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PubMed2001

[A.A. Malinovskiĭ and significance of the system approach in gerontology].

A.A Malinovsky allocated 4 most important principles of the system theory: discreteness/rigidity of system, presence of feedback, occurrence of new properties at association of elements in system, a continuity and the maximal fitness in evolution. He believed that the essential factor determining life longevity of the individual are his species-specific characteristics. A.A. Malinovsky together with coworkers has revealed the attributes most connected to increase of terms of life: a high degree of the cephalization and the big sizes of a body. He also emphasized, that with an exit on a high intellectual level people have occupied especially position at which the biological factors influencing life longevity, began to lose paramount signification, value of long life has increased. The increase of life longevity has resulted in the important consequence--to increase of the number of diseases at late age. The diseases with hereditary predisposition have got the big weight. A.A. Malinovsky considered 4 basic levels of a condition of functions of an organism. The level of the maximal pressure--mobilization of all forces of an organism on type of "emergency alarm", promotes wear process of an organism and disorder of its separate functions. Damage of the weakest link translates an organism from a stable condition in pathological when the depression of one function reduces a level of others which in turn, even more can suppress the first, resulting in to a vicious circle (a positive feedback). A.A. Malinovsky has entered concept about increasing "disregulation" of the functions of an organism during ageing as to the main reason limiting human life. He assumed, that such rigid system (organism) which has strong link (subsystem), and other subsystems function approximately at one level has the greatest stability. It is possible, that presence of weakest links is connected to size of a genetic load. Our paper demonstrates the importance of A.A. Malinovsky system approach for such field of knowledge as gerontology.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytogenetic effects in plant populations from the East Urals Radioactive Track].

Mutation dynamics in generations was studied in natural populations of plants from the East Ural Radioactive Track (EURT, Kyshtym accident). The experiments were aimed at the investigation of the formation of genetic load in natural plant populations under conditions of prolonged radiation exposure. The main approach used in the study was the analysis of cytogenetic alteration, chlorophyll and gene mutations in plants exposed for more than 40 years to chronic beta-irradiation and in their progeny.

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2002

[Chosen environmental factors and their effect on the incidence of overweight and obesity in the population of Podlasie Region].

The study was conducted to evaluate chosen environmental factors that may contribute to overweight or obesity among the population of Podlasie. Socio-economic status, physical activity and the use of condiments and medications were assessed. The investigations, treated as preliminary, used questionnaire technique and involved 150 volunteers (132 women and 18 men), aged 18-69 years (women; mean 37.4 +/- 12.50) and 18-62 (men; mean 30.0 +/- 11.03). In the majority of subjects the first symptoms of obesity appeared in childhood and puberty. Overweight was familial in 69.6% of women and in 77.7% of men (statistically significant risk factor), which could reflect genetic load or similar lifestyle. Frequency and type of recreational and sports activity were evaluated. Over 77% of the subjects examined declared little and inadequately matched physical activity. The knowledge of health state was unsatisfactory and obesity was considered only in cosmetic terms. Prophylactic actions should intend to educate the whole society, propagate healthy lifestyle and to increase physical activity. People with overweight and obesity should tend to normalise body mass and thus to improve metabolic parameters and general feeling.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Clinical aspects of forensic assessment of juvenile offenders.

Juvenile delinquency is a major public health problem with far reaching consequences not only on the child and the family but also on society generally. Although most individuals who commit crimes as adolescents will stop by age 18, a core group of young offenders go on to be chronic adult recidivists. The group at risk can be identified by early onset and frequency of deviant and delinquent behaviors. This group is associated with impoverished environments, inadequate financial and social resources, family dysfunction, exposure to violent abuse and neglect, genetic loading for psychiatric disorder, and parental criminality. Because of the combination of social disadvantages and externalizing behaviors, this group is difficult to evaluate and treat in normal mental health settings. Court-mandated assessment and treatment offer a unique opportunity to access this high-risk group and provide services not otherwise available. Assessments of severely conduct-disordered children reveal significant levels of co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Thorough assessment to evaluate underlying psychopathology may reveal treatable disorders that may greatly improve general functioning and reduce further recidivism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Cloning and expression of the cDNA sequence encoding the lysosomal glycosidase di-N-acetylchitobiase.

