SEARCH · Search PubMed
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
One of the most important hypotheses for the control of catch-up after nutritional growth restriction relates developmental vulnerability to an early phase of cell multiplication, rather than to a later phase of growth of cell size. A re-examination of growing tissues, however, does not show the expected sequence of growth events, and the former hypothesis is therefore not supported.
Comparison was made of the mental function and physical growth of 21 children in whom liver disease occurred in the first year of life with 15 patients with late (17 months of age to 12 years of age) manifestation of liver disease. Ages (mean +/- SD) at testing for the two groups was 8 +/- 3 years for the early group and 11 +/- 5 years for the late group. Wechsler verbal, performance, and full-scale IQ scores were lower for the early group (range of mean scores: early, 85 to 86 v late, 96 to 103). Growth measures were significantly different in the two groups. Means +/- SD (percentage of standard) were: length for early group, 92 +/- 9; for late, 99 +/- 7; and head circumference for early, 98 +/- 4; for late, 101 +/- 2. The groups were similar in severity of liver disease and acute nutritional status, however. Patients with intellectual impairment had a longer duration of illness, poor nutritional status, and vitamin E deficiency; 82% of impaired patients were in the early group. The data suggest that liver disease during early life has pernicious effects on intellectual function and linear growth. Careful monitoring of nutritional status of children with early-onset liver disease and aggressive nutritional support beginning at the time of diagnosis may help reduce delays in growth and mental development.
In the present communication, the pattern of gastric mucosal growth including development of gastrin during the first 4 weeks of postnatal life in rats has been discussed. The role of gastrin in the regulation of gastric mucosal growth during development has also been reviewed.
An appropriate health technology to facilitate child growth and development in a rural area is presented and documented. Because mother's adequate behavior related to child's care does not produce immediate behavioral or physical changes it is necessary to create a long term social system of consequences. This was achieved joining a longitudinal measurement system with a program to train mothers to identify and deal with health and development issues. During four years, data were collected on weight-length development and morbidity twice a year and simultaneously skills were taught to diagnose treatment and prevent growth and development problems. After the third session child development and anthropometry data became the base of a system to assess maternal behavior, providing consequences for links in the behavior chains associated with child care. This system made organization and participation of the community in primary health care programs more likely, which implied a better score in each child growth and development chart.
Pubertal mammary development in the rat is largely dependent upon GH and estrogen. We recently showed that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) can substitute for GH in inducing mammary development in male rats, suggesting that IGF-I mediates GH action. The present study investigated whether IGF-I, like GH, required estradiol (E2) to act or whether IGF-I could substitute for both GH and E2. The effects of IGF-I were tested in the presence and absence of E2. Elvax pellets containing IGF-I or des(1-3) IGF-I were implanted into right lumbar mammary glands of sexually immature, hypophysectomized, oophorectomized female rats, with control BSA-containing pellets in the contralateral glands. After 5 days, both lumbar mammary glands were removed and examined in whole mounts for mammary development by counting terminal end buds and alveolar structures. E2, administered in SILASTIC brand capsules, had no independent effect on mammary development. In the absence of E2, des(1-3) IGF-I had a small, but significant, independent effect on mammary development; native IGF-I was ineffective. The addition of E2 significantly enhanced the effects of IGF-I and des(1-3) IGF-I on mammary development, similar to that noted when E2 was given along with GH. We also studied the effects of E2 and/or hGH on mammary gland IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) in hypophysectomized castrated male animals. E2 alone did not increase mammary gland IGF-I mRNA concentrations, but E2 enhanced the effect of hGH on IGF-I mRNA by 4- to 6-fold. These studies indicate that IGF-I can have a small independent effect on mammary development, but like GH, E2 is required for a full effect. They also indicate that E2 is capable of synergizing with GH in the production or expression of IGF-I mRNA, and that the action of E2 on mammary development may take place at multiple sites. If locally produced IGF-I does indeed mediate the action of GH in mammary development, then although E2 is capable of enhancing the effect of GH on IGF-I mRNA, its major effect in mammary development occurs after IGF-I is produced.
Growth and development have been analyzed in 222 children with congenital heart disease. Results were compared to a group of 50 control children. There was no significant difference in age and sex between the groups (p < 0.05). Thirty-three children (12.16%) had cynotic congenital heart disease (tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries) and 189 (87.84%) acyanotic congenital heart disease (ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and aortic and pulmonary stenosis). A statistically significant growth retardation was noted in all children with cardiac disease as compared to the control group, and it was evaluated by percentile values of body weight and height (p < 0.01). Weight retardation was more marked than retardation in body height (p < 0.01). Growth retardation was more significant in the cyanotic children that in those with acynotic heart disease (p < 0.01). Among the children with left-to-right intracardial shunt, growth retardation was found to increase proportionally with the size of the shunt and was most significant in patients with large left-to-right shunt (QP/QS > 1.80). No statistically significant difference in growth retardation was established among the children with acyanotic heart disease (p > 0.01).
