Quantitative correlation of ethanol elimination rates in vivo with liver alcohol dehydrogenase activities in fed, fasted and food-restricted rats.
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Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
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[Nutritional habits of adolescents in the Paris suburbs].
BACKGROUND: Physical and psychological disorders in adolescence may lead to specific food behaviours. The aim of this work was to make a group of adolescents full actors of the conception and realization of a study on their food consumption and attitudes. POPULATION AND METHODS: Seventeen self-selected adolescents (age: 12 to 18 years) were enrolled in the study. They interviewed 186 peers (24% of the adolescents of the district) during March 1994. RESULTS: 5.9% of adolescents never had breakfast; only 57.7% had the three main meals every day during the last week, but 14% had these three main meals and three snacks the preceding day. During a week, 22% (12-14 years old) and 32% (15-18 years old) had had at least one lunch outside their home or school canteen. Fast-food attraction was very strong, mainly among the youngest, the boys and the foreign students. However, family meals were appreciated by 87% of them. CONCLUSION: Even though absence of representation of the sample gave doubts on the most marginal forms of food behavior, the interest manifested by adolescents for this research program and the results favor a food educational program that should be planned with them.
Adolescent↗
The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food.
The content of trans fatty acids (TFA) in Danish food has been monitored for the last 30 years. In margarines and shortenings the content of TFA has steadily declined from about 10 g/100 g margarine in the seventies to practically no TFA in margarines in 1999. In order to efficiently reduce the health risk related to TFA, Denmark decided to impose a maximum level of 2 g/100 g fat on industrially produced TFA (IP-TFA) with the Danish Order no. 160 of March 2003, as labelling was deemed insufficient to protect the consumers, especially risk groups like children or people with high intake of fast foods. A broader range of food was monitored with 253 samples in 2003 and 148 samples in 2005 after the Danish regulation was in effect. The investigations show that the TFA content has been reduced or removed from the products with high TFA content originally, like French fries, microwave oven popcorn and various bakery products, so IP-TFA are now without any significance for the intake of TFA in Denmark.
Child↗
The etiology of obesity: relative contribution of metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity.
Three major factors modulate body weight: metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity, each influenced by genetic traits. Despite recent advances in these areas, the prevalence of obesity in Westernized societies has increased. In contrast to monogenic animal models and rare human genetic syndromes, predisposition to common forms of obesity is probably influenced by numerous susceptibility genes, accounting for variations in energy requirements, fuel utilization, muscle metabolic characteristics, and taste preferences. Although recent increases in obesity prevalence cannot be explained by changes in the gene pool, previously "silent" genetic variants may now play important permissive roles in modern societies. Available data suggest that variations in resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fuel utilization exist but, by themselves, are unlikely to explain the onset of obesity. Regarding diet, the best available trend survey data indicate that fat and energy intake have fallen, in this and other Westernized countries. Diverging trends of decreasing energy intake and increasing body weight suggest that reduced physical activity may be the most important current factor explaining the rising prevalence of obesity. Subsistence in modern societies requires extreme adaptations in previously useful energy-conserving diet and exercise behaviors. Recognizing the difficulties in sustaining energy-restricted diets in the presence of fast foods and social feasts, the current trend toward increasing body weight is not likely to be reversed solely through recommendations for further reductions in energy intake. In all likelihood, activity levels will have to increase in response to an environment engineered to be more physically demanding.
Appetite↗
Modulatory role of food, feeding regime and physical exercise on body weight and insulin resistance.
Energy intake and expenditure is a highly conserved and well-controlled system with a bias toward energy intake. In times of abundant food supply, individuals tend to overeat and in consequence to increase body weight, sometimes to the point of clinical obesity. Obesity is a disease that is not only characterized by enormous body weight but also by rising morbidity for diabetes type II and cardiovascular complications. To better understand the critical factors contributing to obesity we performed the present study in which the effects of energy expenditure and energy intake were examined with respect to body weight, localization of fat and insulin resistance in normal Wistar rats. It was found that a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates similar to "fast food" (cafeteria diet) has pronounced implication in the development of obesity, leading to significant body weight gain, fat deposition and also insulin resistance. Furthermore, an irregularly presented cafeteria diet (yoyo diet) has similar effects on body weight and fat deposition. However, these rats were not resistant to insulin, but showed an increased insulin secretion in response to glucose. When rats were fed with a specified high fat/carbohydrate diet (10% fat, 56.7% carbohydrate) ad lib or at the beginning of their activity phase they were able to detect the energy content of the food and compensate this by a lower intake. They, however, failed to compensate when food was given in the resting phase and gained more body weight as controls. Exercise, even of short duration, was able to keep rats on lower body weight and reduced fat deposition. Thus, inappropriate food intake with different levels of energy content is able to induce obesity in normal rats with additional metabolic changes that can be also observed in humans.
