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PubMed2004

Psychosocial and demographic determinants of regional differences in the prevalence of obesity.

Differences in the prevalence of obesity between adjacent regions are quite common, but usually unexplained. This study examined whether birth place, selective migration, intelligence or education--which are both inversely and possibly causally related to obesity--are determinants of such differences. This population-based case-control study (case-cohort design) took place in the greater Copenhagen area (region 1) and surrounding provincial areas of Zealand (region 2), Denmark. A total of 2948 men with a median age of 19 years from two draft board regions during 1966-1977 were examined. The odds ratio (OR) for being obese (defined as body mass index > or = 31 kg/m2) was investigated using multiple logistic regression analyses. The OR for being obese in region 2 compared with region 1 was 1.74 (1.50-2.03). Adjustment for birth place, intelligence test score and educational level reduced the OR to 1.42 (1.10-1.82). The OR for being obese for those born in region 2 compared with region 1 was 1.71 (1.46-2.01). Adjustments for intelligence test score, educational level and examination region reduced this OR to 1.13 (0.87-1.46). Irrespective of birth place, men examined in region 2 had a higher OR for being obese than those examined in region 1; this effect was most pronounced for those born in region 2 and examined in either region 1 or 2, with an OR of 1.06 (0.71-1.57) and 1.87 (1.58-2.22) respectively. In conclusion, the regional differences in the prevalence of obesity could not be explained by birth place or later selective migration, but educational level and intelligence test score did explain some of the difference.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Foetal and postnatal head growth and risk of cognitive decline in old age.

Studies of elderly people have shown that scores on tests of cognitive function tend to be higher in those with larger head circumferences. One explanation for these findings is that optimal brain development in utero and in the first years of life may protect against cognitive decline in old age, though the relative importance of these two periods of brain growth is unclear. We assessed change in cognitive function over a 3.5-year period in 215 men and women aged 66-75 years whose head circumference had been recorded at birth and as adults. Cognitive function was tested in the initial study and at follow-up with the AH4 intelligence test and the Wechsler Logical Memory test. We found no associations between head circumference at birth and score on the cognitive function tests or change in score over time. However, people who had a larger head circumference as an adult gained significantly higher scores on the intelligence test on both testing occasions and were less likely to show a decline in memory performance over the follow-up period. People whose head circumference was in the top quarter of the distribution had an odds ratio for decline in immediate recall on the Logical Memory test of 0.2 (95% confidence interval 0.1-0.6) and an odds ratio for decline in delayed recall of 0.3 (95% confidence interval 0.1-0.9) compared with those whose head circumference was in the bottom quarter, after adjustment for age, sex and potential risk factors. These results suggest that brain development during infancy and early childhood is important in determining how well cognitive abilities are preserved in old age.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Cognitive functioning of alcoholics and its relationship with prognosis.

In a preliminary study a group of 30 alcoholics were subjected to psychological tests to explore the influence of regular alcohol intake on their cognitive functioning and its relationship with prognosis. The functions chosen were, arousal and maintenance of attention, verbal intelligence and performance intelligence. Tests used were the Binet Kamat test of intelligence and Bhatia short scale. Level of education was positively correlated with attention-span and verbal intelligence, but not with performance intelligence. The inter-test discrepancy alone on the performance intelligence test could be assessed for evaluation of cognitive impairment. Poor P.Q. scorers sought medical consultation before their mid thirties and had earlier onset of alcoholism. Elder addicts (above 35 years) showed more abstraction deficiency. The higher the P.Q. the higher was its' positive correlation with adjustment to work, but not to family.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Psychological testing and the detection of drug abusers.

Empirical studies using psychological tests for the detection and early identification of drug abusers are summarized. Although the emphasis is on personality testing, intelligence and special aptitude tests are included. The author concludes that psychological testing has not been successful in differentiating drug abusers from other sampled groups. The ARCI and MMPI personality tests show potential, but their validity remains to be fully demonstrated. Factors for their lack of success include subjects with different "response sets" and in specific institutionalized settings. Recommendations for additional research in noninstitutional environments are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

The mentally handicapped criminal offender. A 10-year study of two hospitals.

