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The link between identification and in-group favouritism: effects of threat to social identity and trust-related emotions.

The relation between identification and in-group favouritism was analysed across two studies, in which the relevance of three intervening factors was demonstrated: (a) the moderating role of social identity threat, (b) the mediating role of trust-related emotions experienced towards in-group and out-group members, and (c) the importance of the distinction between in-group and out-group evaluations. When the in-group was not threatened, the link between identification and in-group bias was unreliable. The effect of in-group identification on in-group bias was stronger when either the value or the distinctiveness of the in-group were threatened. A value threat strengthened the influence of identification on in-group evaluation and, via out-group distrust, on out-group derogation. Under a distinctiveness threat, identification affected out-group evaluation and intergroup differentiation. These results demonstrate that the relation between identification and in-group favouritism is reliable only in a clear intergroup context. Moreover, they show that the role and the strength of in-group and out-group trust are altered by the type of social identity threat introduced. Finally, they clarify that in-group love and out-group hate phenomena are not zero-sum, and that their presence may be simultaneous when the value of the in-group is threatened by out-group members.

Adolescent↗

Application efficacy evaluation of the STRSeqTyper122 kit and the FASTASeq 300 second generation sequencer in kinship identification.

Forensic DNA technology is the method of choice for kinship identification. However, existing standard methods still have certain limitations in accurately determining the range of kinship relationships. China's independently developed second generation sequencing technology and equipment are expected to enhance the capability of forensic DNA kinship identification. In this study, we utilized the STRSeqTyper122 second generation sequencing STR typing kit and the FASTASeq 300 second generation sequencer to analyze 107 real kinship samples. The analysis included 63 autosomal STR loci, 42 Y-STR loci, 16 X-STR loci, and one gender-determining locus, Amel. The samples covered various kinship relationships, including 113 parent-child pairs, 48 full-sibling pairs, 76 uncle-nephew pairs, 66 grandparent-grandchild pairs, and 4 half-sibling pairs. Combined with simulated data, the ITO method was applied to calculate the cumulative likelihood ratio (CLR) for different levels of kinship based on the length polymorphism and sequence polymorphism of autosomal STR loci, systematically evaluating the practical application performance of this system in kinship identification. The results showed that, using log10CLR values of 4 and -4 as thresholds, the system achieved 100% efficiency in identifying real parent-child and full-sibling relationships. For second degree kinship identification, the system efficiency based on simulated length polymorphism data was 55.2%, while sequence polymorphism improved it to 75.11%. For real sample data, length polymorphism based efficiency was 54.45%, and sequence polymorphism based efficiency reached 76.71%. The findings indicate that the STRSeqTyper122 kit holds significant value in first degree kinship identification. Sequence polymorphism can improve second degree kinship identification efficiency to over 75%.

Humans↗

Benefit-cost analysis of animal identification for disease prevention and control.

Individual animal identification is an important consideration for many countries to improve animal traceback systems. The analysis presented by the authors provides a conceptual benefit-cost framework for evaluating the economic usefulness of improved animal identification systems designed to reduce the consequences of foreign animal diseases (FAD). For cattle in situations similar to those found in the United States of America, results show that improved levels of animal identification may provide sufficient economic benefits, in terms of the reduced consequences of FAD, to justify the improvements. In contrast, the results of similar studies in swine show that the economic benefits of the reduced FAD consequences are not sufficient to justify improvements in animal identification systems. Vertically integrated industries, in which animals have only one owner in a closed system from birth to slaughter, may not require individual animal identification for traceback purposes. However, additional benefits, not quantified in this analysis, could contribute to favourable benefit-cost ratios for improved identification in certain sectors of the swine industry.

Animal Diseases↗

The development and use of electronic ruminal boluses as a vehicle for bovine identification.

Traceability of meat to the farm of origin is becoming increasingly important to consumers and producers. Traceability systems would be greatly facilitated by electronic animal identification which, for example, would eliminate errors associated with the manual transcription of data. Additionally, the level of production supports provided to the bovine sectors within the European Union demands a high level of security in bovine identification within this region. An electronic rumen bolus provides a safe, tamper-proof method of electronic animal identification. The success of the electronic rumen bolus is facilitated by having an applicator for young calves which delivers the bolus directly to the rumen/reticulum, a bolus with a specific density of 3 g/cm3 or greater and portable or static readers which are capable of reading the passive transponder in the boluses. In Europe, the different methods of electronic identification are compared in a trial organised by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra, Italy. The JRC has developed a list of approved boluses used to electronically identify cattle with a unique number on the transponder which cannot be changed. The choice between a rumen bolus and ear tag as a method of electronic animal identification will depend on the degree of security required. If tampering with ear tags is thought to be possible, the rumen bolus would offer a secure alternative method of electronic animal identification.