Adipose Tissue↗
Asian students change their eating patterns after living in the United States.
OBJECTIVE: To collect information on changes in dietary patterns among Asian students before and after immigration to the United States. DESIGN: A questionnaire designed to collect information about background, changes in food habits, and frequency of food consumption from a 72-item food list was mailed to subjects. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Potential participants were students of local universities and junior colleges who were born in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, or Korea and were aged 18 years or older. All subjects were required to have been residing in the United States for at least 3 months before the start of the study. Questionnaires were mailed to 120 potential participants. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Paired t tests were used to determine differences in eating patterns and frequency of food consumption of subjects before and after immigrating to the United States. RESULTS: Seventy-one questionnaires were returned. Because of missing information on 8 of these questionnaires, only 63 were used in the analysis, which gave a response rate of 53%. The number of students consuming only 2 meals per day increased significantly; 29 (46%) respondents skipped breakfast because of their school schedules. Despite no significant change in the frequency of snack consumption, a majority (n = 46; 73%) of the respondents were consuming more salty and sweet snack items. Subjects were eating out less often, but they were selecting more American-style fast foods when they did eat out. Significant increases were noted in consumption of fats/sweets, diary products, and fruits, and significant decreases were noted in the consumption of meat/meat alternatives and vegetables after immigration to the United States. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study could be useful to dietetics practitioners as they observe changes in dietary patterns of Asian immigrants. These health professionals can use this information to plan nutrition education programs for Asian groups so that they can make informed decisions in adapting to new eating patterns and make wise food choices in their new environment. It is important to help Asian immigrants retain healthful food habits from their original country and to encourage them to choose eating patterns of the new culture that are nutritionally sound.
Adult↗
Predictors of weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Study 1.
BACKGROUND: High consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks has been associated with weight gain and obesity in the United States. This trend may also be affecting populations with different eating patterns who increasingly are adopting typical US dietary patterns. OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether the consumption of sweetened drinks and other food items increased the likelihood of weight gain in a Mediterranean population. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort analysis of 7194 men and women with a mean age of 41 y who were followed-up for a median of 28.5 mo with mailed questionnaires. Dietary exposure was assessed with a previously validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: During follow-up, we observed that 49.5% of the participants increased their weight (x weight gain: 0.64 kg; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.73 kg). In the participants who had gained > or =3 kg in the 5 y before baseline, the adjusted odds ratio of subsequent weight gain for the fifth quintile compared with the first quintile of sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.1; P for trend = 0.02). This association was absent in the participants who had not gained weight in the 5-y period before baseline. The consumption of hamburgers, pizza, and sausages (as a proxy for fast-food consumption) was also independently associated with weight gain (adjusted odds ratio for the fifth compared with the first quintile = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4; P for trend = 0.05). We also found a significant, but weaker, association between weight gain and both red meat and sweetened fruit juice consumption. CONCLUSION: In a Mediterranean cohort, particularly in the participants who had already gained weight, an increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and of hamburgers, pizza, and sausages was associated with a higher risk of additional subsequent weight gain.
Adult↗
Meal patterns and food use in 10- to 11-year-old Finnish children.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the meal patterns and food use on weekdays among 10- to 11-year-old Finnish children and to analyse these in relation to family's socio-economic status and the child's behaviour. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study on a cohort of 404 children aged 10-11 years in the rural town of Ylivieska, mid-western Finland. METHODS: A food-frequency questionnaire including questions on meal patterns and food use and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) completed by the parents and the child together. RESULTS: Practically all children (99%) ate breakfast regularly, 94% had a daily school lunch and 80% had dinner at home daily. Vegetables were consumed daily at home by 26% and fruits or berries by 21%, while 46% of the children had salad daily at school. Twenty-four per cent ate sweets daily or nearly so on weekdays. The children from families of high socio-economic status ate vegetables more often, and fewer of them used butter or high-fat milk. The children with no regular family dinner ate sweets and fast foods more often, and had higher total CBCL problem scores than those with a regular family dinner. CONCLUSION: Skipping meals appears not to be common among Finnish children aged 10-11 years, but a considerable proportion consume sweets frequently and vegetables infrequently. High family socio-economic status and a tendency to eat together are associated with healthy food choices among schoolchildren.
Candy↗
Eating behaviors, weight loss methods, and nutrition practices among high school wrestlers.
