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PubMed2001

Horseradish peroxidase retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons: a comparison of four intraspinal application methods.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the methods of retrograde labeling of sensory neurons in demonstrating the continuity of post-ganglionic primary sensory axons. This was accomplished by comparing four different methods of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) application into the lower thoracic spinal cord of adult rats (level T11). HRP application with a piece of Gelfoam via a dorsal myelotomy (group 1, n = 8), stereotactic injections with a 0.72-mm tip diameter needle (group 2, n = 8), with a 0.24-mm tip needle (group 3, n = 8), and with a 0.08-mm tip glass micropipette (group 4, n = 5). Histological examination of the application site showed that the extent of spinal cord injury was directly proportional to the diameter of the needle tip. The mean number of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons retrogradely stained by HRP differed among the four experimental groups: 77 +/- 45 (SEM) per DRG in group 1, 106 +/- 24 in group 2, 652 +/- 90 in group 3, and 238 +/- 60 in group 4. A significant difference was found between group 3 and the other ones (P < 0.05). Intraspinal injection of HRP with a fine needle (0.24-mm tip diameter) using a stereotactic approach can achieve effective and reliable retrograde labeling of primary sensory neurons. This reproducible method may be useful in studies dealing with regeneration of post-ganglionic primary sensory axons.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Neurotrophic agents prevent motoneuron death following sciatic nerve section in the neonatal mouse.

We have examined the ability of different neurotrophic and growth factors to prevent axotomy-induced motoneuron cell death in the developing mouse spinal cord. After postnatal unilateral section of the mouse sciatic nerve, most motoneuron (MN) loss occurs in the lateral motor column of the fourth lumbar segment (L4). Significant axotomy-induced cell death occurred after surgery performed on or before postnatal day (PN) 5. In contrast, no significant cell loss was found when axotomy was performed after PN10. Axotomy on PN2 or PN5 resulted in a 44% loss of L4 motoneurons by 7 days, and a 66% loss of motoneurons by 10 days postsurgery. Implantation of gelfoam presoaked in various neurotrophic factors at the lesion site rescued axotomized motoneurons. Nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) rescued 20%-30% of motoneurons, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) rescued virtually all motoneurons from axotomy-induced death. By contrast, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and interleukin (IL-6) were ineffective on motoneuron survival following axotomy. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, IGF-1, and CNTF also prevented axotomy-induced atrophy of surviving motoneurons. These data show that mouse lumbar motoneurons continue to be vulnerable to axotomy up to about 1 week after birth and that a number of trophic agents, including the neurotrophins, CNTF, and IGF-1, can prevent the death of these neurons following axotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Traumatized rat striatum produces neurite-promoting and neurotrophic activities in vitro.

We have previously reported that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) mRNA is upregulated in the rat striatum following trauma and that its peak is coincident with a peak in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes. CNTF, or other neurotrophic factors present in the traumatized striatum, may be involved in the dopaminergic fiber sprouting seen following cavitation or graft implantation in animal models of Parkinson's disease. This study was undertaken in order to further characterize the neurotrophic activity present following trauma through the use of bioassays. Adult rats underwent stereotaxic biopsy of the right striatum, and gelatin sponge [gelfoam (GF)] was placed in the resultant cavity. GF was collected from 1 to 30 days following trauma and homogenized. GF extracts (with equal protein concentrations) were assayed using dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants, dissociated ciliary ganglia (CG), and human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell (SH-SY5Y) cultures. The GF extracts had significant neurite-promoting activity (NPA) for DRG, CG, and SH-SY5Y cells, with the maximum effect seen 7 days after trauma. NPA was not blocked by anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) Ab, but anti-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Ab significantly blocked the activity for DRG. The GF extracts protected the SH-SY5Y cells from the neurotoxins 6-OHDA and MPP+, as did NGF and BDNF. This neuroprotective effect of GF was not blocked by anti-NGF Ab. This study suggests that the neurotrophic activity in GF extracts has CNTF-like and BDNF-like components as well as another, undefined component.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Ototoxicity of sodium nitroprusside is not due to nitric oxide.

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been used as a donor for nitric oxide (NO) to study the effects of NO on the mammalian cochlea. In the present study, we set out to determine whether NO was the chemical responsible for the ototoxic effects seen after the application of SNP at the round window membrane of the adult guinea pig cochlea. In the first instance, NO released from S-nitrosocysteine, a compound not related to cyanide, has no toxic effect on the hair cells of the cochlea. Light-exposed SNP that could no longer produce NO, light-exposed SNP to which acetylcysteine (ATC) or hydroxycobalamin (HCL) was added to eliminate cyanide, and freshly prepared SNP to which ATC or HCL was added were also tested. Six groups of animals consisting of three animals in each group were used. The single chemical or combination of chemicals stated above was soaked in a piece of gelfoam that was then applied to the round window membrane of the animal under ketamine-xylasine anesthesia. The animals were reanesthetized 3 days later and perfused for scanning electron microscopy and hair cell quantitative analysis. The results showed that, in animals given S-nitrosocysteine, no hair cell loss was noted, while light-exposed SNP led to severe hair cell damage similar to that seen after the administration of fresh SNP. In animals treated with the mixture of light-exposed SNP and ATC or HCL, or fresh SNP with ATC or HCL, ototoxicity was significantly attenuated. These results have convincingly demonstrated that NO at a certain level is not destructive to auditory hair cells and the hair cell loss observed after SNP application is most likely due to the cyanide released from the SNP instead of NO.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2002