With mentally handicapped people now being moved into the community, information on mentally handicapped criminal offenders is valuable. A group of such offenders was examined by reviewing the case-notes of 92 patients referred on hospital order to two mental-handicap hospitals over 10 years. Compared with the general criminal population, these offenders' ages were higher, the ratio of male to female offenders was similar, and the proportion of married people was lower. The offences committed were for the most part serious, with a greater number of offences against property and public order in the subgroup whose intelligence were in the mentally handicapped range. Their tested intelligence fell almost entirely into the normal and mild mental-handicap range, suggesting that factors other than intelligence testing, such as social skills, were considered in their admission to the hospitals.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Intelligibility of selected passages from the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the intelligibility of 12 of the 72 passages of connected discourse prepared by Cox and McDaniel (1984, 1989) in the development of the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. Intelligibility was assessed with a method-of-adjustment procedure in the presence of two maskers. One was a multi-talker babble with a variable S/N ratio environment that yields intelligibility scores that are potentially level-dependent because of the almost inevitable difference in speech intensity from passage to passage. The second was a signal-correlated noise with a constant S/N ratio environment that provides scores that are essentially level-independent. Two homogeneous subsets of nine passages each were identified that yield equivalent intelligibility scores. The outcome underscores the value of incorporating a signal-correlated noise masker that yields scores that are relatively unaffected by small differences in signal level among passages.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Influence of fetal distress on neonatal behavior neurological assessment and its prognosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the short and long term prognosis of fetal distress. METHODS: 60 newborns with fetal distress (study group) and 60 normal newborns (control group) were assessed by neonatal behavior neurological assessment (20 items) in neonatal period and by reformed wechsler intelligence scale children-revised at 2 years of age. RESULTS: The total scoring of study group was significantly different from that of control group (P < 0.01). In the study group, there were 41 cases without neonatal asphyxia whose scoring was significantly different from that in the normal group (P < 0.05), whereas the scoring of other 19 cases with neonatal asphyxia was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). We also found that the scoring of 38 acute fetal distress cases was significantly different from that of 22 chronic cases (P < 0.01). In two years follow-up study, the scoring of children's intelligence test in acute distress cases was not different from that of controls, but the scoring of intelligence test in chronic distress cases was markedly different from that of controls (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Fetal distress could affect neonatal behavior and their intellectual development.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1968

Intelligence has three facets. There are numerous intellectual abilities, but they fall neatly into a rational system.

In this limited space I have attempted to convey information regarding progress in discovering the nature of human intelligence. By intensive factor-analytic investigation, mostly within the past 20 years, the multifactor picture of intelligence has grown far beyond the expectations of those who have been most concerned. A comprehensive, systematic theoretical model known as the "structure of intellect" has been developed to put rationality into the picture. The model is a cubical affair, its three dimensions representing ways in which the abilities differ from one another. Represented are: five basic kinds of operation, four substantive kinds of information or "contents," and six formal kinds of information or "products," respectively. Each intellectual ability involves a unique conjunction of one kind of operation, one kind of content, and one kind of product, all abilities being relatively independent in a population, but with common joint involvement in intellectual activity. This taxonomic model has led to the discovery of many abilities not suspected before. Although the number of abilities is large, the 15 category constructs provide much parsimony. They also provide a systematic basis for viewing mental operations in general, thus suggesting new general psychological theory. The implications for future intelligence testing and for education are numerous. Assessment of intellectual qualities should go much beyond present standard intelligence tests, which seriously neglect important abilities that contribute to problem-solving and creative performance in general. Educational philosophy, curriculum-building, teaching procedures, and examination methods should all be improved by giving attention to the structure of intellect as the basic frame of reference. There is much basis for expecting that various intellectual abilities can be improved in individuals, and the procedures needed for doing this should be clear.

Cognition↗
PubMed1999

Psychological symptoms in chronic fatigue and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if psychological morbidity in youth with chronic fatigue is caused by the stress of coping with a chronic illness. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study comparing pediatric patients with debilitating chronic fatigue and matched subjects with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic medical illness with similar functional sequelae. SETTING: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinic of Kosair Children's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen children and adolescents with debilitating chronic fatigue and 19 age- and sex-matched peers with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Outcome. Structured Interview, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Child Behavior Checklist, and Youth Self-Report. RESULTS: Intellectual functioning on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test Composite was average (103, standard score) for both groups. Pediatric patients with chronic fatigue had higher levels of internalizing psychological distress than patients suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, despite the fact that both groups had a similar pattern of decline in social and physical activities. Duration of illness did not explain the difference in psychological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological factors may play a more active role in debilitating chronic fatigue in pediatric patients than can be explained by the stress of coping with a similar chronic, non-life-threatening illness.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1976

[Neuropsychological examinations in childhood].

Three groups of children aged 8-12 years have been investigated by a test battery to gain insight into the problems surrounding the relationship between cerebral and behavioral development. One group was of children with circumscribed cortical lesions, one was a group of dyslexics with neurologic anomalies, and the third was a control group of children without brain lesions. General test intelligence did not differ significantly in the three groups. Marked differences between the various lesion groups are observable in some tests but not in others. For example, the results of children with left temporal lesions in the verbal part of the intelligence test and in fresh language memory were inferior to those of all other lesion groups and the controls, while the dyslexics showed a similar if less marked deficit. Non-linguistic (figural) memory did not differ as between groups. On the other hand, children with right frontal lesions were notable for inferior results in a visual learning test and a classification test. In a linguistic-dichotic test all the groups of brain lesions and the dyslexics differed from the control group, a fact which suggests retarded development of hemispheric dominance for speech functions. From these provisional results it can be concluded that the brain areas do not all specialize simultaneously, and that compensation of cerebral lesions in relation to different functions probably results in retardation of overall brain development and anatomico-functional specialization.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Intelligence and left hemisphere disease. The role of aphasia, apraxia and size of lesion.

