Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Geese”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Adaptation of bird hemoglobins to high altitudes: demonstration of molecular mechanism by protein engineering.

Of two closely related species of geese, one, the greylag goose, lives in the Indian plains all year round, while the other, the bar-headed goose, lives at the Tibetan lakes and migrates across the Himalayas to winter in India. Another species, the Andean goose, lives in the High Andes all year round. Possession of a Hb with high oxygen affinity helps to adapt bar-headed and Andean geese to high altitudes. The Hb amino acid sequences of the bar-headed and the greylag geese differ by four substitutions, of which only one is unique among bird sequences: Pro-119 alpha (H2)----Ala. Perutz proposed that the two-carbon gap left by this substitution at the alpha 1 beta 1 contact raises the oxygen affinity, because it relaxes the tension in the deoxy or T structure [Perutz, M. F. (1983) Mol. Biol. Evol. 1, 1-28]. It was later found that the Hb of the Andean goose has a gap in the same position, due to the complementary substitution Leu-55 beta (D6)----Ser. We have tested Perutz's hypothesis by introducing each of these substitutions into human globin synthesized in Escherichia coli. The reconstituted Hbs combine cooperatively with oxygen. Their oxygen affinities exceed that of normal human Hb by an even larger factor than that found between the high-flying geese and the greylag goose. The mutant Hb Met-55 beta (D6)----Ser was crystallized. Its structure is the same as that of HbA, except in the immediate environment of the gap left by the substitution of the serine for the methionine side chain, which evidently causes the increased oxygen affinity of this Hb.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Oxygen delivery to the heart and brain during hypoxia: Pekin duck vs. bar-headed goose.

To investigate mechanisms that may allow birds to tolerate extreme high altitude, we acutely exposed unanesthetized bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) to 0.21, 0.10, and 0.05 inspired fractional concentrations of O2 (FIO2). In both birds, arterial O2 partial pressure (PaO2) was about 95 Torr at 0.21 FIO2, 45 Torr at 0.10 FIO2, and 28 Torr at 0.05 FIO2. Hyperventilation occurred at both levels of hypoxia, with PaCO2 decreasing to about 7 Torr at 28 Torr PaO2. At 28 Torr PaO2, arterial O2 content (CaO2) in geese (10.4 vol%) was significantly higher than in ducks (4.1 vol%). As PaO2 declined from about 95 to 28 Torr, both cerebral and coronary blood flow (determined by using the radioactive microsphere method) increased more than fivefold in ducks but less than threefold in geese. At both levels of hypoxia, O2 delivery (flow X CaO2) to the heart and brain of geese was the same as or higher than that of ducks. The unique control of cerebral and coronary O2 delivery exhibited by both species of birds may be related to their remarkable tolerance to severe hypocapnic hypoxia.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

Canada goose (Branta canadensis) droppings as a potential source of pathogenic bacteria.

Canada goose droppings, collected in parks to which the public had access, were screened for a range of bacteria that could be pathogenic in man. Droppings of Canada geese, and other waterfowl, did contain such bacteria, including some that are well-known causes of illness in man. These bacteria, plus a species of Salmonella that was experimentally inoculated into droppings, were shown to survive and multiply in the droppings for up to one month after their deposition by geese. Canada geese ranged further from water than other waterfowl species and thus distributed their droppings over a larger area of park grassland. This more widespread distribution of their droppings leads Canada geese to pose a greater potential health risk than other waterfowl studied here, but variations in human responses to challenge with bacteria, and variations in human and waterfowl behaviour in public parks, renders quantification of this risk impossible.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Synthesis of measuring steroid metabolites in goose feces.

