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PubMed2005

Integrative model of caregiving: how macro and micro factors affect caregivers of adults with severe and persistent mental illness.

The study tested an integrative model of caregiving by examining the effects of sociocultural characteristics, interpersonal relations, mental health service structure, consumers' symptoms, objective burden, and evaluation of service systems on the subjective experiences of caregivers. The sample consisted of 428 caregivers of adults with severe and persistent mental illness. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that ethnicity was the most significant sociocultural factor on caregivers' worry, personal growth, and benefits. Caregivers enrolled in managed care plans worried more about their consumers' welfare and felt less gratified by their experiences than their counterparts from fee-for-service plans. Implications to and partnerships among caregivers and mental health service systems were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Social representations on HIV/AIDS among adolescentes: implications for nursing care].

With the objective of discussing the implications of the social representations of HIV/AIDS for the interpersonal relations and the practices for protection among adolescents, 15 semidirective interviews were carried out with adolescents, both with and without HIV, assisted at a Hospital School in Rio de Janeiro. The software ALCESTE 4.5 was used for the data analysis. It was observed that the social representation of AIDS is structured around cognitions connected to prevention, revealing a contradiction between the knowledge and the practices reported by the group. It is suggested that the nursing practices should be directed towards the reduction of the distance between practices, representations and scientific knowledge.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Individuality and social influence in groups: inductive and deductive routes to group identity.

A distinction between forms of social identity formation in small interactive groups is investigated. In groups in which a common identity is available or given, norms for individual behavior may be deduced from group properties (deductive identity). In groups in which interpersonal relations are central, a group identity may also be induced from individual group members' contributions, making individuality and individual distinctiveness a defining feature of the group (inductive identity). Two studies examined the prediction that depersonalization produced by anonymity has opposite effects for groups in which social identity has been induced or deduced. Results confirmed the prediction that depersonalization increases social influence in groups whose identity was more deductive. In contrast, depersonalization decreases social influence in inductive identity groups. Implications for the role of social identity in small groups are discussed. ((c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personality and treatment response in agoraphobia with panic attacks.

The present study investigated the association of specific personality characteristics with agoraphobia, and whether they predicted long-term outcome following a group cognitive behavior therapy program. Thirty-three patients with agoraphobia with panic attacks, 18 with social phobia, and 26 "normals" were used in the study. Personality factors were measured with the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior Scale (FIRO-B). The results showed that (1) agoraphobics are more extroverted and more likely to include others in their activities than are social phobics; however, they are less extroverted, more neurotic, more hostile and intropunitive, and less likely to include others in their activities than are normals; (2) social phobics are similarly less extroverted, more neurotic, and more hostile and intropunitive than normals, but, in addition, are less likely to exert control over others, more likely to want to be controlled, and less expressive of affection than normals; and (3) personality characteristics did not predict treatment outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Monoideism in psychiatry: theoretical and clinical implications.

The incessant repetition of disturbing monoideistic thoughts which cannot be eliminated from the patient's mind is a symptom of a variety of psychiatric conditions. The persistent monoideistic preoccupation tends to acquire the quality of a repetitive hypnotic suggestion or "inner commands" and creates an altered state of consciousness that transcends the limits of volitional control. The one-sided ideational context permeates interpersonal relations, intensifies family conflict and drains a considerable portion of available psychic energy. Disregard or an incorrect approach to this factor may result in painful therapeutic failure, since no exploratory psychotherapy or verbal intervention technique will be able to penetrate the monoideistic armour. THe continuous repetition of the dominant idea functions as a cumulative suggestion stimulus leading to disruption of spontaneous processes and self-defeating thinking, behavioral, motivational, and affective changes. The monoideistic preoccupation may be total and pervade the individual's entire life. Any comprehensive form of therapy should offer formulations and precise procedures--for the identified patient, nuclear family, and network of significant others--to block the feedback supplying system attached to the monoideistic pattern.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Secrets and reasons for secrecy among school-aged children: developmental trends and gender differences.

