses each, and found a positive correlation between maternal recombination counts of an offspring and maternal age. We postulated that the recombination rate of eggs does not increase with maternal age, but that the apparent increase is the consequence of selection. Specifically, a high recombination count increased the chance of a gamete becoming a live birth, and this effect became more pronounced with advancing maternal age. Further support for this hypothesis came from our observation that mothers with high oocyte recombination rate tend to have more children. Hence, not only do recombinations have a role in evolution by yielding diverse combinations of gene variants for natural selection, but they are also under selection themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Asymmetric information, ownership and quality of care: an empirical analysis of nursing homes.

Theoretically, when asymmetric information exists, nonprofit organizations, due to the attenuation of the property right, provide better quality of service than do the for-profits. Despite extensive theoretical examination of the behavior of nonprofits, there has been very little empirical testing of the plausibility of these theories. This article addresses the effect of ownership type on the quality of service in the nursing home industry, an environment particularly conducive to identifying the existence of asymmetric information. The study shows that the differences between for-profit and nonprofit homes do become manifest when asymmetric information is present.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

A populationwide coalescent analysis of Icelandic matrilineal and patrilineal genealogies: evidence for a faster evolutionary rate of mtDNA lineages than Y chromosomes.

Historical inferences from genetic data increasingly depend on assumptions about the genealogical process that shapes the frequencies of alleles over time. Yet little is known about the structure of human genealogies over long periods of time and how they depart from expectations of standard demographic models, such as that attributed to Wright and Fisher. To obtain such information and to examine the recent evolutionary history of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes in the Icelandic gene pool, we traced the matrilineal and patrilineal ancestry of all 131,060 Icelanders born after 1972 back to two cohorts of ancestors, one born between 1848 and 1892 and the other between 1798 and 1742. This populationwide coalescent analysis of Icelandic genealogies revealed highly positively skewed distributions of descendants to ancestors, with the vast majority of potential ancestors contributing one or no descendants and a minority of ancestors contributing large numbers of descendants. The expansion and loss of matrilines and patrilines has caused considerable fluctuation in the frequencies of mtDNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes, despite a rapid population expansion in Iceland during the past 300 years. Contrary to a widespread assumption, the rate of evolution caused by this lineage-sorting process was markedly faster in matrilines (mtDNA) than in patrilines (Y chromosomes). The primary cause is a 10% shorter matrilineal generation interval. Variance in the number of offspring produced within each generation was not an important differentiating factor. We observed an intergenerational correlation in offspring number and in the length of generation intervals in the matrilineal and patrilineal genealogies, which was stronger in matrilines and thus contributes to their faster evolutionary rate. These findings may have implications for coalescent date estimates based on mtDNA and Y chromosomes.

Alleles↗