Di-N-acetylchitobiase (chitobiase) is a lysosomal glycosidase involved in the degradation of asparagine-linked glycoproteins. Previous studies have revealed that chitobiase is unique among lysosomal glycosidases in that it may not be expressed universally in mammals. In this study we have isolated full-length cDNA clones for human placenta and rat liver chitobiase. The cDNAs from both species encode a glycosylated polypeptide of approximately 40 kDa that displays chitobiase activity when expressed in COS-1 cells. By using the rat cDNA sequence as a hybridization probe, genomic DNA from several species was analyzed for chitobiase gene sequences. The results from these experiments suggest bovine and dog, two species that are believed to be chitobiase-deficient, maintain the chitobiase gene as part of their genetic load. The first three exons of the bovine chitobiase gene were cloned and found to encode an open reading frame that is 77% identical to both human and rat chitobiase. Northern blotting and amplification of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction indicate that the chitobiase gene in bovine is functional, however, the level of expression is low. The presence of residual amounts of chitobiase enzyme activity in bovine liver and brain was demonstrated. Congruency of the very low levels of chitobiase enzyme to a similarly low level of chitobiase gene expression in bovine indicates that chitobiase in this species has a minor role in hydrolyzing the reducing end GlcNAc of asparagine-linked glycoproteins within the lysosomes. This is in contrast to a species such as human that express substantial quantities of this glycosidase. Thus, the extreme range of chitobiase gene expression among species explains why either 1 or 2 GlcNAc residues remain intact at the reducing end of stored oligosaccharides when either chitobiase-expressing or chitobiase-deficient species, respectively, suffers from a lysosomal storage disease.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2005

Micronuclei frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals exposed to depleted uranium.

One of the negative environmental impacts of the last armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the use of radioactive ammunition containing depleted uranium. The United Nations Environment Programme measurements detected higher radioactivity at several examined sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of those places is in the area of Hadzići, close to Sarajevo. This research included an evaluation of genetic load in human lymphocytes due to exposure to depleted uranium. The study included individuals who were located in the area of Hadzići and who were directly exposed to depleted uranium. The control blood samples were taken from individuals who lived in West Herzegovina which is considered environmentally uncontaminated. The results of the micronucleus cytochalasin-B test in peripheral blood lymphocytes showed increased micronuclei frequencies in the exposed group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ancestral inbreeding reduces the magnitude of inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster.

The influence of natural selection on the magnitude of inbreeding depression is an important issue in conservation biology and the study of evolution. It is generally expected that the magnitude of inbreeding depression in small populations will depend upon the average homozygosity of individuals, as measured by the coefficient of inbreeding (F). However, if deleterious recessive alleles are selectively purged from populations during inbreeding, then inbreeding depression may differ among populations in which individuals have the same inbreeding coefficient. In such cases, the magnitude of inbreeding depression will partly depend on the ancestral inbreeding coefficient (fa), which measures the cumulative proportion of loci that have historically been homozygous and therefore exposed to natural selection. We examined the inbreeding depression that occurred in lineages of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under pedigrees that led to the same inbreeding coefficient (F = 0.375) but different levels of ancestral inbreeding (fa = 0.250 or 0.531). Although inbreeding depression varied substantially among individual lineages, we observed a significant 40% decrease in the median level of inbreeding depression in the treatment with higher ancestral inbreeding. Our results demonstrate that high levels of ancestral inbreeding are associated with greater purging effects, which reduces the inbreeding depression that occurs in isolated populations of small size.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

[Neuropsychological disorders in teenagers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

AIMS: The aim of this study is to report on the neuropsychological aspects of teenage patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely disorders affecting attention, memory, the executive functions and language. We also discuss how to perform neuropsychological and functional evaluation of the systems involved in attention, by means of haemodynamic (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and neurophysiological (magnetoencephalography) techniques. The comorbidities that most frequently occur in teenage patients with ADHD are also described. DEVELOPMENT: The fundamental symptoms, that is to say, inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness, continue to be present in the teenager with ADHD, although with mild variations, and are probably dependent on each individual's own genetic load. The disorders most commonly associated with ADHD are oppositional defiant disorder (33%), conduct disorders (25%), anxiety (25%), learning disabilities (22%) and depression (22%). CONCLUSIONS: During adolescence, patients with ADHD usually suffer disorders that are secondary to their inability to process information efficiently due to the inadequate development of the executive functions. The lack of inhibitory control and a poor capacity to learn from their own mistakes facilitate the appearance of comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Treatment of newly diagnosed type II diabetic patients with special reference to prescribing glibenclamide in low doses].