Animal Identification Systems↗

Cost evaluation of the use of conventional and electronic identification and registration systems for the national sheep and goat populations in Spain.

A cost model was developed to compare different implementation strategies of the new European Commission regulation for sheep and goat identification and registration (EC 21/2004) in Spain. Strategies were as follows: 1) conventional identification (CID) by two ear tags; 2) electronic identification (EID) by one bolus and one ear tag; and 3) mixed CID and EID strategy (MID), consisting of CID for fattening stock and EID for breeding stock. Complete and simplified implementations of the regulation were considered as options. Total costs per animal identified for all strategies and options varied according to the implementation option, ranging from Euros 2.48 and 4.64. The EID was the most expensive strategy (Euros 4.47 to 4.64) for all implementation options. Cost of CID and MID strategies ranged from Euros 2.63 to 2.98 and from Euros 2.48 to 3.03, respectively. The model was submitted to a sensitivity analysis without considering extra benefits of sheep and goat identification. Critical values for which the cost of MID equaled CID depended on strategy and option, and ranged from 7.5 to 11.5% for ear tag losses and from Euros 1.80 to 3.30 for bolus price. In conclusion, the use of a mixed strategy combining conventional ear tags (animals intended for slaughter) and electronic boluses (breeding stock) seems to be an affordable strategy that fulfills the European Commission regulation requirements for the identification of sheep and goats in Spain. Price reductions for devices and equipment would make the full electronic identification strategy less expensive in the future.

Animal Husbandry↗

Issues in identification and linkage of patient records across an integrated delivery system.

Historically, the health information systems community has viewed linking personal records as a mundane task. The oversimplified view that routine database manipulation can accurately identify multiple records for a single individual is erroneous, an assumption based on a misperception of the quality of the underlying data. Such data have been adversely affected by the evolution of individual facility patient indexes from multiple systems and the results of backload procedures, and the lack of focus on the need for data integrity by users of the automated systems. Much of the random, invalid data we identify on a daily basis is directly associated with the need for system users to place data in the patient record while they face the situation of having no obvious data field in which to place them. Combined with an underlying lack of standards for the collection of personal identification information, this results in pure chaos when reviewing an MPI file containing a million records at the start of a linkage evaluation project. We have documented the considerable effort that must therefore be made in standardizing the MPI files using stringent analytical procedures and applying common edit routines before commencing record linkage. This preprocessing effort must then be supplemented with sophisticated matching procedures that can handle the dual challenge of minimizing false negatives (the failure to identify true linkages) and false positives (the incorrect linking of records that do not represent the same person). The identification of pairs of linked records does not, however, complete an EPI loading. Because it is fairly common for a multiple facility linkage evaluation to identify more than two medical record numbers for the same patient, and the primary goal of an EPI is to assign a unique identifier for the patient which will link that patient's multiple files, it becomes necessary to develop a means of readily associating three or more records for the same patient. One approach we have used with great success is to assign a common, sequential identification number to all linked medical record numbers for the same patient regardless of facility. The assignment of linkage identification numbers is computer-intensive and is generally accomplished with a highly iterative process. Both system memory and hard disk resources are fully tested as the number of good linkages in an overlap evaluation reaches the half-million mark or greater. Because the primary linkage analysis goal is to develop linkages on pairs of records, with confidence levels based on the comparison of information for those two records, thresholds must be set to decide which linkages should be accepted as true without any human evaluation. If the threshold is set too low, the defined linkage groups may incorrectly join the medical record numbers for different persons. But if the threshold is set too high, there will be undesired duplication of persons in the enterprise system. As in the identification of the underlying linkage pairs, the development of a confidence measure greatly facilitates the assignment of the unique identification numbers needed in the EPI implementation.

Algorithms↗

Identification and its vicissitudes, as observed in the neuroses.

This paper is an attempt to catalogue the different modes of identification which become manifest in the interaction between analyst and analysand. To this end the author employs a frame of reference suggested by the Kleinian concept of projective identification, focusing particularly on the integration of the projective and introjective moments of the identification with the communications circuit linking the self and the internal and external objects. Clinical material from two cases illustrates the vicissitudes of the processes of internalization and externalization as well as their different identificatory outcomes. The predominant quality of the identification in neuroses is differentiated from the characteristics observed in psychotic states. Finally the quality of identification is assessed in the context of symbolic function quality. A parallel is drawn between the progressive and regressive movements in identification processes, and the evolution or involution of symbol structure.

