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PubMed1998

Improvement in the identification of intestinal parasites by a concentrated merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde technique.

To increase the sensitivity of the merthiolate-iodine formaldehyde (MIF) technique in detecting various stages of intestinal parasites in stool specimens, a concentration step was added before preserving the stool specimen with MIF solution. This step involved mixing the stool specimen in 10% formalin, filtering the mixture through a double-layered cotton filter, and removing most of the liquid content. This modification was evaluated in a large screening program. Its positive identification of 10 helminths and 2 protozoa was comparable to formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) sedimentation and hookworm eggs were readily recognizable. Although the modified MIF technique requires an overnight drying procedure, only a few simple procedures are involved in the concentrating step. This technique is relatively simple and suitable for large-scale screening programs or epidemiologic studies.

Acetates↗
PubMed1990

DNA fingerprinting of the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis with the M13 phage genome.

A DNA fingerprint procedure has been established for the intestinal parasite, Giardia duodenalis. This permits the identification of individual strains from both human and animal sources. Analysis of strain movement, resurgence and variation is now possible. The fingerprint probe is based on the tandem repetitive sequence found in bacteriophage M13 which hybridizes to a set of hypervariable polymorphic minisatellite sequences found in higher eukaryotes. This probe recognizes a weakly homologous set of hypervariable regions in the Giardia genome to provide a DNA fingerprint comparable to those seen in higher eukaryotes.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

[Anthelminthic Effectiveness Of 2,3,5,6-Tetrahydro 6-Phenyl-Imidazole (2,1-B) Thiazole Hydrochloride (=tetramisole) Upon Intestinal Parasites]

A single dose of Tetramisole, 2.5 mg/kg body weight, was given to the infected cases of intestinal parasites. The number of cases were: Ascaris lumbriocides 96, hookworm 16, Trichostrongylus orientalis 10, Trichocephalus trichiurus 114 and Clonorchis sinensis 19. No dietary restriction before and after the administration of Tetramisole was required. 1. In Ascaris infection the egg negative conversion rate and the egg reduction rate were 92.7 per cent and 99.5 per cent, respectively. 2. In Trichostrongylus orientalis infections, 9 out of 10 cases were resulted egg negative after the single dose of Tetramisole, and hookworm, 12 out of 16 administered showed egg negative. However, there were no appreciable effectiveness to the cases of Trichocephalus trichiurus and Clonorchis sinensis. 3. Mild and transient side effects were noted in 75 cases (54.5%) out of 140 cases. The main symptoms were dizziness (25.5%), anorexia (25.5%), abdominal pain (18.6%), diarrhea (16.6%), headache (15.2%), nausea (14.4%) and fever (11.0%). From the above results, it is anticipated that Tetramisole is an effective anthelminthic for elimination of Ascaris, Trichostrongylus and hookworm.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional status in children under 6 years of age and its relation to malaria and intestinal parasitism].

In order to determine the prevalence of the nutritional situation in children under six years of age and to study the relation with malaria and intestinal parasitism an epidemiological study of a cross sectional was carried out in Cordoba locality, Buenaventura Municipality in the Colombian Pacific Coast. One hundred and twenty eight children were studied to whom a questionnaire, a thick smear examination, and a serological test through the indirect immunofluorescence reaction was practiced. Coproparasitoscopic examination were also done in addition to medical and clinical anthropometric examinations, the latter consisting of the measurements of weight and height. The results of this investigation showed a prevalence of the nutritional state, according to Waterlow classification, of 0.81 percent, 17 percent and 2 percent for the first, second and third degree of malnutrition respectively. Instead, according to the Gómez classification it was 49 percent, 14 percent and 2 percent for the slight, moderate and severe degrees of malnutrition. When the geometric mean of the antibody titles for P. falciparum and for P. vivax were compared, using the methodology of the Waterlow classification, statistical associations were discovered and it was found that the geometric mean for P. falciparum were higher in those children that didn't have any malnutrition. Nevertheless, the geometric mean for P. vivax was higher for those children with a certain degree of malnutrition. Nevertheless, when the intensity of infection of the intestinal helminths, the quality of the dwelling and the breast-fed time duration were compared, no significant differences were detected, therefore we believe it convenient to keep on with this type of investigation, specially with those longitudinal-type studies so as to detect causal association in the relation nutrition/malaria.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Detection of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasites and liver flukes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects.