The reliability of noninvasively measuring steroid hormones from feces in greylag geese (Anser anser) and domestic geese (A. domesticus), both qualitatively and quantitatively, was tested experimentally. Geese are mainly herbivorous birds with a short gut-passage time (2-3 h). Groups of eight outdoor-housed male domestic geese were subjected to two different experiments, injection of either GnRH or ACTH, which were replicated in three different seasons (spring, summer, and fall). GnRH stimulation resulted in significant increases of response fecal testosterone metabolites (TM; 17beta-OH-androgens) in spring and fall, but not during the summer photorefractoriness. Testosterone response patterns obtained from plasma samples paralleled those from feces; however, no direct correlation between individual immunoreactive plasma and feces contents was observed. To improve the sample handling during extraction and the assay sensitivity, we promote the use of a group-specific antibody against 17-oxoandrogens that does not require deconjugation prior to the analysis. ACTH robustly increased fecal corticosterone in all seasons. The polar nature of glucocorticoids, however, seems to make a distinction between conjugated and nonconjugated types difficult, and the available avian literature on this topic is discussed.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2000

Effects of third ventricle injection of norepinephrine analogue on LH secretion of the non-laying SIJI goose.

The effect of norepinephrine analogue (NA) and norepinephrine antagonists on luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion in geese was investigated by monitoring serum levels of LH. Twenty non-laying geese were selected and randomly assigned to 4 groups of 5 each. The geese received a single intraventricular injection of saline (control), NA (12 microg/6 microl), phentolamine (1 microg/6l) plus NA or yohimbine (10 microg/6 microl). Phentolamine, a non-selective adrenoreceptor blocker was given 5 min before NA, but yohimbine, an alpha2-adrenoreceptor blocker, was delivered without NA injection. The results showed that serum levels of LH began to increase 20 min after injection of NA, and that high serum levels of LH were maintained until 105 min, followed by a decline to the basal level 125 min later. Significantly high levels of serum LH were observed at 50 and 105 min after the injection as compared with the respective control. Treatment with phentolamine completely blocked the stimulatory effect of NA on serum levels of LH in NA treated geese. Serum levels of LH increased by yohimbine treatment 5 min after the injection and the high levels of serum LH were maintained until 125 min later. Five out of 8 points were significantly high as compared with their respective control values. The present study also suggested that there is presynaptic modulation in the a-noradrenergic neural pathways which mediate the release of LHRH, and that this modulation may be carried out by alpha2-adrenoreceptor blocker.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1983

Outbreak of avian cholera on the wintering grounds of the Mississippi Valley Canada goose flock.

Avian cholera is reported for the first time in Canada geese, Branta canadensis, of the Mississippi Valley population. The disease was detected in weekly surveillance transects and was responsible for the loss of about 850 geese during the winter of 1978-1979 at localized areas in southern Illinois. Necropsies performed on 480 geese that died at Union County Conservation Area and on 133 birds at Horseshoe Lake Conservation Area during January and February 1979 revealed that the majority of losses (64%) were caused by avian cholera. Lead poisoning was responsible for the death of 14% of the geese analyzed and the remaining 22%, most of which were decomposed, were undiagnosed. Lethal lead levels and Pasteurella multocida occurred concomitantly in a few instances.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Virulence of six strains of duck plague virus in eight waterfowl species.

Susceptibility of New World waterfowl to the Lake Andes strain of duck plague virus (DPV) was assessed by intramuscular inoculation of adult muscovies (Cairina moschata), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), wood ducks (Aix sponsa), redheads (Aythya americana), gadwalls (Anas strepera), blue-winged teal (Anas discors), and pintails (Anas acuta). The relative virulence of DPV strains isolated from five United States and one Canadian location was established in muscovies, mallards, and Canada geese. Differences in DPV strain virulence were detected by formation of plaques in cell culture. Two strains that consistently formed plaques killed adult mallards while non-plaque forming strains killed hatchling but not adult mallards. Based on mortality after exposure to the Lake Andes strain, blue-winged teal, then wood ducks and redheads were highly susceptible, muscovies and gadwalls moderately susceptible, mallards and Canada geese less susceptible, and pintails the least susceptible. Mean death times were significantly (P < 0.01) different between adult muscovies (4.5 days) versus mallards and Canada geese (5.8 days each). Mean death time of the virulent Lake Andes and Minnesota strains were shorter (P < 0.05) than for the other four, less virulent DPV strains. Four of the less virulent strains killed hatchling but not adult mallards. Susceptibility to mortality was dependent upon age and route of inoculation. The intramuscular route of inoculation required the least amount of virus to kill mallard and muscovy ducks, the intranasal and conjunctival routes required more virus, and the oral route the most virus. This study was conducted from 1974 to 1977 between the months of September and April, with the exception of two titrations conducted in early May at the University of Wisconsin Department of Veterinary Science and the Charmany research facility of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lead poisoning in wild birds from southern Spain: a comparative study of wetland areas and species affected, and trends over time.