Adult↗

Identification and its vicissitudes in the context of the Nazi phenomenon.

The following vicissitudes of identification predominate among many others in my case material: The primary identification, independent of the historical background, with the lost mother who returns in the transference and who receives the ancillary role of a Nazi victim. The coexistence of contradictory, secondary identifications, partly characterized by intrasystemic conflicts, in the ego and superego (e.g. the existence of the peaceful and the warlike ege as 'doubles'), producing a multiple personality in which the formation of the ego ideal, moulded by themes of terror, threatens to exert a transgenerational influence owing to a superego identification with the Nazi aspects of the father, while the 'borrowed guilt' from the father corresponds to a melancholic identification; the regressive concretization in the form of a transitory delusion also belongs to the context of the latter. A restitutive, self-curative identification with figures in world literature and cultural values capable of linking up with a pretraumatic past not personally experienced and of countering the threat of loss of orientation to the world--a feature which seems comparable to the struggle for attainment of the depressive position as described by Melanie Klein. The Nazi Phenomenon can only be defined adequately with reference to delusional anti-Semitism.

Adult↗

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in the perversions.

This paper aims to contribute to the clarification of the different meanings of the concept of identification and the different processes involved in the making of an identification, by considering the perversions as disorders of internalization. The different forms of internalization are regarded as lying along a continuum of which identification is at one extreme and involves the incorporation of (part of) the object-representation into the self-representation. The pervert is shown to be unable to carry out the process of identification because he is fixated at an early developmental phase which I refer to as the 'core complex': instead of identification he has to make use of 'stimulation' in which the subject unconsciously models himself on (parts of) the object. The crucial role the body plays in these dynamics is considered. Exploration of these issues highlights how, in order for identification to take place, the issues of the core complex need to be adequately resolved in the course of normal development.

Aggression↗

Identification and its vicissitudes in the psychoses. The importance of the concept of the 'maddening object'.

This paper describes 'psychotizing bonds' in terms of identification processes, the way they function in the constitution of the psychic apparatus and their relation to the deficient self. The author relates the pathogenic potentiality of the psychotic nuclei with the tendency of psychotic disorganization to be irreversible. Psychotic regression is considered in terms of pathogenic identification with forms of ego and superego functioning that belong to the primitive parental objects of infancy. Whereas normogenic identifications structure the subject's own ego resources, the pathogenic identifications which appear in the psychotic transference, form bonds that stifle spontaneity and force the self to be transformed into the other. These ideas lead thus to the concept of the 'maddening object'. Finally, the pathogenic identifications in the psychoanalytic process are examined. The patient should be 'rescued' from these bonds linking the self with the maddening objects. The analyst must hold the conviction that a virtual and potential subject exists in the analysand, in spite of his psychotic condition. The deficient self which becomes manifest during the moments of dis-identification must be assisted.

Adult↗

Identification and its vicissitudes as observed in children: a developmental approach.

In the last thirty-five years, theories derived from observational studies on normally developing infants and toddlers as well as on children with severe pathology have augmented Freud's original contribution to the theory of identification. Mahler's formulations, in particular, are used in this paper to demonstrate the importance for identification of the mutual interaction between mother (or caregiver) and even the very young infant, and to delineate the gradual process by which are achieved intrapsychic self and object-representations. The thread of identification is followed from earliest mirroring of the young infant to post-oedipal ego identifications. I present aspects of the treatment of a borderline adopted boy to demonstrate problems in identification which occurs in part because his two primary caregivers competed to such a degree for possession of him, each demanding loyalty to herself and to herself alone, that his identity and identifications were confused, in fact duplicated. This white child had as his alter-ego, really as part of his self-representation, a black half of the self, personified as a black boy whom he fantasized to be his twin.

Adoption↗

Identification in the neuroses.

Identification is a term with a complex history in the evolution of psychoanalytic thought. It is used in explanations of symptom formation and the development of psychic structure. The authors report the results of a study of identifications as they appear in clinical material from the analyses of neurotic patients. Those identifications which come to the attention of analyst and analysand in the course of analysis are seen to be expressions of underlying fantasies of becoming, or becoming like another person. What is most significant and useful to determine is the unconscious motive or motives for these identificatory fantasies. As these fantasies are compromise formations, the analytic method can detect motives from all their component elements, that is to say various instinctual gratifications, defenses against anxiety, depressive affect or both, and superego contributions, whose motives may be said to be punishment, expiation or undoing. Clinical material is presented which demonstrates typical forms of identification, and the interweaving of these motives is shown. Certain long-standing ideas about distinguishing identifications of different types from one another are questioned, and the common underlying structure of all identifications is stressed instead.