Therapeutic strategies targeting caspase inhibition following spinal cord injury in rats.

Apoptosis-modulating therapeutics using active-site mimetic peptide ketones (z-VAD-fluoromethylketone (fmk)) have been reported to be efficacious in delaying the apoptotic response in central nervous system lesions. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the caspase inhibitor z-VAD fmk prevents apoptosis and improves neurological deficit and tissue damage. One-hundred twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into groups that were administered 25 microg of z-VAD-fmk or vehicle 30 min and 24 h after moderate spinal cord contusion (NYU impactor, 12.5 mm at T10). Several routes of administration were tested: (1) via Gelfoam placed on the spinal cord, (2) into the cisterna magna via a subarachnoidal catheter, (3) intravenously via the external jugular vein, or (4) intraperitoneally. Another group was injected with 50 microg of zVAD-fmk or vehicle intraperitoneally 30 min, 24, 48, and 72 h after injury. Animals were evaluated for locomotor function (BBB score) at weekly intervals for 6 weeks after injury and treatment. Spinal cords were then processed for histological analysis to determine whether zVAD-fmk treatment decreased contusion volume. Other spinal cord samples were harvested 24 h after injury and examined for cleavage of XIAP by immunoblot analysis. There were no significant differences in the BBB scores, contusion volumes, and XIAP cleavage between animals receiving the broad specific caspase inhibitor by the various routes and animals receiving vehicle alone. These findings raise critical questions about the use of peptide ketone apoptotic inhibitors in improving functional and histopathological outcomes following spinal cord injury.

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones↗
PubMed1996

Angiographic-guided embolization of metastatic invasive mole.

BACKGROUND: The friable and hypervascular nature of a metastatic invasive mole places the patient at risk for significant hemorrhage. Bleeding is the chief cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with a histopathological diagnosis of invasive mole. Bleeding from vaginal metastatic lesions can be controlled by packing the vagina and local excision if necessary. Often the results are less than satisfactory. CASE: This case describes a 43-year-old Hispanic female with metastatic invasive mole to the vagina. Following chemotherapy, she underwent life-threatening hemorrhage requiring hospitalization and multiple transfusions. The metastatic lesions were successfully embolized with gelfoam by selective angiography. The patient required minimal additional chemotherapy and is currently without evidence of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of angiographic embolization is emerging as a successful and minimally invasive procedure as illustrated in this presentation. Prophylactic embolization with or prior to the administration of chemotherapy in the management of metastatic invasive mole is discussed and may play a role in the primary therapy of this condition.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Endothelial implants provide long-term control of vascular repair in a porcine model of arterial injury.

Cell culture and animal data support the role of endothelial cells and endothelial-based compounds in regulating vascular repair after injury. We describe a long-term study in pigs in which the biological and immunological responses to endothelial cell implants were investigated 3 months after angioplasty, approximately 2 months after the implants have degraded. Confluent porcine or bovine endothelial cells grown in polymer matrices were implanted adjacent to 28 injured porcine carotid arteries. Porcine and bovine endothelial cell implants significantly reduced experimental restenosis compared to control by 56 and 31%, respectively. Host humoral responses were investigated by detection of an increase in serum antibodies that bind to the bovine or porcine cell strains used for implantation. A significant increase in titer of circulating antibodies to the bovine cells was observed after 4 days in all animals implanted with xenogeneic cells. Detected antibodies returned to presurgery levels after Day 40. No significant increase in titer of antibodies to the porcine cells was observed during the time course of the experiment in animals implanted with porcine endothelial cells. No implanted cells, Gelfoam, or focal inflammatory reaction could be detected histologically at any of the implant sites at 90 days. These data suggest that tissue-engineered endothelial cell implants may provide long-term control of vascular repair after injury, rather than simply delaying lesion formation and that allogeneic implants are able to provide a greater benefit than xenogeneic implants.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas by embolization of the cavernous sinus through venous affluents or direct puncture.