The substance and dynamics of secrets were elicited and analyzed for 180 children at three grade levels, to examine developmental trends and gender differences. The recorded frequencies were subjected to loglinear analyses. The results, which revealed a grade effect regarding topics of secrets, indicated a developmental shift in topics with age from secrets pertaining to possessions to secrets pertaining to interpersonal relations, heterosexual involvement, and moral transgressions. A grade effect also emerged regarding reasons for secrecy; a shift was indicated from need for exclusiveness typical of younger children to socially embedded reasons for secrecy characteristic of older children. A gender main effect regarding topics of secrets indicated that boys more often than girls bear secrets pertaining to possessions and moral transgressions, whereas girls tend more often than boys to bear secrets pertaining to family issues. No gender effect was evident, however, in regard to reasons for secrecy. The developmental trends in both aspects of secrecy investigated may be conceived in the framework of a dual shift from separateness to relatedness and from true latency to late latency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Coach/player relationships in tennis.

The present study examined the variables that predict coach/athlete compatibility. Compatibility among a sample of 52 elite tennis coach/player dyads was assessed using a sport adapted version of Schutz's (1966) Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behaviour (FIRO-B), a sport adapted version of Fiedler's (1967) Least Preferred Co-worker scale (LPC), and Chelladurai and Saleh's (1980) Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS). Self-ratings of the quality of the interaction were obtained from both coach and athlete. Multiple-regression analyses using self-rating scores as the dependent measure were carried out to determine which variables best predicted the degree of compatibility. The sole inventory that significantly predicted compatibility was the LSS. More specifically, the discrepancy between the athlete's preferences and perceptions on the autocratic dimension was the best predictor. Implications for tennis coaches and recommendations for future research in this area are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Effects of a school-based prevention program for potential high school dropouts and drug abusers.

This study tested the effects of a prevention program based on an integrated social support and psychoeducational model. A semester-long Interpersonal Relations (IPR) class was predicted to deter school drop-out problems and drug abuse among adolescents. Quasi-experimental designs were used to field test the IPR program with 264 high-risk students in one of two conditions: (1) pretest, treatment, and posttest; (2) pretest and posttest. All hypotheses were supported. Significantly more potential dropouts were retained in the treated (74%) versus the comparison group (61%); differences in daily attendance (F = 12.88) and GPA, school achievement (F = 16.89), were significantly better in the treatment group (p less than .0001); drug involvement declined significantly from pre- to posttreatment for IPR program participants (t = 4.61, p less than .0001). Implications for treatment and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1976

Development of a rating scale to measure learning in clinical dietetics. I. Theoretical considerations and method of construction.

The trend to introduce earlier clinical experience in dietetic education requires that attention be directed toward evaluation of learning of such clinical skills as communication and interpersonal relations. Some of the theoretical factors associated with clinical evaluation are discussed, and a method is described for developing a rating scale to measure learning in an intoductory clinical course in dietetics. The method involved: (a) analysis of course objectives to determine the general areas of learning which were appropriate and valid to measure in the clinical environment; (b) specification of observable and one-dimensional behaviors seen as componets of the overall objectives; and (c) concise definition of the rating continuum. Specific attention was directed toward constructing an instrument which could be used to counsel students as well as provide information for determining grades. Preliminary trials indicated the instrument to be practical, reliable, objective, and valid to measure clinical learning.

Communication↗
PubMed1998

Long-term outcome of migration in childhood and adolescence.

The effect of migration on the family and on the individual can be divided into three groups: cultural, changes in social environment and changes in the interpersonal relations. When successful adaptation is not achieved, acculturative stress may arise and somatic or mental disorders may develop. The finding of individual differences in people's responses to environmental conditions has led to search for vulnerability factors that increase people's susceptibility to stressors and for buffering influences that serve a protecting function under the same circumstances. The studies on migration should focus on somatic and mental health of the migrants, on achievements at school and at work, on protecting factors at different ages of migration and on the role of language acquisition and of social network on the adaptational process. The focus on this review is in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1997

[Personality structure in children with cystic fibrosis studied using Rorschach test].

