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PubMed2002

Male-female (sex) differences in leprosy patients in south eastern Nigeria: females present late for diagnosis and treatment and have higher rates of deformity.

A study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that female leprosy patients in South Eastern Nigeria may be at a disadvantage with regard to early presentation for diagnosis and the prevention of disability. A hospital-based retrospective examination of case notes for the period 1988-1997 was undertaken, totalling 2309 adult patients of whom 1527 (66 degrees/a) were male and 782 (33%) were female (confirming the usual 2:1 male:female ratio for this disease). Data were collected on 1) the clinical type of leprosy, 2) the interval between the onset of symptoms or signs and presentation for diagnosis and treatment and 3) the patterns of physical deformity/disability. The results indicate that in this part of Nigeria, female leprosy patients have a much longer period (duration of illness) between first symptoms or signs and presentation for diagnosis, compared with males; on average, the period before diagnosis in women was almost twice as long as that in men. Furthermore, they suffered a higher proportion of disabilities. There was no evidence to support discrimination against females with leprosy by the health staff or community and female health workers were available in both hospital and primary health care centres to receive and examine female patients. The Discussion refers to the many studies already published on gender issues, identifying a wide range of social, cultural and economic variables attributed by social structure to men and women, and including the impact of stigma, which may be particularly damaging to women in some situations. The main factors that account for late presentation of females with leprosy in this area have however still to be defined. The consequent higher proportion of disability/deformity in women is obviously of considerable concern, underlining the need for further clinical and social research in this part of Nigeria.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[The social construction of violence in a group of young people of both sexes in a public middle school].

In this article we will address some factors that promote violence in schools from the youth viewpoint. We present an overview of what young people understand about violence; in which way its take places; in what forms they express it; and what aspects they consider more important than others. At the same time, it compares the social construction of violence on both, boys and girls, and describe how violence is interpreted from the gender perspective. The latter means that assumption of violent behavior varies with the gender of the person describing it. In other words, any project that pretends to promote schools free of violence need to deal with gender issues. Finally, I will share a few general considerations about what we may call social construction of violence in young people and its implications for a violence prevention project.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Individual and group adaptation in space: evidence from analogue environments.

As the duration of space missions increases and crews become more heterogeneous, psychological and interpersonal factors are likely to play an increasingly important role in determining mission success. Empirical evidence about psychological factors in space has to a large extent been based on personnel in analogue environments. Studies in these environments have included effects of multi-nationality on crew interaction, gender issues, development of tension within crews and in relation to Mission Control. Results so far demonstrate the need for countermeasures designed to address psychological and interpersonal dysfunctions, specifically selection, training and in-flight support.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A factors influencing applicant selection of entry-level physical therapist education programs in the United States.

Physical therapist education programs must compete for qualified applicants due to a nationwide reduction in the applicant pool. To develop successful recruitment strategies, faculty members need information on factors influencing applicant selection of a program. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors influencing selection of an entry-level physical therapist education program. Survey subjects were students enrolled in the first professional year of an accredited entry-level physical therapist education program. A survey instrument was developed based on the literature and interviews with physical therapist students and faculty members. Results of pilot studies to determine face and content validity were acceptable. Stratified random cluster sampling was applied to select 66 entry-level physical therapy programs from an available population of 150 of the 199 accredited programs. Forty-nine programs were not included in the population for various reasons. Using a five-point Likert scale, subjects rated the influence of 51 items on their selection of a specific physical therapist education program. The overall return rate was 70.4% (1,250 surveys returned). Data were analyzed by response frequency. Four factors were selected as "very influential" by 50% or more of the subjects: degree offered, accreditation status, perception of educational quality, and program atmosphere. Additional factors selected by 45% or more of respondents as "very influential" were pass rate on licensing examination, marketability of degree, student/faculty ratio, and small class size. Factors rated "not influential" by 50% or more of subjects included ethnic, cultural, and gender issues. Since 1998, the physical therapy profession has experienced changes in entry-level degree requirements, practice requirements, and employment opportunities, resulting in increased competition for qualified applicants to education programs. The information gained in this study may assist faculty in the development of recruitment strategies.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2005

His and hers abdominal pain.

Abdominal pain should not be dismissed without proper evaluation. A patient presenting with acute, severe abdominal pain is best transported to the emergency room for treatment. While gender issues remain a delicate subject, proper prehospital care prevents patient deterioration, tissue loss and loss of life. Prehospital information is invaluable. Due to unforeseen complications, including patient deterioration, the history you obtain on scene may be the only information available to the medical team at the hospital. Professional care begins in the prehospital setting. Knowledge, skill and experience will guide you.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2005

Disabilities in the workplace: recruitment, accommodation, and retention.

Who has never had a need for accommodation to perform a job because of age-related changes, gender issues related to family care, religious practices, health status, or disability? Who has never had the benefit of universal accommodations designed to provide access for individuals with disabilities, such as using the handicap button to open a door when one's arms are loaded? All of society has had the benefit of inclusion of individuals with disabilities within the work force. Occupational health nurses are essential to accommodating new employees with disabilities, assisting ill or injured employees in returning to work, and changing attitudes toward disabled workers. Additionally, nurses have the skills and knowledge for leading and managing newly emerging disease management programs for workers with disabilities caused by chronic illness.