Adult↗

Identification and its vicissitudes.

This paper attempts to understand the vicissitudes of identification within the co-ordinates of narcissism and the object relation. Firstly the dialectic pair primary identification/secondary identification are studied, and primary narcissism is suggested as the hypothesis which best explains them. The complex identification processes in the primary scene are considered next and the importance of the introjection of the oedipal parents for the formation of the superego is underlined. The importance of the structuring function of the introjection and projection mechanisms becomes embodied in the concept of projective identification, which comes to question the postulate of primary narcissism. The theory of projective-introjective identification is an extremely powerful instrument for explaining phenomena, however it obliges one to accept that the first introjections are radically different from the others. They have nothing to do with mourning but rather with primitive mechanisms which question the subject/object polarity and, so this author believes, spring basically from envy. Lastly, it is maintained that envy and libido are factors of a dialectic from which the object relation and the earliest processes of identification, previous to the Oedipus complex, proceed at one and the same time.

Defense Mechanisms↗

A randomized trial of identification bracelets to prevent falls among patients in a rehabilitation hospital.

This purpose of this study was to determine whether an identification bracelet is effective in preventing falls among high-risk patients who are undergoing in-patient physical rehabilitation. A stratified, randomized, balanced controlled clinical trial was conducted; participants were blinded as to the outcome and the study hypothesis. All patients having one or more risk factors that predisposed them to falls were randomized to receive either a blue identification bracelet or no bracelet. The identification bracelet was intended to increase patients' vigilance about falling. Two risk strata were specified. The high risk stratum consisted of patients with stroke or ataxia, urinary incontinence, or a history of falls. The low risk stratum comprised patients older than 80 years and those on one or more medications that had been identified as contributing to an individual's risk of falling. This report presents the effect of the identification bracelet only among persons in the high-risk stratum. Over 1 year, 65 high-risk subjects were randomized to receive the blue identification bracelet and 69 high-risk subjects were controls. In the intervention group, 27 persons (41%) fell at least once, whereas in the control group 21 persons (30%) fell at least once yielding a hazard ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.8 to 2.4). These results suggest that the identification system was of no benefit in preventing falls among high-risk persons.

Accidental Falls↗

Some roots of persistent homosexual fantasy and the quest for father's love: conflicted parental identifications in a male patient: fragment of an analysis.

This is a clinical paper, which includes material from sessions, presenting the process of the analysis of a young adult male whose narcissistic character patterns, related to and evolved from failed attempts to integrate conflicting parental identifications. These unintegrated mother and father identifications contributed to life-long latent homosexual fantasies. Rodney's analysis indicates that for a boy/man, even a mother who has the qualities of a good enough parent, is not good enough to enable him to reach a nonconflicted manhood. A mother cannot provide for the boy the male model he needs and is searching for, the male who would affirm him in his maleness. Rodney wanted a father on whose shoulders he could stand to become a man. Rodney's persistent homosexual fantasy life, his quest for father's love, and his search for a masculine object to identify with stem from a combination of several factors. Rodney's regression to the negative oedipal phase was probably stimulated when father left the family. Rodney was eleven at the time. He felt overwhelmed experiencing himself as the oedipal victor. Unconsciously, Rodney feared his exacerbated incestuous wishes. He projected them upon his mother and subsequently incorporated them in his fantasies. His regression to more infantile dependency feelings was defensive. Rodney's father was an unsuitable object for identification. He was disinterested in Rodney and emotionally unavailable. Rodney, however, sought his father, whose lack of loving acknowledgement resulted in a lack of affirmation of Rodney's masculinity. Mother provided for Rodney the loving acknowledgement he lacked in his relationship with father. She was emotionally sustaining, an energetic, vibrant personality, who was seen by Rodney as a "superior human being." Rodney consciously idealized his mother toward whom he unconsciously also had ambivalent feelings. Rodney's identification with mother was not counterbalanced by the presence of a strong, loving father figure whom he could have used as a suitable model. This led to the development in Rodney of a strong sense of effeminization. Rodney in his homosexual fantasies assumed the so-called "feminine victimized" role. The regression to the negative oedipal phase contributed to an exacerbation of erotic, father-directed feelings, intensified by the identification with mother. Rodney was fixated in his quest for father's love. In addition, Rodney's unconscious guilt related to father and mother directed incestuous impulses, and his intense aggressivesadistic feelings contributed to the masochistic cast of his masturbation fantasies. Rodney's narcissistic aims and the quality of his narcissism changed during the analysis. His grandiosity almost disappeared. Rodney's goals became realistic and he acquired the skills necessary to achieve them. Inhibitions related to the "fear of success" were worked through. This enabled Rodney to compete successfully. His healthy narcissism derives from the success of his many achievements. Though Rodney remained a basically narcissistic personality, he did derive great pleasure from being a giving person. This was one of the many ways in which he identified with his mother. At the present, Rodney's identifications are selective and do not evoke intrapsychic conflict.