We examined the growth and development of XO embryos at mid-gestation (day 10) by assessing crown-rump length, head length, somite number, and morphological score (Van Maele-Fabry et al., 1990), using an XO mouse colony established from the Jcl/ICR strain. Contrary to expectation, there were no differences between the XO and XX embryos in any parameter measured. Also, no particular region was specifically retarded in XO embryos during development. We therefore concluded that the growth and development of XO embryos were not retarded when compared with their XX littermates at day 10 of gestation.
Linear growth and sexual development was assessed in 21 girls who fulfilled the clinical criteria of Rett syndrome. Ten (48%) showed growth retardation with length or height below the 5th centile and an additional 8 (38%) had shifted their linear growth downward sometime during the first years of life. All the girls had age-appropriate sexual development with menarche in 6 at a mean age of 11 2/12 years. Early deceleration of linear growth, growth retardation and normal sexual development appear to be useful markers in the clinical definition of Rett syndrome.
Postweaning growth, sexual development and reproductive traits were evaluated over a 3-yr period on 201 spring-born and 180 fall-born crossbred heifers with 0, 1/4 or 1/2 Brahman breeding. The proportion of Brahman breeding X season of birth interaction was significant for five traits (average daily gain weaning to yearling, yearling condition score, percentage of heifers detected in estrus, prebreeding condition score and percentage of heifers that became pregnant) and was not significant for six traits (yearling weight, hip height and conformation score, age and weight at puberty and prebreeding weight. Among spring-born heifers, 1/4 and 1/2 Brahman heifers outgained (P less than .05) 0 Brahman heifers from weaning to yearling by 50 and 66 g/d, respectively; among fall-born heifers, 1/4 and 1/2 Brahman heifers outgained (P less than .05) 0 Brahman heifers by 41 and 104 g/d, respectively. Yearling weight of 1/2 Brahman heifers was 13 and 10 kg heavier (P less than .05), respectively, than 0 and 1/4 Brahman heifers. Yearling hip height of 1/4 and 1/2 Brahman heifers were 1.9 and 5.7 cm taller (P less than .05), respectively, than 0 Brahman heifers. Weight prior to the start of the breeding season were similar among crossbred heifer groups and spring-born heifers were 66 kg heavier (P less than .05) than fall-born heifers. The percentage of heifers that became pregnant was similar among spring-born crossbred heifer groups, whereas among fall-born heifer groups 1/4 and 1/2 Brahman heifers were 25.2 and 49.4 percentage points lower (P less than .05), respectively, than 0 Brahman heifers.
The haemopoietic growth factor mpl-ligand (also known as thrombopoietin, and Megakaryocyte Growth and Development Factor [MGDF] is a recently cloned and characterized megakaryocyte-active factor. Administration of MGDF to humans was associated with a dose-related increase in the platelet count with maximum levels observed between days 12-18. Platelets had normal appearance and functioned normally in assays of platelet aggregation and ATP-release. There was no evidence of platelet activation as assessed by platelet surface markers. The earliest detectable effect of MGDF was an increase in early (reticulated) platelets by day 3-4. MGDF also hastened recovery from thrombocytopenia when given after myelosuppressive chemotherapy. MGDF caused mobilisation into the blood of progenitor cells of multiple haemopoietic lineages, and was synergistic with G-CSF in this action after chemotherapy. MGDF was well tolerated with no adverse effects directly attributable to its administration. Further clinical evaluation is on-going.
Significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the lungs of 4 of 6 infants with anencephaly and hydranencephaly. In 3 of 4 of them, the findings were explicable on the basis of the presence of associated congenital anomalies, and in the fourth there was polyhydramnios. The infants with normal lungs did not have associated congenital abnormalities. The absence of the pituitary did not correlate with the degree of development of the lungs. Studies of lung growth in anencephaly and hydranencephaly must clearly note the presence of associated anomalies because anencephaly/hydranencephaly per se may not cause pulmonary hypoplasia in the majority of cases. The most satisfactory assessment in evaluation of lung growth and development was obtained by combining morphologic findings with more than one morphometric parameter. Radial count estimation alone was found to be a poor predictor of lung maturity (morphologic age) in hypoplastic lungs. Radial count and fixed lung volume together provide a better assessment of lung growth and development than does the ratio of lung weight to body weight, which is of use only if severely depressed. The terms immaturity and hypoplasia of the lungs are not necessarily synonymous.
BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) commonly experience delayed growth. Because growth and development are closely related, both should be considered when a child's progress is examined. PURPOSE: This paper reports a study to evaluate and compare the growth and development of preschool children with CHD to those of normal preschool children. METHODS: The heights and weights of 42 preschool children with CHD and 116 normal preschool children were compared with standard growth curves. Differences in development of personal and social skills, fine motor skills and adaptability, language, and gross motor skills were evaluated. Developmental skills were assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test II. RESULTS: A significant difference was found in both body height (P < 0.05) and weight (P < 0.05) between the two groups. More preschoolers with congenital hear disease were below the 50th percentile in height (P < 0.05) and weight (P < 0.001). Preschoolers with CHD had more suspicious interpretations than non-CHD preschoolers, specifically in the language (P < 0.01) and gross motor sections (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, there were two items in the personal-social section and one in the language section on which the children with heart disease passed in the range of 55.6-63.2%. Problems were encountered with the Denver II test because of differences in language, culture and childrearing methods between Taiwanese and Western societies. These cultural differences must be considered when the test is used to assess development. CONCLUSIONS: Learning about the growth and developmental differences between children with CHD and normal children may help parents of the former to detect problems associated with delayed growth and development earlier. These children and their families should have the opportunity to participate in a long-term, follow-up programme that provides information and encourages developmental progress. The results could serve as a reference for those in both clinical and community workers who provide nursing care to children with CHD.