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The recent positive evolution in the development of cystic fibrosis, resulting in the current prospect of survival, has led to the formation of a new population of chronic patients. The characteristics of the disease and treatment (hereditary, early onset, affecting the alimentary tract and airways) may interfere with personality structuring processes. The aim of the study was to identify the psychopathological risk. METHODS: The study was performed using the Rorschach test in a population of children with cystic fibrosis monitored by the Pneumology Division of the Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita in Turin: 20 children aged between 7 and 13 years old were included in the study, most of whom had been diagnosed before the age of 2. The analysis of tests was focused on the use of thought, interior resources, instincts and interpersonal relations. A study of the contents was also made using a self-representational grid. RESULTS: The results obtained highlight an inhibitory attitude which cannot be attributed to intellectual insufficiency, but rather to the failed attempt to invest in the intellectual sphere, typical of this age range, owing to the intensity of anguish. Children with cystic fibrosis appear to be at an earlier stage of development, marked by emotive coarctation and the use of adult-type defensive methods, tending towards rationalisation. CONCLUSIONS: Oh the basis of this study, it is possible to detect a danger of disharmonious organisation in the personality structuring process of these children. The hospital must therefore offer adequate psychological support for their psychic evolution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Effects of intimacy and familiarity on self-assertive strategy in interpersonal conflicts among preschool children].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interpersonal relations on self-assertive strategy. One hundred and thirty-four preschool children, 70 boys and 64 girls between five and six years old, were asked a set of questions concerning how they would feel and behave when a peer provoked them. The peer intimacy and familiarity were systematically varied, and the main results were as follows: High-intimacy/high-familiarity group chose self-assertive strategies more frequently than High-intimacy/low-familiarity group, and Low-intimacy/low-familiarity group chose self-assertive strategies more often than Low-intimacy/high-familiarity group. It was also found that the self-assertive strategy they would choose depend on the intimacy and familiarity of the peer. Implications of the findings for social cognitive ability and self-regulation of preschool children were discussed.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2002

Organizational justice: evidence of a new psychosocial predictor of health.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the justice of decision-making procedures and interpersonal relations as a psychosocial predictor of health. METHODS: Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between levels of perceived justice and self-rated health, minor psychiatric disorders, and recorded absences due to sickness in a cohort of 506 male and 3570 female hospital employees aged 19 to 63 years. RESULTS: The odds ratios of poor self-rated health and minor psychiatric disorders associated with low vs high levels of perceived justice ranged from 1.7 to 2.4. The rates of absence due to sickness among those perceiving low justice were 1.2 to 1.9 times higher than among those perceiving high justice. These associations remained significant after adjustment for behavioral risks, workload, job control, and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Low organizational justice is a risk to the health of employees.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Adolescence in patients with cystic fibrosis studied by Rorschach test].

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with cystic fibrosis today reach adulthood. During adolescence, however, many ask themselves questions regarding their possible future realisation. AIMS: The aim of this study, which was performed using the Rorschach test, was to identify areas of particular problems in a group of CF adolescents monitored by the Pneumology Division of Regina Margherita Children's Hospital in Turin: 26 subjects aged between 14 and 18, including 11 females and 15 males. METHODS: The analysis of the test was based on the use of thought, interior resources, instincts and interpersonal relations. The type of intimate resonance was also taken into account and, lastly, a study of the contents was performed using a self-representation grid. RESULTS: The results obtained show a dishomogeneous profile of the development and quality of intellectual processes faced with the intensity of anxiety, mainly loss anxiety, linked to the disease, even if unrelated to its severity. The integration of emotive and instinctual aspects is difficult: mental development towards adult life appears to be impeded by the predominance of regressive modalities. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the study performed, it is possible to hypothesise the need for psychological help aimed at achieving a more evolved psychic organisation, possible as part of an overall management programme by the medical and nursing team.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Co-occurrence of ego function change and symptomatic change in bulimia nervosa: a six-year interview-based study.