We studied lead (Pb) shot contamination in sediments from the Guadalquivir marshes and six other closed-basin lagoons in Southern Spain that are of major importance for threatened species of waterbirds. Shot densities were relatively low in Doñana, ranging from 0 to 25 shot/m(2) in the top 10 cm of sediments. The density at Medina lagoon (Ramsar site) was 148 shot/m(2), making it the most contaminated wetland known in Europe. Densities in the other five lagoons ranged from 9 to 59 shot/m(2). We studied the prevalence of ingested Pb shot in waterbirds from Doñana and found a lower prevalence in ducks than previously recorded in other Spanish wetlands. Lead shot were also found embedded in tissues of some waterbirds, proving that protected species such as the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) and the glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) are subjected to illegal hunting. The prevalence of embedded shot for geese was especially high (44% for trapped birds). Lead shot were detected in 2.8% of the pellets of the Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti) which usually preys on geese. We found that the prevalence of ingested Pb shot in geese and in Spanish imperial eagles has significantly decreased in recent years, possibly due to restrictions on hunting activity, efforts to remove shot from a sand dune used by geese to obtain grit, and to the high rainfall in Doñana during the last years that permitted waterfowl to stay more within the protected areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Accentuated response to raw soya-bean meal by meal feeding.

Diets containing raw soya-beans (RSD) when fed ad libitum cause reduction in growth rate and food utilization, enlargement of the pancreas and increase of its enzyme synthesis. A single meal of raw soya-beans with corn (1:9), tube-fed to geese, caused about 90% mortality, while geese, tube-fed with corn alone, did not show any negative response. No mortality occurred when geese were fed a similar diet ad libitum. Two-week old chicks were fed ad libitum or by tube, twice a day, similar amounts of RSD or heated soya-bean diet (HSD). While the chicks tube-fed HSD behaved similarly to those feeding freely, the chicks tube-fed RSD collapsed after one week. The thymus and bursa of fabricii were atrophied in the RSD tube-fed chicks. Diets containing increasing amounts of raw soya-bean meal (0,20%, 42%, and 80%) were fed freely to weanling rats or as one 4 h meal per day. All the rats fed the 4 h meal containing either 42% or 80% raw soya-bean meal died within 3 days; all the others survived. The rats were trained to meal-feeding by gradual reduction of their access to food. The negative effects of the RSD, i.e. reduced food intake and body weight gain, pancreas enlargement, were much more pronounced in the meal-fed rats than in those fed ad libitum. The differences increased by increasing dietary trypsin inhibitor (TI) (raw soya-bean meal).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Morphology of Blastocystis sp. from domestic birds.

A study of Blastocystis sp. from domestic birds was undertaken to determine if morphological differences occurred. Fresh faecal material from domestic chickens, ducks and geese and from commercially farmed ostriches was obtained. Blastocystis sp. from chickens was morphologically very different from that from the other hosts, having within the nucleus discrete spots of chromatin rather than a crescentic band (ducks and geese) or an elliptical band (ostrich). A thick surface coat surrounded all Blastocystis sp. cells in the faecal material, with isolates from the ostrich having the thickest surface coat relative to the cell diameter. Cysts were more commonly found in the chicken samples but were also detected in the duck and ostrich samples. This study suggests that three morphologically distinct groups are represented: one in the chicken, one in the ostrich and another in ducks and geese. These tentative conclusions require confirmation by molecular techniques.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Influence of orotic acid and estrogen on hepatic lipid storage and secretion in the goose susceptible to liver steatosis.