We assessed the frequency and distribution of infection with opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasites and the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects. Age- and sex-matched HIV-seropositive (n = 78) and HIV-seronegative patients (n = 78) from two hospitals in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, participated in this study from November 1998 to August 2000. These subjects were divided according to the presence of diarrhea and CD4 counts. A single stool sample was obtained and analyzed by using specific techniques. Opisthorchis viverrini, was the most common parasite (19.2%) in each group. The prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium spp (11.5%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (17.9%) in the HIV-seropositive group were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in the HIV-seronegative group (1.0% for Cryptosporidium spp and 7.7% for S. stercoralis infections). The prevalences of these two parasites were 28% for Cryptosporidium spp and 20% for S. stercoralis in HIV-seropositives with diarrhea and CD4 counts lower than 100 cells/mm3, and were higher compared with patients without diarrhea or with high CD4 counts. These results suggest that infection with these parasites increases during HIV infection. The epidemiological distribution of Cryptosporidium and S. stercoralis may have implications for AIDS-related diseases.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

[Intestinal parasites in children from the Turiec region in long-term monitoring. How should we proceed with further preventive parasitologic examinations?].

The results of preventive parasitological examinations for intestinal parasites in preschool and school children of the Turiec Region (Central Slovakia) in 1970-1999 are submitted. The study is divided into three cross-sections in the following decades (1970-1979; 1980-1989; 1990-1999). An acute decrease in geohelminths virtually to zero values has been found, as well as a significant decrease in intestinal protozoans. The occurrence of Enterobius vermicularis, despite its significant decrease in the recent decade, remains on a relatively high level. In the conclusion the authors discuss continuation of parasitological field examinations, and, on the basis of their 30-year experience, they submit their recommendations for the simplest and most effective way of such examinations.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Intestinal parasite analysis in organic sediments collected from a 16th-century Belgian archeological site.

Parasite eggs found in organic remains collected from medieval structures in Raversijde (medieval name: Walraversijde), a village on the northern coast of Belgium, are discussed. The eggs were identified as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, both human parasites. Species identification allowed elucidating the origin of the organic sediments and the structures, in this case latrines used by humans. Capillaria sp. and free-living nematode larvae were also found in the latrine. Although neither parasite burden nor prevalence rates could be measured, the abundance of human intestinal parasite eggs indicated a high infection rate in the village residents, reflecting very poor sanitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Prevalence and intensity of non-strongyle intestinal parasites of horses in northern Queensland.

A quantitative post-mortem study of 57 horses from northern Queensland was done to determine the prevalence and intensity of non-strongyle intestinal parasites. The following species (% prevalence) were found: Draschia megastoma (39%); Habronema muscae (43%); Gasterophilus intestinalis (34%), G. nasalis (30%); Parascaris equorum (15%); Strongyloides westeri (6%); Probstmayria vivipara (2%); Oxyuris equi (26%); Anoplocephala magna (2%); A. perfoliata (32%). Mean parasite numbers of individual species ranged from 10 to 1310. Prevalence and intensity data were compared to recent studies in Western Australia and in the United States of America. Differences between stabled and paddocked horses were noted, particularly for botfly larvae and spiruroids. Climatic and seasonal changes in prevalence were restricted to H. muscae, G. nasalis and P. equorum with highest prevalence in the wet season or in horses from wet coastal areas. Only P. equorum showed any age effect being restricted to horses less than 5 years old. Breed and sex of horses was not important. The likelihood of changing parasite population dynamics with improved anthelmintic regimen is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Intestinal parasites of the free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Free-ranging rhesus macaques on the island of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were surveyed for intestinal parasites for the first time in over 40 years. Results were compared with the only previous study, and the relationships between the prevalence of Strongyloides and dominance rank, body weight, age, and matriline examined in the sampled population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[Intestinal parasites in primary schools of different socioeconomic status and environmental conditions].

Two hundred ninety-four stool sample obtained from primary schools of different social status and environmental conditions were examined for intestinal parasite. The age range was between seven and 13 years, 43% of the patients were females and 57% of the patients were males. In our study it has been observed that the parasite incidence was 29.3%. The predominant parasite was Giardia intestinalis (15.7%). Enterobius vermicularis (10.5%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (2.3%) have been followed respectively. There were three different parasites in the primary school of good social status and environmental conditions. In the contrary in the village school, there were five different parasites. In the conclusion parasite incidence was high in our region. In primary schools of different conditions there were no difference Giardia intestinalis but there were marked difference in the other parasites.

Ascariasis↗
PubMed1999

[Intestinal parasites in inhabitants of Wrocław and Wałbrzych].

In the period 1990-1997 several thousand patients from Wrocław and Wałbrzych hospitals as well as inhabitants of Wrocław city were examined for intestinal parasites. The presence of parasites was noted in 12.3% of 2173 patients from the District Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Wrocław, 3.2% of 599 from Wałbrzych Hospital and 39.3% (mostly Enterobius vermicularis) of 746 ambulatory examined persons in the Private Analytical Laboratory in Wrocław. Among the intestinal protozoa the most frequent was Giardia intestinalis (from 5.7 to 18.1%) and Entamoeba coli (0.5-0.6%); the remaining amoebas (E. histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. polecki and Endolimax nana) as well as Chilomonas mesnili was present only in single cases. Enterobiosis was observed in nearly half of the total number of examined children (1808); the most rarely found helminths were Opisorchis felineus (! Adult patient), Strongyloides stercoralis (2) and Trichuris trichiura (8); Taenia saginata was found in 56 patients, which constituted 1.6% of the total number of examined cases and Ascaris lumbricoides in 40 (1.2%).