Wrestlers lose weight frequently, using rapid weight reduction methods in order to qualify for a certain weight classification. Under these conditions, the potential for developing eating disorders seems apparent. A questionnaire was used to evaluate binge eating and bulimic behaviors, nutrition practices, and weight loss methods in 716 wrestlers. Subjects lost 4.0 kg, on average, to certify, and cycled (lost and regained) 2.3 kg weekly. Two-thirds gained weight in the postseason. The most frequently used weight loss methods included increased exercise, food restriction, gradual dieting, and heated wrestling rooms. Subjects relied primarily on coaches and fellow wrestlers for sources of weight management. Using symptom severity levels by Hawkins and Clement (1980) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed.; DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) criteria, 2.8% of subjects were classified as bulimic; 1.4% using DSM-III-R (3rd ed.; rev; American Psychiatric Association, 1987); and 1.4% met both DSM-III and DSM-III-R. There were significant differences between the diagnostic (DG) and nondiagnostic groups (NDG) in weight lost to certify, weekly weight fluctuation, postseason weight gain, and severity of binge eating. The DG used fasting, food and fluid restriction, dehydration methods, and laxatives significantly more often to promote weight loss. They also experienced significantly more negative feelings during and following binging. Implications for nursing research and clinical practice are also discussed.
Adolescent↗
Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults.
BACKGROUND: Obesity has increased > 20% in the past decade in the United States, and more than one-half of US adults are overweight or obese. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to further elucidate the nutritional etiology of changes in body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) and waist circumference by dietary intake pattern. We hypothesized that a healthy dietary pattern would lead to smaller changes in BMI and waist circumference than would other dietary patterns. DESIGN: Subjects were 459 healthy men and women participating in the ongoing Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diet was assessed with the use of 7-d dietary records, from which 41 food groups were created and entered into a cluster analysis. RESULTS: Five dietary patterns were derived (healthy, white bread, alcohol, sweets, and meat and potatoes). The mean annual change in BMI was 0.30 +/- 0.06 for subjects in the meat-and-potatoes cluster and 0.05 +/- 0.06 for those in the healthy cluster (P < 0.01). The mean annual change in waist circumference was more than 3 times as great for subjects in the white-bread cluster (1.32 +/- 0.29 cm) as for those in the healthy cluster (0.43 +/- 0.27 cm) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Consuming a diet high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy, and whole grains and low in red and processed meat, fast food, and soda was associated with smaller gains in BMI and waist circumference. Because foods are not consumed in isolation, dietary pattern research based on natural eating behavior may be useful in understanding dietary causes of obesity and in helping individuals trying to control their weight.
Adult↗
Effects of total fasting or chronic food restriction on plasma endothelin levels in rats.
We tested the effects of 24- and 48-h fasting and 40% calorie restriction stresses on plasma endothelin (ET)-1,2 levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Plasma ET-1,2 levels in pg/ml were lower in 24-h fasted rats (15.48 +/- 3.49), 48-h fasted rats (5.28 +/- 4.32), and in chronically food-deprived rats (R) (10.49 +/- 6.28) compared to ad lib-fed (AL) rats (21.23 +/- 9.38). The R rats were pair-fed 40% fewer calories than AL rats. We conclude that calorie restriction or total food deprivation stress decreases plasma ET-1,2 levels, unlike many other forms of physiological stress that have been shown to increase plasma ET-1,2 levels.
Animals↗
Diets rich in Maillard reaction products affect protein digestibility in adolescent males aged 11-14 y.
BACKGROUND: Adolescents are nutritionally at risk because of their physiologic needs and dietary habits. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are widely consumed by this population, mainly as a result of their high intake of fast food and snacks. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of diets with different MRP contents on dietary protein utilization in adolescent males aged 11-14 y. The brown diet (BD) was rich and the white diet (WD) was poor in MRP content (hydroxymethylfurfural: 3.87 and 0.94 mg/kg; fluorescence intensity: 21.04% and 7.31%, respectively). DESIGN: In a 2-period crossover trial, 18 healthy adolescent males were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group consumed the WD for 2 wk, observed a 40-d washout period, and then consumed the BD for 2 wk. The second group received the diets in the opposite order. Subjects collected urine and feces on the last 3 d of each dietary period. Fasting blood samples were collected after both periods. RESULTS: Compared with consumption of the WD, consumption of the BD resulted in 47% higher fecal nitrogen fecal excretion (P = 0.002), 12% lower apparent nitrogen absorption (P = 0.000), and a 6% lower nitrogen digestibility (P = 0.000). The apparent nitrogen retention and the utilization of ingested nitrogen did not differ significantly between the diets, although values after the BD tended to decrease. Serum biochemical variables related to nitrogen metabolism did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of a diet rich in MRPs negatively affects protein digestibility. The possible effects of an excessive intake of MRPs during adolescence warrant attention, and long-term effects should be considered.