Eight patients with nine carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF), one of them bilateral, have been treated in our Department by embolization of the venous components of the cavernous sinus, either through one of its venous effluents or by direct puncture of the sinus, in an effort to preserve the internal carotid artery (ICA). Five of the fistulas were of traumatic origin and four were spontaneous. In two cases the cavernous sinus was embolized through bridging temporal veins, and in another two cases embolization was carried out by catheterization of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein, while in the remaining five cases it was performed by direct puncture of the lateral wall of the sinus. The embolizing materials employed were bone wax mixed with an oily iodised contrast media, small pieces of oxidized cellulose or gelfoam vehicled by saline solution, and fibrin sealant. Obliteration of the CCF was complete in all but one case, in which this was accomplished only partially. On six occasions carotid patency was maintained, while in two patients failure of the technique made trapping of the ICA necessary. In one patient the ICA was ligated prior to the embolization of the cavernous sinus. The surgical techniques employed and the results achieved are exposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Explant organ culture of hamster alimentary tract epithelium.

Adult Syrian Golden hamster alimentary tract maintained as explants in organ culture was studied using the model system for hamster pancreas described by Resau et al. (1983a). Explants of esophagus, stomach, duodenum and colon were maintained in organ culture on Gelfoam sponge rafts in a high-oxygen atmosphere with serum-supplemented CMRL-1066 medium. All of the tissues were observed to show evidence of sublethal acute cell injury during the first several days of culture. Subsequently, the epithelial tissues recovered from this injury, repopulated the denuded areas of the explants and replicated within the sponge matrix. Explants were maintained in a differentiated state for 30+ days and sampled for morphology to examine to process of cell injury, repair, differentiation and replication which occurs in mucosal epithelia. The percentage of basement membrane covered by epithelia in the explants from various tissues was compared to the level of LDH in the media to reveal the relationship between viability determined by biochemical and by morphological methods. Restitution of the mucosal surface occurred in all of the explants. We conclude that adequate populations of replicating cells are maintained within the epithelium of the hamster alimentary tract tissues in vitro so that restitution can occur through migration and subsequent differentiation of the epithelial cells within the mucosa of the explants.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Wyburn-Mason syndrome subcutaneous angioma extirpation after preliminary embolisation.

In a 38-year-old women, suffering from the Bonnet-Blanc/Wyburn-Mason syndrome, a very disfiguring, pulsating 'angioma', situated left frontally, was successfully extirpated after gelfoam embolisation of the supplying external carotid artery. The patient, suffering from this syndrome which until recently was hardly amenable to treatment, could thus, thanks to modern embolisation technique and the great importance of a multidisciplinary approach by the ophthalmologist, neurologist, surgeon and radiologist.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of the optimum dose level of lipiodol in transcatheter arterial embolization of primary hepatocellular carcinoma based on retrospective multivariate analysis.

PURPOSE: Multivariate analysis was used to study the effectiveness and optimum dose level of Lipiodol (LP) in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 219 cases of nodular type HCC, with a tumor diameter less than 7 cm, were studied. TAE was performed using both Gelfoam sponge (GS) and LP in 158 cases; in the remaining 61 cases only GS was used. RESULTS: Statistical stepwise variable selection revealed that only LP had a negative T-value, suggesting that LP is a useful factor for prognosis. The most favorable effect on patient prognosis was obtained with an LP dose level (expressed in mm) of 1-1.5 times the absolute value of the tumor diameter (expressed in cm). CONCLUSION: A significant difference (p < 0.01, log-rank test) in survival was found between the GS with LP group and the GS only group, using Cox's proportional hazard model.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
PubMed1992

Aneurysmal bone cysts treated by superselective embolization.

A series of 7 cases of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC), all but 1 located in the pelvic bones, which were treated by transcatheter embolization is presented. Five embolizations were performed for primary treatment, while in 2 patients they were performed preoperatively. In all patients a definite histological diagnosis was established by open biopsy, and plain radiographs as well as computerized tomography (CT) were applied for evaluation of the results. The embolizing materials were tissue adhesive for permanent, and Gelfoam for preoperative vessel occlusions. Of 5 lesions treated for the purpose of definitive embolization, 3 (all located in the superior pubic ramus) showed complete ossification; in one, partial remineralization and progression occurred. In a further patient with a secondary ABC, partial reconstitution was recorded. Both preoperative embolizations resulted in successful en bloc resection with minimal blood loss. Transcatheter embolization is the treatment of choice for the highly vascular ABC in unfavorable anatomical locations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Histomorphometry and cell kinetics of normal human bladder mucosa in vitro.