Fatty liver in the goose results from an increased hepatic lipogenesis in response to overfeeding, together with a deficient secretion of triacylglycerol as very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Orotic acid and estrogen, which both modify lipid metabolism in the liver, were used in male geese as tools to understand the alterations of liver lipids and plasma lipoproteins during the induction of liver steatosis. Liver lipids were analyzed after solvent extraction and plasma lipoproteins after separation by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Contrary to what is known in the rat, orotic acid (1% in food for 2 weeks) failed to induce liver steatosis. In force-fed geese, liver weight increased from approximately 100 g to approximately 800 g in 2 weeks, as a consequence of a specific accumulation of triacylglycerol. In both groups, VLDL contained less triacylglycerol (35%) than normal. Such an uncoupling of triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion, of which the precise reason is still unknown, may facilitate their accumulation when force-feeding increases hepatic lipogenesis. As with force-feeding, triacylglycerol synthesis was enhanced by estrogen, but their secretion as VLDL was very efficient and prevented liver steatosis almost completely. Since HDL concentrations were considerably decreased by estrogen, VLDL were the main lipoprotein species, with 48 g/l and 62% triacylglycerol. Where estrogen-treated geese were force-fed concomitantly, VLDL concentration was even higher (62 g/l), but triacylglycerol secretion could not prevent liver steatosis (liver weight 640 g). The data are discussed in relation to in vitro studies showing that channelling of triacylglycerol towards secretion as VLDL or hepatic storage depends on their residence time in the different intracellular compartments.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

The effects of a calcium deficient diet on the mechanical properties and morphology of goose bone.

A control group of geese (Anser anser) on a normal calcium diet for egg laying poultry was compared to egg laying geese on a calcium deficient diet. The ultimate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of femoral cortical bone from each group were determined by compressing right circular cylinders which were 2.4 mm in height and 0.8 mm in diameter. The bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity of tibial cortical bone were determined by three point bend tests on rectangular prisms which were approximately 25 mm by 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm. Bone calcium content and eggshell calcium content were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood samples were analyzed for free calcium ion concentration. Histological observations included studies of cross-sectional microradiographs, examinations of cross sections stained by a modified Masson's technique, and a determination of fractional area of voids by quantitative microscopy. The average compressive modulus for the control birds was 12.0 GPa (S.D.: 6.2 GPa) while the ultimate compressive strength was 165 MPa (S.D.: 27 MPa). Calcium deprived birds showed slight, but not statistically significant, decreases in both the compressive modulus and compressive strength. The tibial three point bending modulus for the control birds was 16.5 GPa (S.D.: 2.6 GPa) while the ultimate bending strength was 256 MPa (S.D.: 58 MPa). Once again, slight though not statistically significant decreases in the bending modulus and strength were seen in the geese on the calcium deficient diet. The average calcium content (wt%) of the femora of the control birds was 20.5% (S.D.: 4.3%) and 20.6% (S.D.: 4.8%) for the tibiae. No significant differences were noted in the calcium deprived birds. The average fractional void area for the control bird femoral bone was 12.0% (S.D.: 2.6%) and 9.8% (S.D.: 1.8%) for the tibial bone. Significantly greater fractional void areas were noted in the calcium deficient birds as were profound changes in the macrocellular structure of these bones.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A new rapid method for determination of anserine and carnosine in muscles.

1. It was found that anserine and carnosine form with o-phthalic aldehyde coloured reaction products of identical molar coefficient of absorption at 640 nm. Hence, a simple and rapid method for spectrophotometric determination of these dipeptides has been worked out. The method was applied to determine the sum of anserine and carnosine in muscles of adult geese, (female). Carnosine was determined with enzymatic method. 2. Ratio between anserine and carnosine concentrations depends on animal age (lower in 1-yr-old geese than in 2- and 3-yr-old ones) and type of muscles (lower in leg muscles compared to breast muscle). 3. Correlation was found between level of carnosine and level of anserine--it depended both on geese and type of muscles.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Wildlife identified as major source of Escherichia coli in agriculturally dominated watersheds by BOX A1R-derived genetic fingerprints.