Adolescent↗
Dietary intakes among Croatian schoolchildren and adolescents.
The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intakes among 575 schoolchildren and adolescents in Croatia because of the lack of data. The completely quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method was used to identify dietary intakes. Body weight, height and body fat were measured also. Daily energy intake was 95.5 and 83.3% RDA in children and adolescents respectively. Protein intake was very high in both children and adolescents (235.9 vs. 139.6% RDA). Children achieved RDAs for more micronutrients than adolescents did. Children had significantly higher cholesterol (263.7 vs. 231.3 mg) and dietary fiber intake (84.7 vs. 69.2% of the "age + 5" rule). Adolescents consumed significantly more fruit than children (324.8 vs. 204.2 g/day) did. Consumption of vegetables did not differ significantly (269.1 and 255.7 g/day in children and adolescents respectively). In more than 60% of children and adolescents, breakfast provided more than 30% of daily energy intake. Soft drinks and fast food consumption correlated in both children (r = 0.29; p < 0.01) and adolescents (r = 0.43; p < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between BMI and dietetic parameters. Percentage of body fat negatively correlated with fruit intake in children (r = -0.20; p < 0.05) and with intake of cereal products (r = -0.34; p < 0.001) and milk (r = -0.22; p < 0.05) in adolescents.
Adolescent↗
A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of lidamidine HCL in irritable bowel syndrome.
BACKGROUND: We have previously shown electro-mechanical recto-anal alterations in irritable bowel syndrome patients (Awad R. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1993; 5; 265-271). To assess whether the alpha 2-agonist lidamidine HCL is able to modify these physiological alterations and alleviate clinical symptoms, 50 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were studied in a random, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Lidamidine HCL (4 mg) or placebo was taken orally t.i.d. with food. Fasting and post-prandial electrical and mechanical activities of rectum and internal anal sphincter were recorded before and at the end of treatment. Recto-anal sensitivity was also tested. RESULTS: After treatment, post-prandial duration of spontaneous recto-anal inhibitory reflex diminished in the lidamidine group (18.9 +/- 1 vs. 15.1 +/- 1.3 sec; p < 0.05). Amplitude of induced rectoanal inhibitory reflex decreased after lidamidine (24.6 +/- 2.9 vs 17.3 +/- 3 mmHg; p = 0.02). Rectal electrical activity showed no changes during basal and post-prandial periods in any group. Rectal painful sensation decreased after treatment with lidamidine (54.8 +/- 5.4 vs 43.6 +/- 3.5 ml; p < 0.05) as well as with placebo (p < 0.05). Abdominal distension and frequency, severity and duration of pain diminished in both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lidamidine decreased the augmented mechanical response to food, reduced rectal sensitivity, and relieved symptoms. These facts suggest that in spite of the strong placebo response obtained, lidamidine HCL can become a useful alternative for treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
The effect of combining plant sterols, soy protein, viscous fibers, and almonds in treating hypercholesterolemia.
Reductions in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) result from diets containing almonds, or diets that are either low in saturated fat or high in viscous fibers, soy proteins, or plant sterols. We have therefore combined all of these interventions in a single diet (portfolio diet) to determine whether cholesterol reductions could be achieved of similar magnitude to those reported in recent statin trials which reduced cardiovascular events. Twenty-five hyperlipidemic subjects consumed either a portfolio diet (n=13), very low in saturated fat and high in plant sterols (1.2 g/1,000 kcal), soy protein (16.2 g/1,000 kcal), viscous fibers (8.3 g/1,000 kcal), and almonds (16.6 g/1,000 kcal), or a low-saturated fat diet (n=12) based on whole-wheat cereals and low-fat dairy foods. Fasting blood, blood pressure, and body weight were obtained at weeks 0, 2, and 4 of each phase. LDL-C was reduced by 12.1% +/- 2.4% (P<.001) on the low-fat diet and by 35.0% +/- 3.1% (P<.001) on the portfolio diet, which also reduced the ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) significantly (30.0% +/- 3.5%; P<.001). The reductions in LDL-C and the LDL:HDL-C ratio were both significantly lower on the portfolio diet than on the control diet (P<.001 and P<.001, respectively). Mean weight loss was similar on test and control diets (1.0 kg and 0.9 kg, respectively). No difference was seen in blood pressure, HDL-C, serum triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], or homocysteine concentrations between diets. Combining a number of foods and food components in a single dietary portfolio may lower LDL-C similarly to statins and so increase the potential effectiveness of dietary therapy.