The Raven Progressive Matrices and four subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Performance Scale were given to 173 left hemisphere patients subdivided according to presence/absence, type (fluent/non-fluent) and severity (moderate/severe) of aphasia. Constructive and ideomotor apraxia scores and CT scan data of each subject entered the statistical analysis. Factors significant in producing a low score on Progressive Matrices and Wechsler-Bellevue were presence of aphasia and constructive apraxia. Site and size of lesion per se failed to account for the intelligence scores. The relationship between aphasia, apraxia, intelligence test scores, and CT scan data were discussed in an attempt to clarify the meaning of these low intelligence test scores in aphasics and to assess the underlying roles of the brain lesions in this deficit. It appears that there are a number of methodological difficulties complicating interpretation of the intellectual deficit based on the Progressive Matrices and Wechsler-Bellevue scores, since performance on these tests is adversely affected by both aphasia and apraxia.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1991

Neuropsychological outcome of pediatric liver transplantation.

Children with end-stage liver disease who undergo liver transplantation may have unrecognized neuropsychological and academic deficits, for which remediation programs may be available. Intellectual, academic, and neuropsychological measures of 28 pediatric patients who had received successful liver transplantation at least 1 year previously were compared with those of 18 patients with cystic fibrosis (to control for effects of growth retardation and chronic illness) matched for age, age at diagnosis, physical growth, and parents' socioeconomic status. Liver transplant patients had significantly lower scores on nonverbal intelligence tests (mean +/- SD for liver transplant vs cystic fibrosis patients: 89.1 +/- 19.1 vs 105.8 +/- 17.6), lower academic achievement, and lower zeta scores for age in the areas of learning and memory (-0.68 +/- 1.09 vs 0.19 +/- 1.24), abstraction and concept formation (-1.73 +/- 1.58 vs -0.79 +/- 1.37), visual-spatial function (-0.66 +/- 1.09 vs 0.10 +/- 0.69), and motor function (-0.13 +/- 0.85 vs 0.36 +/- 0.57). No differences were found on tests of verbal intelligence, or in alertness and concentration, perceptual-motor, and sensory-perceptual areas. Cyclosporine levels were found to correlate positively with motor speed (r = .41, P less than .05). Thorough psycho-educational and neuropsychological evaluations should be considered for pediatric patients who receive liver transplantation to allow these children to maximize their potential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A scientific project locked in time. The Terman Genetic Studies of Genius, 1920s-1950s.

Lewis M. Terman is well-known in the history of American psychology for the Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon intelligence tests and the Genetic Studies of Genius project. The same assumptions informed the genius project and Terman's work in intelligence testing: the notion of the fixity of the IQ at birth and the maturation theory. According to the maturation theory, individuals developed only within the range of differences made possible by the genetic endowment of the "group"--natural, cultural, or both--to which they belonged. In this article the historicity and nonuniversality of Terman's work is discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Genetics of intelligence.

This article provides an overview of the biometric and molecular genetic studies of human psychometric intelligence. In the biometric research, special attention is given to the environmental and genetic contributions to specific and general cognitive ability differences, and how these differ from early childhood to old age. Special mention is also made of multivariate studies that examine the genetic correlation between intelligence test scores and their correlates such as processing speed, birth weight and brain size. After an overview of candidate gene associations with intelligence test scores, there is a discussion of whole-genome linkage and association studies, the first of which have only recently appeared.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Stability and comparability of intellectual measures for cerebral-palsied preschoolers.

Intelligence test scores on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Merrill Palmer Scale were studied for 23 cerebral-palsied children to determine the stability and comparability of these measures during the preschool years as well as the relationship of pyschological gains or losses to clinical diagnoses of the children. Test and posttest data were analyzed for subjects who had participated for one year in a special preschool program for children with neuromotor problems. A high correlation was found between the two intelligence tests both on pretesting (r = .89) and posttesting (r = .83). No significant differences were observed between IQs attained at the three-year level and IQs attained at the four-year level. No associative pattern between etiology of the disability, neuromotor involvement, and intelligence test patterns was determined.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1992

Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia: evidence for progressive deterioration.

The developmental processes leading to neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia are poorly understood. Both early developmental defects and subsequent deterioration may occur. Intelligence test profiles are often used to estimate premorbid ability and deterioration from prior levels of functioning. These characteristics were assessed in samples of first-episode (n = 51) and chronic (n = 50) schizophrenic patients. Although the groups showed few differences on tests to estimate premorbid intellectual ability, the chronic group performed worse on measures considered sensitive to deterioration. Dextral (right-handed) patients tended to have better performance; this effect was marked in the first-episode sample, especially on verbal tests. Male patients showed more evidence of deterioration than female patients. Subgroups differing in the time course of premorbid social dysfunction also differed in intelligence test profiles, suggesting that estimates of social and cognitive deterioration may have concurrent validity. The results support the hypothesis that patients differ in the course of cognitive decline and suggest that deterioration of function may follow the onset of overt psychosis in some patients. Prospective longitudinal studies of first-episode schizophrenic patients could directly test this hypothesis.

Adolescent↗