Adult↗

Proteome studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification and characterization of abundant proteins.

Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis can now be coupled with protein identification techniques and genome sequence information for direct detection, identification, and characterization of large numbers of proteins from microbial organisms. 2-D electrophoresis, and new protein identification techniques such as amino acid composition, are proteome research techniques in that they allow direct characterization of many proteins at the same time. Another new tool important for yeast proteome research is the Yeast Protein Database (YPD), which provides the sequence-derived protein properties needed for spot identification and tabulations of the currently known properties of the yeast proteins. Studies presented here extend the yeast 2-D protein map to 169 identified spots based upon the recent completion of the yeast genome sequence, and they show that methods of spot identification based on predicted isoelectric point, predicted molecular mass, and determination of partial amino acid composition from radiolabeled gels are powerful enough for the identification of at least 80% of the spots representing abundant proteins. Comparison of proteins predicted by YPD to be detectable on 2-D gels based on calculated molecular mass, isoelectric point and codon bias (a predictor of abundance) with proteins identified in this study suggests that many glycoproteins and integral membrane proteins are missing from the 2-D gel patterns. Using the 2-D gel map and the information available in YDP, 2-D gel experiments were analyzed to characterize the yeast proteins associated with: (i) an environmental change (heat shock), (ii) a temperature-sensitive mutation (the prp2 mRNA splicing mutant), (iii) a mutation affecting post-translational modification (N-terminal acetylation), and (iv) a purified subcellular fraction (the ribosomal proteins). The methods used here should allow future extension of these studies to many more proteins of the yeast proteome.

Databases, Factual↗

Automated protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry: issues and strategies.

Protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is key to most proteomics projects and has been widely explored in bioinformatics research. Obtaining good and trustful identification results has important implications for biological and clinical work. Although well matured, automated software identification of proteins from MS/MS data still faces a number of obstacles due to the complexity of the proteome or procedural issues of mass spectrometry data acquisition. Expected or unexpected modifications of the peptide sequences, polymorphisms, errors in databases, missed or non-specific cleavages, unusual fragmentation patterns, and single MS/MS spectra of multiple peptides of the same m/z are so many pitfalls for identification algorithms. A lot of research work has been carried out in recent years that yielded new strategies to handle a number of these issues. Multiple MS/MS identification algorithms are now available or have been theoretically described. The difficulty resides in choosing the most adapted method for each type of spectra being identified. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches to the identification of proteins by MS/MS to help the reader doing the spade work of finding the right tools among the many possibilities offered.

Automation↗

Smell identification ability in twin pairs discordant for Parkinson's disease.

Olfactory dysfunction has been proposed to be a sign that may precede the motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine whether smell identification deficits predict subsequent PD, we studied smell identification ability using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) in 62 members of male twin pairs discordant for PD at baseline. Smell identification ability was reduced at baseline in the twins with PD compared to their unaffected brothers (23 vs. 31 of 40; P = 0.001). UPSIT scores were not reduced in the twins without PD when compared to age- and gender-specific normal values. After a mean interval of 7.3 years, 28 unaffected twins were still alive and 19 agreed to a second evaluation. Two had newly developed PD. Neither twin had impaired smell identification at baseline. The average decline in UPSIT percentile scores in these 2 twins was greater than in the 17 twins who did not develop PD (-68% vs. -24%; P = 0.01). In subjects who did not meet Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations diagnostic criteria for PD at baseline, the presence of cardinal signs of parkinsonism was not associated with lower baseline UPSIT scores nor with a subsequent decline. Smell identification ability may not be a sensitive indicator of future PD 7 or more years before the development of motor signs, even in a theoretically at-risk population.

Aged↗