In the period of 15 months 90% of all newly registered type II diabetics of a district area (70 males, 122 females) were prospectively thoroughly examined above all in hospital, standardizedly stabilized and have been followed up for 1 year with regard to their therapy behaviour. From the features obtained (age, body weight, heredity, symptomatology, blood glucose and insulin concentrations basally and after 75 g oGTT) subgroupings were worked out relevant for the therapy. 64% of the newly registered type II diabetics could be stabilized purely dietetically (males 70%, females 60.7%). Female type II diabetics revealed the worse course of therapy. Younger age, overweight, genetic load and higher insulin concentrations are markers of the importance of the insulin resistance and a domain of the basis therapy. Older age, normal weight in connection with higher blood glucose and lower insulin concentrations as an expression of the insulin deficit of higher degree render in most cases possible a treatment with SH-preparations. Small doses of glibenclamide proved to be very favourable both in not purely dietetically manageable younger patients and in older patients. 68% of all SH-cases did with a dosage of 1-3 mg glibenclamide a day, 28% with 1 mg a day. The pathophysiologic and pharmacologic mechanisms are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

[Cerebral computed tomography and schizophrenia: a critical review of the literature].

Structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia have been reported by several computertomographic (CT) studies. However the prevalence and the localization of the abnormalities vary widely among studies. These differences might stem from samples heterogeneity, from the choice of the CT parameter to be investigated and from the use of different criteria for defining abnormalities. In spite of some contradictory findings, it seems established that at least one subgroup of schizophrenic patients shows mild or moderate brain atrophy; this subgroup might be characterized by a chronic course of the disease, poor response to neuroleptic therapy, and the presence of other neurodiagnostic signs of a diffuse brain dysfunction such as neuropsychological impairment, EEG abnormalities and neurological "soft signs". Atrophic findings have been observed in young schizophrenic patients at the first onset of the disease, indicating that the development of the structural abnormalities are not a consequence of a chronic disease and treatment. Schizophrenics with atrophy are unlikely to have a genetic loading (family history) with schizophrenia and they present more frequently pregnancy and birth complications as well as brain trauma in the first years of development. Because schizophrenics with brain atrophy might represent a more homogeneous subgroup with regard to clinical and aetiopathological variables, it is still an important task to identify more precisely these patients on the basis of CT data and then to study the features that could characterize this subgroup.

Cerebral Ventricles↗
PubMed1985

The role of hormones in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism (review).

Atherosclerosis appears to be a disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis. The factors participating in its etiology are called risk factors [Fejfar 1972; Stamler 1983]. These may be divided into a group of uninfluencible risk factors (age, sex, genetic load, etc.) and influencible risk factors of first or second order. Hyperlipidemia may be considered as influencible risk factor of the first order [Goldstein et al. 1973]. From this reason it is necessary to investigate the etiology of lipoprotein metabolic disorders and the possibilities of their treatment and prevention. Hormonal influences are also considered to be one of the influencible risk factors which may affect a number of steps in lipoprotein metabolism.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1983

Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic cerebral disorders: a review.

This review aims to collate some of the extensive literature on the schizophrenia-like psychoses occurring in association with organic cerebral disorders. Their relationship to "true' schizophrenia is considered clinically, genetically and conceptually. The conclusions reached are as follows: The association of many organic cerebral disorders with schizophrenia exceeds chance expectation. Although there may be group differences, these psychoses include a range of symptoms similar to those found in the general run of psychoses diagnosed as schizophrenia. These psychoses usually occur in patients without genetic loading for schizophrenia. Organic cerebral disorder occurs in a substantial minority of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic and is of particular importance in the psychoses of childhood and old age. The site of the brain lesion is more important than the predisposition of the patient in the genesis of these psychoses, and lesions in the temporal lobe and diencephalon are of particular significance.

Basal Ganglia Diseases↗
PubMed1982

[Epidemiology of hyperuricemia and gout].