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Generation time and growth rate of the human intestinal parasite Blastocystis hominis.

Blastocystis hominis, an anaerobic intestinal protozoan parasite of man, has a generation time (GT) in axenic culture of 8.5-19.4 h. depending on the strain tested. Average GT of the eight strains was 11.7 h. Zero growth time cell counts of 5.0 x 10(5)/ml to 2.0 x 10(6)/ml rose in 3-5 days to 1 x 19(7) cells/ml. The GT was determined for the 24-hr period during which the most rapid growth occurred; about 2% of the B. hominis cells were in division during this time. Division under the culture conditions provided was by binary fission, the usual mode for B. hominis in vitro as well as in vivo. Division times were determined also by direct observation of individual dividing cells in slide cultures. These were usually ca. 40-60 min but sometimes as low as 20 min.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Occurrence of intestinal parasites among elementary school children in Poland in 1988].

In 1988 there were examined in Poland 10% of the population of children aged 7 years for the presence of intestinal parasites. The examination included 61,700 children, 39,018 inhabiting towns and 22,682 from the country. Among the examined in each province the numbers of children from towns and country were proportional to the actual number of children living in the two localities. The methods included examination of direct faecal smear in 0.85% NaCl and in Lugol's iodine, zinc sulphate flotation according to Faust, decantation and cellophane swabs according to NIH. The parasites encountered in order of decreasing frequency comprised: E. vermicularis, T. trichiura, A. lumbricoides, G. intestinalis and E. coli. The highest number of infected children were found in the middle-eastern territories of Poland. The differences in numbers of infected in towns and the country were insignificant.

Child↗
PubMed1977

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow.

Two hundred Asian and 100 each of African, Chinese, and Scottish children were screened for intestinal parasitic infestations, salmonellosis, brucellosis, hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg), and tuberculosis. There was a fairly high incidence of Giardia lamblia among Asian and Scottish children and of Trichuris trichiura among the Chinese. Hookworm ova were seen only in Africa children. There were no chronic carriers of Salmonella or Brucella, and no one was suffering from salmonellosis or brucellosis. Tuberculin sensitivity was found in only 4% of immigrant and 1% of Scottish children: the difference was small and neither figure suggests a continuing high incidence of tuberculosis in Glasgow. Only seven immigrant children were found to be HBsAg carriers. Among the families of these carriers there was a high incidence (84%) of HBsAg or antibody (HBsAb). The survey shows that immigrant children in Glasgow do not constitute a health hazard to the indigenous population. Moreover, severe overcrowding is not a prominent feature among the immigrant families in Glasgow but is greatest among the local Scots.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The risk approach in preschool children suffering malnutrition and intestinal parasitic infection in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

The association between parasitic infection and malnutrition in preschool children in the city of São Paulo, was studied according to degree of malnutrition, age, and income. Associations were assessed by risk analysis. Higher risks of malnutrition were found in children above 24 months of age infected with Ascaris, Trichuris or with more than three different parasites. The presence of more than three parasites per child affected nutritional status independently of income level. It is suggested that more attention should be given to intensity and chronicity of intestinal parasitic infection.

Brazil↗
PubMed1984

Human intestinal parasitism in three areas of Indonesia: a survey.

Stools from 1387 people were examined quantitatively for eggs of nematode parasites. The people were residents of Padangganting, near Sawahlunto, Sumatra (227 people), Sukamaju and Cibungur rubber plantations near Sukabumi, Java (831 people) and the villages of Mahima and Rabo near Reo, Manggarai, Flores (329 people). Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus were common; Ancylostoma was not observed. Prevalence of parasitism was highest in Java and lowest in Flores. Egg counts were low, suggesting low worm burdens; intensity of infection with Ascaris and Trichuris was highest in Java, while hookworm was highest in Sumatra. Ascaris infections decreased and hookworm infections increased in prevalence and intensity with age; Trichuris was unaffected. A sex-related difference was observed only in Sumatra, where more females than males were infected with Ascaris. Village-to-village variation in prevalence of nematode infestation was observed in Flores and on the Sukamaju plantation; the topography of other areas did not allow for village comparisons. Ad hoc anthelmintic treatment of the residents of Cibungur plantation was reflected in reduced parasitism by Ascaris and Trichuris, but not hookworm, compared with neighbouring Sukamaju. Comparison of the patterns of disease in the three areas, in terms of the occurrence of single, double or triple infections, revealed marked differences. In Java most people with parasitism had triple infections. In Sumatra the most common expression of parasitism was single infection with hookworm. In Flores single infection with Ascaris prevailed. It is suggested that the clinical effects of intestinal parasitism might depend on the pattern of infection. Samples collected in Flores were also examined for protozoa which were found in about half the population; Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica were most common.

Adolescent↗