In this study, we have quantified the morphologic and kinetic parameters of explant cultured normal adult human urinary bladder mucosa. Quantitative parameters studied were urothelial height, cell density, labelling index and mitotic index. For these studies, urinary bladders from seven adults with no previous history of urologic disease were obtained at autopsy. Mucosal explants were maintained in rocking culture on Gelfoam rafts for up to 33 days using supplemented CMRL 1066 medium. Prior to sampling, cultures were treated with tritiated thymidine and colchicine to investigate tissue kinetics. Data was based on histologic autoradiograms. During culture, urothelial cells retained normal polarity. During the first week of culture, urothelial height increased and cell density decreased. DNA synthesis and mitotic activity occurred primarily among basal cells. DNA synthesis was first noted on day 2 of culture; mitotic activity began after 3 days of culture. Morphologically, human urothelium was well maintained; DNA synthesis and mitotic activity was variable but continued throughout culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Epidural scar tissue formation after spinal surgery: an experimental study.

Extensive epidural scar formation is a well-known complication after spine surgery. Fibrous adhesions around nerve roots are a major reason for recurrent neurological symptoms following lumbar discectomy. A large variety of materials, implanted onto the dura, have been used to prevent or reduce laminectomy membrane, with conflicting results. We therefore carried out an experimental study in dogs to compare those materials that seemed to be most suitable. In each of 30 adult beagles, three lumbar laminectomies were performed. Each level was covered with a different material--free autologous fat graft, cellulose mesh, Gelfoam or triamcinolone suspension. In a control group nothing was implanted. After 7 days or 1, 3 or 6 months the animals were killed. The lumbar vertebral columns were harvested and prepared for further histological examination. To compare the results, we designed a new classification scheme (scar index). The data were obtained without knowledge of implanted material or time since operation. We found that free autologous fat grafts are able to reduce epidural scar formation in a high proportion of cases, especially after 3 and 6 months; cellulose mesh showed the worst results. We conclude that free autologous fat grafts are superior to other materials because of simple operative handling, good compatibility and effective prevention of laminectomy membrane.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1978

Successful embolization of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein.

The case of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein in a patient with a high jugular bulb is presented. The lesion was missed by selective internal and external carotid angiography due to technical reasons, but was well demonstrated by common carotid and subsequent superselective ascending pharyngeal angiography. A single Gelfoam embolus soaked in Pantopaque obliterated the lesion.

Arteriovenous Fistula↗
PubMed1982

Embolization with "Ethibloc" of vascular tumors and arteriovenous malformations in the head and neck.

"Ethibloc" has been used almost exclusively until now for embolization of tumors and bleeding vessels in the liver and kidney. Unlike with Gelfoam-particles, there is no recanalization. The resorption occurs so slowly that there is no interference with the necrosis of the embolized tumor. Due to its low viscosity, it passes catheters with thin lumina and fills the capillary bed of the tumor without danger danger of reaching the venous vessels. In this paper we describe a new technic of percutaneous catheter-embolization with Ethibloc using a coaxial catheter which we believe enhances safety and effectiveness. It has been successfully used in five patients. In the meantime two more patients have been treated successfully.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Neuroradiological diagnosis and treatment of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae (author's transl)].

The neuroradiological diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in seven patients with nine dural fistulae between distal branches of the external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus is described. All patients had proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure, and different degrees of pareses of the ocular muscles. During the diagnostic investigations selective angiographies of the internal and external carotid arteries and of the vertebral arteries were performed on both sides in order to exclude or to demonstrate branches of these vessels supplying the shunts. Subsequently those branches of the external carotid arteries feeding the fistulae were angiographied superselectively and embolized by repeated Gelfoam-injections during this same examination. Finally, the embolization of the shunts was proved by control angiographies in all cases. Following embolization, a pulse-synchronous bruit preexisting in four patients had disappeared. In all patients there was a complete remission of proptosis, signs of increased orbital venous pressure and blepharoedema within 2 weeks, and of the pareses of the ocular muscles within 4 to 6 weeks. After periodical control examinations at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks and during a period of 6 to 15 months none of the patients showed neurological deficits or signs of recurrence of the embolized fistulae. Superselective angiography and simultaneous embolization of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae is therefore proposed as the current therapeutic procedure of choice for the treatment of these vascular malformations.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Angiographic, operative, and histologic findings after embolization of craniofacial angiomas.

After pre- or intraoperative angiography and Gelfoam embolization in patients with deforming vascular malformations in the craniofacial region, the angiographic findings and the results of embolization were controlled by operation and histology. In arteriovenous hemangiomas the disfigurations of the craniofacial region originate from the shunt vessels themselves, in capillary hemangiomas exclusively from neoplastic, pathologically dilated and convoluted veins which could be demonstrated only by percutaneous punctures. Lymphatic hemangiomas also could be radiologically shown only after direct punctures and without any feeding or draining vessels. During operation vast necrosis of the fatty tissue in the region of embolization and massive phlebolithiasis in the draining veins were found. Histologically, arterial obliterations could be shown in the former shunt area. The reconstructive operations could be done in bloodless surgical regions and always showed good cosmetic results, which were regarded as constant because of the embolization of the shunt area.

Adolescent↗