Disability Evaluation↗
PubMed2006

[The history of nursing development in the Republic of China].

Modern nursing was introduced into China (and Taiwan) as part of the general Westernization of Chinese culture. It was accepted in its Western and modern form along with medicine as a part of China's modernization. Looking after the sick, one of the basic functions of any society, has traditionally been performed by women. Such basic social function cannot be ignored. Therefore, at the beginning of this paper, the traditional healing and caring systems in China prior to the influence of the West are examined. The second part of this paper shows that the strategy of nineteenth century reformers and later leaders from England and America was incorporated into modern Chinese nursing. Also, patriotic feelings opposed to imperialism and indignation over the Sino-Japanese War benefited the growth of domestic nursing. The last part of this paper examines recent developments and the current status of nursing in Taiwan. Overall, the more than a century of modern nursing history in the R.O.C. is infused with a complex mixture of cultural borrowing from the West, anti-imperialist experience, colonialist influences, and ethical and gender issues. The study methodology adopted for this essay follows that used by Robert Elias. Both the synchronic social context and diachronic historical processes are considered in order to illuminate and highlight the critical events that shaped the history of nursing in the ROC. Due to the researcher's personal academic background and interest, sociological and feminist perspectives were taken while investigating and analyzing materials.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health Workers for Change: a tool for promoting behaviour change among health providers.

Sensitizing health providers to customers' needs and women's health remains a challenge to the Pakistani health system. The Health Workers for Change methodology has been demonstrated to improve provider-client relationships in certain African and Latin American countries. This paper describes the experience of using Health Workers for Change participatory workshops in Pakistan to sensitize male and female health providers to gender issues. Health care providers identified the unmet needs of women clients as a function of individual, household and societal factors, and, unlike the African experience with this tool, not predominantly confined to factors associated with the health facility.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1991

Using the Trajectory Framework: reconceptualizing cardiac illness.

Cardiac disease is known to be the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the United States. Nursing management of cardiac illnesses, as such, is a primary concern for most practicing nurses. Dramatic changes in cardiac patient populations and associated technology available for treatment indicate a need to reconceptualize the nature of cardiac illness and to consider alternative approaches to guide the care of these patients. Traditional care, to a large degree, has focused upon acute illness, consequently limiting needed attention to the increasing group of patients suffering chronic illness and disability. In the present paper, the major changes in the cardiac patient population and in utilization of available technology are presented. The application of the Corbin and Strauss trajectory framework as an appropriate and useful framework for conceptualizing cardiac illness and care is then discussed. Five characteristics of the framework which render the model particularly well suited to address cardiac care are identified and discussed. These characteristics are: 1) comprehensiveness of care, 2) patient-centered care, 3) gender issues in care, 4) family-focused care, 5) technology and cardiac care.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1991

Good physician relations key to success of women's centers.

Women's health centers are opening across the country, fueled by clinical, cultural, consumer and marketing factors. But before opening a women's center, it's important to consider all the elements that can make such a venture a success--or not. Experts say it's important to carry out a philosophy of women's health, including a strong patient education component, to complete physician recruiting before the center is to open, to hire a director, and to consider the gender issues related to staffing. In a related phenomenon, breast health centers are gaining attention as a new marketing focus in ambulatory care.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biological features of women's alcohol use: a review.

Sensitivity to gender issues in the research community has generated a modest but growing amount of data on the biological effects of alcohol consumption on women. Data generally indicate that the same amounts of alcohol have greater effects on women and that women develop more severe alcohol problems than men over shorter drinking histories. Despite a number of studies, however, there are no clear differences between women and men in the impact of alcohol consumption on cognitive processes. Although the findings are mixed, the data point toward greater physiological deterioration among women as compared with men who have similar drinking histories. These differences may be related to the differences in patterns of social recognition and reaction that occur in instances of alcoholism among women. Such differences are confirmed by other data that indicate greater social isolation and general disorganization among female alcoholics than among male alcoholics. The risks of fetal alcohol syndrome that are associated with heavy alcohol consumption among women during pregnancy have been established, and a complex of other relationships between alcohol consumption and reproductive-related systems and behaviors exists. Linkages between sexual dysfunction, sexual satisfaction, and alcohol consumption appear to exist, but have not yet become clearly understood. It appears that alcohol may be used as a self-medication to cope with perceived problems of sexuality. It also appears that heavy alcohol consumption can contribute to sexual dysfunction and dissatisfaction. A growing body of sophisticated experimental research has established relationships between patterns of alcohol metabolism and phases of the menstrual cycle, with this literature offering some of the clearest indications of distinctive differences between the sexes in the biological consequences and correlates of alcohol consumption.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1995

Furore over language, shortage of women leaders signs of need for change at CMA, committee says.