Study of the effects of enteral nutrition on neonatal growth and development has been hindered by the lack of a suitable model. A model has been developed to measure the effects of an artificial milk formula on the growth of the newborn guinea pig. The composition of milk expressed from lactating guinea pigs 2 to 13 days postpartum was analysed for its protein, lactose, fat and metabolizable energy contents. Changes in osmolality, water and electrolyte contents were determined. An isotope (3H2O) dilution method was used to measure daily milk intakes of naturally suckled animals. An artificial formula, based on cow's milk (CMF), isocaloric with natural guinea pig milk was designed and synthesized. Neonatal guinea pigs were reared either naturally or on CMF from birth to 8 days. Comparable growth and milk intakes were achieved by the two feeding groups. No adverse effects of CMF were noted. The study represents the development of an effective means of raising a laboratory animal during the suckling period on an artificial milk formula. The model may be used to measure the impact of enteral nutrition on the ontogeny of the gut, and on neonatal growth and development, in a precocial species which more closely resembles man than the altricial species, such as rat and mouse, generally used for this purpose.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current situation of the growth and development on Chinese Han children and adolescents. METHODS: Using the 2004 National Survey on Students' Physical Fitness and Health, the body height, weight and chest circumference of 161,477 subjects aged 7 to 18 enrolled in this study were analyzed. RESULTS: It showed that the levels of the growth and development in urban students were better than those of rural students (P < 0.01). The average level on stature of 12-aged students were 152.78 cm and 148.66 cm respectively for urban and rural boys, and the deference was 4.12 cm; the mean heights of urban and rural girls were 152.68 cm and 149.24 cm respectively, and the deference was 3.44 cm. The average level on body weight of 12-aged students were 44.75 kg and 39.27 kg respectively for urban and rural boys, and the deference was 5.48 kg; the mean weights of urban and rural girls were 42.91 kg and 39.17 kg respectively, and the deference was 3.74 kg. The average level on chest circumference of 12-aged urban students was beyond the rural students 3.68 cm and 2.56 cm respectively by gender. The average level on body height and weight of 7 to 14 aged students of east inshore areas were more than those of southwest, northwest and middle areas (P < 0.01). The mean body height and weight of students of southwest area were the lowest in whole country (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: It reveals that attaching further importance to improve the work of students' physical fitness and health and nutrition in inland areas, especially in southwest areas and rural areas, would be contributory to the growth and development of the children and adolescents.
The cytokine receptors for growth hormone (GH), prolactin and leptin have a critical role in regulating embryo, placental and/or fetal development, which is dependent on stage of gestation and species. GH and prolactin receptors are detectable from conception, and alterations in the maternal hormonal environment may impact on placental growth from this early stage of gestation. Leptin is critical for conception, but its role in fetal growth remains elusive. During late gestation, when fetal growth accelerates and organ maturation occurs, prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-I may have interactive roles in regulating the growth of specific tissues, including adipose tissue. Prolactin, leptin and GH all have specific effects on fetal and neonatal energy balance, which are mediated in part through promoting lipolysis and/or enhancing the expression of uncoupling proteins. An increased understanding of these interactions is likely to have important implications for a number of potentially pathological conditions, including infection, obesity and hypertension.
Effects of vitamin A deficiency on the development and growth of rat embryos were studied. Serious vitamin A deficiency markedly reduce body weight, body length and tail length, and induce incomplete development of skeleton and induce pathological change of brain and kidney of rat fetus. It was concluded that the development and growth of the embryos was affected and the brain and the kidney of fetus were damaged in serious vitamin A deficient rats.
Although dendritic growth and differentiation are critical for the proper development and function of neocortex, the molecular signals that regulate these processes are largely unknown. The potential role of neurotrophins was tested by treating slices of developing visual cortex with NGF, BDNF, NT-3, or NT-4 and by subsequently visualizing the dendrites of pyramidal neurons using particle-mediated gene transfer. Specific neurotrophins increased the length and complexity of dendrites of defined cell populations. Basal dendrites of neurons in each cortical layer responded most strongly to a single neurotrophin: neurons in layer 4 to BDNF and neurons in layers 5 and 6 to NT-4. In contrast, apical dendrites responded to a range of neurotrophins. On both apical and basal dendrites, the effects of the TrkB receptor ligands, BDNF and NT-4, were distinct. The spectrum of neurotrophic actions and the laminar specificity of these actions implicate endogenous neurotrophins as regulatory signals in the development of specific dendritic patterns in mammalian neocortex.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.