Adult↗
Socio-demographic differences in food habits and preferences of school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the differences in food habits and preferences among the adolescents according to socio-demographic characteristics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, cluster design survey in 2002. SETTING: Eight middle schools in two distinct socio-economic areas of the Jiangsu province, China. SUBJECTS: Some 824 young adolescents (12-14 y) attending public schools with a response rate of 99%. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire containing questions on food and meal frequencies, food preferences and socio-demographic characteristics was used. RESULTS: High socio-economic status (SES) and urban residence was positively associated with intake of high-energy foods, such as foods of animal origin, Western style foods and dairy products. In all, 76% of the students had three meals a day regularly , but 8.1% urban students vs 3.4% rural students had breakfast only 1-3 times per week or less often. Daily fruit consumption was fairly common, but with clear differences by SES. Only about 42% of the boys and 55% of the girls from low SES families ate fruit daily, compared with 66% and 72%, respectively in the high SES families. Urban boys had the lowest proportion of daily consumers of vegetables (67.0%). More urban students drank milk daily than the rural students (68.7 vs 38.5%). The frequency of milk drinking also showed a strong positive association with SES. About 10% of the high SES boys consumed hamburgers daily compared with 2.8% of the low SES boys. More than half of the students reported a liking for Western style fast foods including hamburgers, soft drinks and chocolate. Among high SES boys, 21.5% consumed soft drinks on a daily basis; however, as many as 72.3% wanted to drink soft drinks more often if they could afford it. CONCLUSIONS: SES and urban location were positively associated with frequency of intake of high-energy foods. Reported food preferences may enforce this trend. Nutrition education for adolescents and parents is needed to promote healthy eating. Health Authorities should strengthen the monitoring of food intake and its association with overweight/obesity. SPONSORSHIP: This study was funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and Social affairs under the auspices of the Norway-China Health Agreement.
Adolescent↗
National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1998.
OBJECTIVES: Trends between 1977/1978 and 1994/1998 in the prevalence, amounts, and sources of soft drink consumption were examined among youth age 6 to 17 years. DESIGN: Dietary intake data were examined from three national surveys: the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977/1978 (n=8,908), and the combined Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994/1996, and the Supplemental Children's Survey 1998 (n=3,177). Soft drinks were defined as carbonated beverages (all United States Department of Agriculture database codes starting with 924) and included flavored waters and juice drinks. Subjects/Setting A national sample of youth ages 6 to 17 years were interviewed for each of the 3 surveys. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: t tests were conducted to examine between-survey changes in soft drink consumption and sources of soft drinks. RESULTS: The prevalence of soft drink consumption among youth ages 6 to 17 years increased 48%, from a prevalence of 37% in 1977/1978 to 56% in 1994/1998. Mean intake of soft drinks more than doubled, from 5 fl oz to 12 fl oz per day. Although the home environment remained the largest source of children's soft drink access, an increasing share was obtained from restaurants and fast-food establishments (+53%), vending machines (+48%), and other sources (+37%). CONCLUSIONS: Away-from-home sources of soft drink are an important factor for dietitians to consider when evaluating the dietary intake and nutritional status of youths.
Adolescent↗
[A survey on the dietary and health habits according to action styles for unbalanced diets among female university students].
OBJECTS: A survey of woman's students, who had grown up in a time of change-over of Japanese customs regarding food, was conducted to investigate dietary habits, a focus on actions in response to with set needs, The aim was to obtain to measure prospective health maintenance and promotion. METHODS: The authors carried out a questionnaire for woman's students in 6 universities of Kanto area (a junior college and graduate courses were included) in years 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: In actions regarding the diet, 19.1% of the 815 students responded "I eat everything without fail", 17.7% "I eat almost everything irrespective of likes and dislikes", 24.5% "I strive to eat everything", 19.8% "I leave almost everything I dislike", and 18.5% "I don't eat what I dislike". The students who responded "I leave almost everything I dislike" and "I don't eat what I dislike" had low scores in the questionnaire for dietary and health habits, and they tended to like noodles and popular snacks, and also made frequent use of fast food restaurants. There was not a problem with the majority, but about 30% of the students were judged as confirming an unbalanced diet by this questionnaire. It was found that there were "gaps" and "bad habits" in the regular diet. Moreover, we recognized a tendency to prefer convenience and taste to nutritional balance. CONCLUSION: This simple questionnaire is suitable for rapid identification of unbalanced distory habits, and both "gaps" and "bad habits" in the regular system diet. It is the most important that we induce students who leave or don't eat what they dislike, to strive to eat everything, irrespective of likes and dislikes.
Adolescent↗