Negative comments made recently about use of the term "chair" instead of "chairman," and the continuing shortage of women at decision-making levels of organized medicine are ample evidence that the work of the CMA's Gender Issues Committee (GIC) is not done, says the committee chair, Dr. May Cohen. At its fall meeting, the GIC said the CMA should actively promote greater representation by women physicians on its political and expert committees; a target of at least 25% membership within the next 2 to 5 years was suggested. The committee discussed other measures the CMA should consider in its attempts to become more representative of Canada's physician population.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproductive motivation and family-size preferences among Nigerian men.

Data collected from 3,073 couples in four Nigerian cities and one semi-urban settlement were used to examine reproductive decision-making and male motivation for large family size. The report concludes that the characteristic male-dominant and patrilineal traditions support large family size and that men's reproductive motivation, to a large extent, affects the reproductive behavior of their wives. Therefore, the factors influencing men's reproductive outcomes and intentions are considered important for fertility transition in Nigeria. Male education, age at marriage, monogamy, interspousal communication, and intention not to rely on children for old-age support are significantly related to smaller actual family size and preferences for smaller families, while being in a male-dominant family setting has a strong relation with large family size and preferences for larger families. The policy implication of this study is the need for programs targeted at men and designed to change their attitudes about population matters and motivate them, and hence their wives, to produce smaller families.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use and attitudes among heterosexual college students.

INTRODUCTION: This paper analyzes differences between heterosexual male and female college students' behaviour, attitudes and knowledge about condom use. METHOD: A convenience sample of 707 students were recruited at sexual health displays to complete an anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: Based on reported sexual partners in the previous year, 486 students (51.2% male and 48.8% female) were classified as heterosexual. No significant differences were found between the sexes in reported risk behaviour. Females reported more appropriate condom use techniques than males, and more positive attitudes toward condoms. Males rated sexual enjoyment to be more important. A greater proportion of males than females gave reasons for not using condoms. CONCLUSION: Differences between male and female attitudes and behaviour are important to address in AIDS prevention. Along with an emphasis on the improvement of condom use techniques, it is critical to focus on gender issues of assertiveness, power and trust.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The sexuality connection in reproductive health.

Sexuality and power relations based on gender are relevant to researchers, policymakers, and service providers in the reproductive health field, because they underlie virtually all of the behaviors and conditions that their programs address. Yet, a review of conventional treatments in the demographic and family planning literature reveals that, when they consider these topics at all, researchers typically adopt narrow definitions of sexual behavior and focus almost exclusively on risks of pregnancy and disease. This article proposes an analytic framework as a guide to researchers and family planning providers. It relates four dimensions of sexuality to reproductive health outcomes and concludes that family planning policies and programs should address a broader spectrum of sexual behaviors and meanings, consider questions of sexual enjoyment as well as risk, and confront ideologies of male entitlement that threaten women's sexual and reproductive rights and health.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the contribution of the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) to leprosy control in India based on the implementation of multiple drug therapy (MDT) 1981-1993.

The Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) first supported the National Leprosy Control Programme in India in 1978. In 1981/82 priority was given to the implementation of multiple drug therapy (MDT), starting in two high-endemic districts, and gradually extending to a total of 19 districts in the years by 1993. SIDA then decided to undertake a detailed evaluation of its 12-year contribution and this was carried out by an international team between November 1993 and April 1994. In terms of epidemiological and public health impact, the main results were impressive and clear-cut; 837,519 cases (old and newly arising) were successfully treated, with few complications and a low rate of relapse. The voluntary reporting rate had improved significantly. Data relating to new case detection, child and disability rates were, however, less clear and difficult to interpret. Deficiencies were also identified in the areas of health education, community participation, gender issues, disability prevention and management, rehabilitation, operational research and assessment of cost-effectiveness. These problems should not, however, detract from the contribution of SIDA, from 1981 onwards, in establishing the implementation of MDT in two 'pilot' districts at an early and important stage in the history of the MDT programme in India. SIDA also made significant contributions in other areas, namely pre-MDT 'screening' of registers in 45 endemic districts in 1990-1993, appointment of consultant leprologists at district level, group education activities, annual meetings of voluntary agencies and the development of a monitoring and information system, with computer facilities, at national level. This paper describes the design and methodology, main findings and conclusions of the evaluation, based on the final report and the appendices submitted to SIDA in Stockholm in April 1994.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Men's perceptions of their roles and responsibilities regarding sex, contraception and childrearing.

Data from the 1991 National Survey of Men examine men's perceptions about their roles in relation to those of women in a couple's decision-making about sex, contraception and the rearing of children. A majority of men (61%) perceive that there is gender quality in sexual decision-making, and more than three-quarters (78%) believe that men and women share equal responsibility for decisions about contraception. However, men are three times as likely to say that women play a greater role in a couple's decisions about sex as they are to believe that men have the greater voice (30% compared with 9%). In contrast, men are more than twice as likely to perceive than men have a greater responsibility in contraceptive decisions as they are to say that women do (15% compared with 7%). Finally, 88% of men strongly agree that a man has the same responsibilities as a woman for the children they have together.

Adult↗