The presence of Escherichia coli in recreational and potable waters is a major concern to the general public as elevated levels of E. coli suggest the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Unfortunately, traditional microbial techniques do not allow specific identification of the source of E. coli. This reduces the ability to target management practices that reduce bacterial contamination. In the Finger Lakes region of western New York, USA, wildlife resides in relatively high densities on watersheds dominated by people and dairy farms, and as a result, the sources of fecal degradation of potable and recreational waters are often unknown. In the Conesus Lake watershed, the sources of microbial contamination were assessed using Rep-PCR molecular tools, a method of amplifying repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the E. coli genome to produce distinct fingerprints for a given ecotype. Molecular fingerprints of E. coli isolated from regional populations of cattle, humans, geese and deer were compared to E. coli isolated from stream water samples. Canonical discriminant function analysis indicated that the DNA fingerprints of the original source group isolates were correctly predicted 90.2% of the time. Since land use in the sub-watersheds was dominated by dairy and cash crop farms, it was expected that the majority of E. coli isolated would be identified as cows; however, an unexpectedly high percentage of isolates were identified as wildlife (geese and deer). Geese were the dominant source of E. coli (44.7-73.7% of the total sources) in four sub-watersheds followed by cows (10.5-21.1%), deer (10.5-18.4%), humans (5.3-12.9%) and unidentifiable sources (0.0-11.8%). Management practices intended to decrease the number of cattle or the amount of manure spread in a sub-watershed were reflected in a decrease of E. coli ecotypes associated with dairy cows.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Attempts on freezing the Greylag (Anser anser L.) gander semen.

Semen of Greylag (Anser anser L.) ganders was frozen according to a method previously elaborated by the authors for freezing the White Koluda gander semen. Semen was collected from five to eight Greylag ganders, twice a week during three succeeding reproductive cycles, by dorso-abdominal massage. Semen samples were diluted in the ratio of 1:1 or 2:1 (two parts semen: one part diluent) with EK diluent, supplemented by 6% DMF, equilibrated and pre-frozen to -140 degrees C at a rate 60 degrees C/min, before being transferred into liquid nitrogen container. Semen samples thawed in a water bath of 60 degrees C were used for twice a week insemination in a volume of 200 microl. Three Greylag and three White Koluda geese were involved in frozen-thawed semen fertilizing ability test. The reproductive cycle of wild geese lasts usually about 6-7 weeks. The ejaculate volume (30-140 microl) and sperm concentration (10x10(6) to 150x10(6) ml(-1)) are much lower than these of domestic ganders, but spermatozoa morphology is similar, particularly while compared to 1-year-old White Koluda ganders semen. There are about 90% of live spermatozoa and about 30% of live morphologically normal cells in Greylag gander fresh semen. The Greylag gander spermatozoa susceptibility to cryopreservation procedure is as high as in domestic ganders. Dilution ratio 2:1 resulted in higher number of live spermatozoa, which withstood cryoinjury stress. In relation to fresh semen about 60% of spermatozoa remained intact (on the basis of light microscope examination) in the frozen-thawed semen. Insemination of frozen-thawed semen resulted in 37.5% of fertile eggs in Greylag and 25.0% in White Koluda geese. Low fertility rate was caused by an insufficient number of live normal spermatozoa used for insemination (about three million in every dose).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative development in captive and migratory populations of the barnacle goose.