Also in the GDR during the last 10 years the frequency of the disturbances of the purine metabolism increased. With a rate of prevalence of about 20% this anomaly of metabolism reaches the highest percentage of the metabolic disturbances. The increasing accumulation of the disturbances of the purine metabolism on account of complex examinations depends above all on the changed eating and drinking habits of the population. Also influences on body-weight, blood pressure and bodily activities are to be taken into consideration. Sex, age and genetic loads belong to the non-correctable factors of influence. The influences of methodical problems must particularly be taken into consideration in long-term studies. The accumulation of uric arthritis is still relatively small in the GDR in contrast to other industrial countries. However, in our county exact epidemiologic investigations are still necessary.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1981

[Congress of Clinical and Psychopathological Genetics. Conclusions].

Pavlov is reported to have compared his own line of research and Freud's one to two tunnels driven through a mountain by two teams of sappers who hope to be able to join. The ways of Genetics and of Psychoanalytical Psychopathology have in common their concern with Time but their methods are drastically different they apprehend different fecats of reality. Nevertheless both imply a strong reference to Fate. Consequences of genetic loading can be attenuated by scientific progress but in the absence of ethical boundaries research may unintentionally open Pandora's box.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[The radiation hygiene problems of multigenerational carcinogenesis].

This review deals with a phenomenon of multigeneration carcinogenesis; the carcinogenic risk for offsprings of irradiated persons can be estimated as 4.10(-3) Sv-1. Though some epidemiological findings in this area are contradictory, multigeneration carcinogenesis may present a part of a population risk (genetic load). There is a need for recording the phenomenon in the normal ranges of radiation safety, i.e. to limit the planned irradiation of males aged 30-40 years, as well as females of the same age.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Causes of serious mental disorders].

It is accepted that both genetic and environmental factors are important in the genesis of schizophrenic disorders, but we have little understanding how they interact to produce the illness in a given individual. The position with regard to severe affective disorders is somewhat different, since bipolar disorders seem to have a comparatively high genetic loading as against a greater influence of environmental factors in unipolar disorders. Recent research shows a significant overlap between schizophrenic and affective disorders, both for symptoms in individual cases and for family incidence of the disorders. One way of achieving better understanding of the interaction of genes and environment in the two sets of disorders is to study samples of twins and of adoptees. In such studies the chances of successful results are increased by investigating samples that are as large as possible and contain a broad spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses.

Adoption↗
PubMed1993

[Environmental mutagenesis].

Mutagen agents may increase the genetic load of human populations by inducing heritable diseases and cancer. The most effective way of protection is prevention: detection of the mutagenic agents and the regulation of their use. The harm occurred can be visualized by mutational monitoring and epidemiology. The harmful effects of the induced mutations may be reduced to a level accepted by the society with suitable approach and methods. The role of physicians is especially important to fulfil this task.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMed1996

[Genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Results of a systematic twin study].

One reason for the inconsistent findings in schizophrenia research is the lack of diagnostic conformity. In the face of modern operational "atheoretical" diagnostic systems, this dilemma is still present. In order to examine specificity and validity of diagnoses, we carried out a systematic twin study with index twins suffering from schizophrenic spectrum psychoses. We compared the diagnostic systems of DSM-III-R, which is based on consensus of international experts, with Leonhards' nosology developed on sophisticated clinical observation and description of psychopathological phenomena occurring during the long-term course of psychiatric diseases. We examined twin concordance, family history, and the frequency and severity of complications of pregnancy and child-birth. The results suggest that the schizophrenic spectrum has to be divided into clinically and etiologically heterogeneous subgroups. This was much more striking when Leonhard's diagnostic criteria were used than with DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. There seem to be three valid and etiologically different groups: cycloid psychoses, unsystematic schizophrenias and systematic schizophrenias as proposed by Leonhard. In cycloid psychoses genetic loading seems to be low (proband concordance MZ 38%, DZ 29%), but pregnancy and birth complications may have an important role in the etiology. On the other hand, unsystematic schizophrenias are obviously predominantly inherited (proband concordance MZ 88%, DZ 17%) and "environmental" factors are not very prominent. It is striking that MZ twins with a diagnosis of systematic schizophrenia have not yet been found, whereas 32% of DZ index twins (6 out of 19) were diagnosed as having systematic schizophrenia. Further, all DZ twins with the diagnosis of systematic schizophrenia were discordant and the affected twins had threetimes as many and as severe pregnancy and birth complications in the history than their healthy co-twins.

Adult↗