Low ego strength is theoretically thought of as causing difficulties in interpersonal relations and leading to the development of psychiatric symptomatology. Patients with bulimia nervosa were previously shown to have low ego strength and were studied to investigate whether gains in ego strength occur over time and are associated with improvement in symptoms. The average patient had an ego strength at a borderline level at index and at a neurotic level 6 years later. Less positive change in ego strength was associated with a low initial Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) Symptom score a long Time in Treatment, and having been referred for specialist care. Positive changers significantly more often stopped vomiting/abusing laxatives and showed several non-significant tendencies to improve in other symptomatic aspects as well. Several methodological caveats are discussed, but these findings may contribute to the identification of mechanisms whereby long-term improvement occurs in bulimia nervosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[The burden of a general medical clinic with patients after suicide attempts].

All 125 patients who entered the "suicide ward" of the Medical Department of a large public hospital during 1974 were analyzed according to age and sex distribution, duration of hospital stay, motivation and method of committing suicide and fate after recovering from the acute phase of intoxication. Motivation to commit suicide was mainly due to conflicting interpersonal relations. Suicide attempts were 3 times more frequent in women than in men. 49% of all suicide attempts were considered to be of the "cry for help" variety and 29% were classified as obviously ineffective but serious attempts of self-killing. The remaining 22% of patients wanted to mark a "caesura" in their lives. Since the early phase of recovery is of utmost importance for the patient's future, medical and nursing staff have to be trained and experienced in coping with the suicide patient's numerous problems. The permanent collaboration of an experienced psychiatrist within the staff of larger acute-phase hospitals is highly desirable in order to analyze the underlying social and medical problems, assess the danger of a renewed suicide attempt, start early and appropriate therapy and train hospital staff and nurses.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The health-promoting lifestyles of undergraduate nurses in Hong Kong.

Based on Pender's health promotion model in 1987, this descriptive study of 169 undergraduate nurses in Hong Kong was undertaken to determine any differences in their health-promoting lifestyles, as measured by the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) among different age groups, gender, income, employment status, and levels in undergraduate nursing education. The student nurses performed best in interpersonal relations but worst in physical activity. There were significant differences among the various classes in stress management and spiritual growth, with senior classes (Years 3 and 4) reporting worse in both areas. This was particularly remarkable among the students of the final year, who would soon be graduating as staff nurses and were expected to inspire patients to practice health-promotive behaviors by their example. The older age group also had lower scores in stress management and exercise practice. Because most of the students in the senior classes were older, the findings further reinforce the earlier results. It was also identified that more than half of the students were supported on low parental income with many of them working a part-time job. These outcomes were explored with future recommendations made to improve the weaknesses in the students' health-promoting lifestyles.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Responses to interpersonal transgressions in families: forgivingness, forgivability, and relationship-specific effects.

Social relations analyses examined the relative importance of forgivingness (disposition to forgive others), forgivability (tendency to obtain forgiveness from others), and relationship effects in determining family members' transgression-related interpersonal motivations (TRIMs) and their perceptions of others' TRIMs toward them (PTRIMs). In 2 studies, the individual and dyadic predictors of these components and their relative importance differed by family role (father, mother, or early adolescent child). Dispositional tendencies accounted for the most variance in father and child forgiveness, whereas mothers' TRIMs and PTRIMs were more strongly determined by relationship and partner effects. Personality correlates of forgivingness and forgivability were moderated by family role. The findings point to the need to embed the study of forgiveness in more complex psychosocial contexts. The theoretical, methodological, and applied implications of this conclusion are discussed.

Adolescent↗