The development of the locomotory muscles and associated skeletal structures of goslings and adults from a captive population of barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) was compared with that from a wild migratory population. There was no significant difference between flight-muscle development of wild and captive goslings up to 7 wk of age, when the birds are first able to fly. In contrast, mass-specific citrate-synthase activity in the semimembranosus leg muscle of the captive goslings was significantly lower than that of wild goslings by 5 wk of age. During the postfledging premigratory period, captive geese showed significantly higher values for both mass and mass-specific citrate-synthase activity of the leg muscles than those of wild birds. Premigratory wild geese had significantly higher citrate-synthase activity in the pectoralis muscles and larger cardiac ventricular mass (by ca. 20%-25%) than both wild postmoulting and captive premigratory adults. Total flight-muscle mass was only slightly reduced (by ca. 10%) in long-term captive adults compared with wild premigratory adults. Most of the differences between these two populations appear primarily to reflect their relative levels of activity and/or differences in their ambient environment, rather than any intrinsic differences in developmental or adult physiology.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Morphometric characteristics of the ophthalmic rete in the goose living at high altitudes and cold climate conditions.

This study has aimed at observing in detail the degree of complexity in the formation of the ophthalmic rete in geese living at high altitudes and very cold climate conditions in Kars and its province of Turkey. The 15 adult geese were injected with red and blue coloured latex, dissection was performed, the rete was examined, and the vessels were counted macroscopically and by stereoscopic microscopy. The size and the afferent and efferent vessels of the rete were mostly in parallel with the literature. The numbers of the vessels in the rete of the male and female geese were between 8.3 +/- 1.1 and 9.3 +/- 1.1 in arteries, and 8.6 +/- 1.4 and 10.5 +/- 1.3 in veins respectively. The results suggest that the ophthalmic rete in the goose living at high altitudes and very cold conditions may tend to be less complex, which might be the result of the relatively less cooling needs of the brain at cold conditions.

Altitude↗
PubMed1976

Activities of mixed function oxidases, UDP-glucuronyl transferase and sulphate conjugation enzymes in galliformes and anseriformes.

The activities of certain drug metabolizing enzymes have been measured in liver and kidney slice preparations from domesticated birds. Aminopyrine demethylase activity was significantly lower in liver slices from the duck (Aylesbury X Pekin, Khaki-Campbell) than from the rat (Wistar), and in the Aylesbury X Pekin duck lower than in the turkey (Triple 6 FLX), chicken (Brown Leghorn, Rhode Island Red X Light Sussex) and goose (Emden X Doulouse). The microsomal cytochrome P-450 was lower in duck liver (Aylesbury X Pekin) than in rat liver, and the aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase activities in a 10,000 g supernatant fraction of liver were lower in duck preparations (Aylesbury X Pekin, Khaki-Campbell) than rat preparations. These observations suggest that the duck is likely to be susceptible to drugs which are metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 containing mono-oxygenases. UDP-Glucuronyl transferase activity was not detectable in liver and kidney slices from two mature geese. This observation was not the outcome of a deficiency of UDP-glucuronic acid, rapid breakdown of glucuronide by beta-glucuronidase or the presence of a substance inhibitory to UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Liver slices from geese, ducks (Aylesbury X Pekin) and chickens contained low UDP-glucuronyl transferase and high sulphate conjugation enzyme activities, whereas the reverse was found in Khaki-Campbell ducks. The activities of UDP-glucuronyl transferase and the sulphate conjugation enzymes were both relatively high in liver slices from the turkey and rat. The kidney contained lower enzyme activities than the liver except in the duck (Aylesbury X Pekin), in which low activities of aminopyrine demethylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase were present in slices of both organs. In liver slices from chickens and geese the activities of aminopyrine demethylase and the sulphate conjugation enzymes were similar in mature and immature birds, and the activity of UDP-glucuronyl transferase was considerably higher in chicks and goslings than in mature birds of the same species. In the chick the activities of aminopyrine demethylase, UDP-glucuronyl transferase and the sulphate conjugation enzymes were higher in the duodenum than the remainder of the alimentary tract. The activities of these enzymes in pieces of duodenum were as high as those in slices of liver. The inclusion of sulphate in the incubation medium produced a significant increase in the synthesis of p-nitrophenyl sulphate in liver slices and not kidney slices except those from the duck. The kidney slices seemed to produce sufficient sulphate for the reaction of the sulphate conjugation enzymes to proceed at the maximum rate, but the liver slices did not do so.

Age Factors↗