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PubMed2002

[Good laboratory practice: applications in the plant health sector].

The principles of good laboratory practice (GLP) are also applicable to studies on plant protection products (PPP). In Italy the placing of PPP on the market is authorized by Ministry of Health in accordance with the Decree no. 194/95, which implements Directive 91/414/EEC. The studies listed in Annexes II and III of Directive 91/414/EEC must be conducted in accordance with the principles of GLP, independently of the site of conduct (laboratory, greenhouse, field). Studies on efficacy may be instead conducted in accordance with the principles of good experimental practice. The Ministry of Health grants the compliance status to test facilities which work according to the principles of BPL, with the exception of test facilities which conduct field studies as regards efficacy tests. Such test facilities are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2002

[Early diagnosis of low-value forest: an approach of ecological factors].

The management and improvement of low-value forests is an important issue of forestry in China. This paper put forward a new thought of early diagnosis for low-value forest. By applying this method, the forest growth trend before the explosion of the state of low-value forest was diagnosed according to the formation rule of low-value forest, and so, managers could adopt corresponding management measures in time. Taking a case study of Chinese pine plantations in western Liaoning Province, the early diagnosis of low-value forest was studied, and set up early diagnosis techniques of ecological factor approach based on single-factor experiment and discriminant analysis: 1) following discriminant indices were selected: soil thickness (X1), organic matter (X2), soil nitrogen content (X3), soil water content (X4), and soil microbic quantity (X5); 2) discriminant function could be expressed as: Y = 1.596X1 - 0.51X2 - 3.196X3 + 1.622X4 + 1.898X5:3) early diagnosis of low-value forest was carried out by discriminant function and the value of each discriminant index. For early diagnosis of low-value forest, this paper is a pilot study. It is suggested that the forming mechanism of low-value forest and their related study should be strengthened.

China↗
PubMed2002

[A review on fundamental studies of secondary forest management].

Secondary forest is also called as natural secondary forest, which regenerates on native forest that has been disturbed by severe natural or anthropogenic disturbances. The structural and dynamic organizations, growth, productivity and stand environment of secondary forests are significantly different from those of natural and artificial forests. Such significant differences make secondary forests have their own special characteristics in forestry. Secondary forests are the main body of forests in China. Therefore, their management plays a very important role in the projects of natural forest conservation and the construction of ecological environment in China or in the world. Based on a wide range of literature collection on secondary forest research, the fundamental studies of secondary forest management were discussed. The major topics are as follows: 1) basic characteristics of secondary forest, 2) principles of secondary forest management, 3) types of secondary forest, 4) community structure and succession dynamics of secondary forest, including niches, biodiversity, succession and so on, 5) main ecological processes of secondary forest, including regeneration, forest soil and forest environment. Additionally, the research needs and tendency related to secondary forest in the future were also given, based on the analyses of the main results and the problems in current management of secondary forest. The review may be helpful to the research of secondary forest management, and to the projects of natural forest conservation in China.

China↗
PubMed1992

[Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in the Central Slovakia Region using a Soviet vaccine].

During the period between 1986 and 1989 in the region 1311 people working in forestry were vaccinated against tick-borne encephalitis by the inactivated Soviet vaccine. Only some of the people had prevaccination examinations only in some reactogenity of the vaccine was investigated as well as the persistence of humoral antibodies one and two years after the basic vaccination. These examinations in some of the vaccinated subjects were made in autumn 1986 and spring 1987. After two doses of vaccine in the haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) the seroconversion was 77% (of 182 evaluated) with a geometric mean of 37.9. One year after the primary vaccination in 53% of the examined subjects the titre of humoral antibodies dropped to negative values. Two years after the primary vaccination in the HIT antibodies were detected in 44% of 57 examined subjects. None of the immunized subjects contracted tick-borne encephalitis.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

[Studies about the values of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oils used in production of plant protective agents].

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contents in oils used in agriculture and forestry as additives to plant protection agents was made. PAH were isolated from oil samples by column chromatography, and TLC was applied for their identification and determination. PAH (fluoranthene, perylene, phenanthrene) were present in three oil samples, whereas they were not detected in three subsequent samples. The sensitivity of the method is +/- 0.1 ppm.

Agrochemicals↗
PubMed2002

Type 2 diabetes and children in Aboriginal communities: the array of factors that shape health and access to health care.

The human costs of unrestrained development on our traditional territory, whether in the form of massive hydroelectric development or irresponsible forestry operations, are no surprise for us. Diabetes has followed the destruction of our traditional way of life and the imposition of a welfare economy. Now we see that one in seven pregnant Cree women is sick with this disease, and our children are being born high risk or actually sick.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

Agriculture and deforestation in the tropics: a critical theoretical and empirical review.

Despite the important role that tropical forests play in human existence, their depletion, especially in the developing world, continue relentlessly. Agriculture has been cited as the major cause of this depletion. This paper discusses two main theoretical underpinnings for the role of agriculture in tropical deforestation. First, the forest biomass as input in agricultural production, and second, the competition between agriculture and forestry underlined by their relative marginal benefits. These are supported by empirical evidence from selected countries in Africa and South America. The paper suggests a need to find a win-win situation to control the spate of tropical deforestation. This may imply improved technologies in the agriculture sector in the developing world, which would lead both to increased production in the agriculture sector, and would also help control the use of tropical forest as an input in agriculture production.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of HTLV-1 seroprevalence in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan: a cross-sectional study.

To evaluate determinants of the prevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) antibody positivity in an endemic region, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan, demographic and serologic data were collected on 7,055 individuals consecutively seen at Miyazaki City Health Promotion Center between September 1983 and December 1984. The overall HTLV-I seroprevalence was 8.5%; age and gender distributions of HTLV-1 antibody positivity were consistent with previous findings for endemic populations. The prefecture could be divided into two geographic areas based on seroprevalence: high prevalence (12.1%) in the southwest and medium prevalence (6.6%) for the rest of the prefecture. Current occupation in fishing, forestry, or livestock raising significantly correlated with HTLV-1 seropositivity [relative risk (RR) = 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, respectively]; farming also was associated but only in the medium prevalence region (RR = 1.3; p = 0.06). For a subset of 157 HTLV-I-positives and 175 negative controls screened for antibodies to the toxoplasmosis organisms, toxoplasma exposure was not significantly associated with HTLV-I infection. In this endemic Japanese population, both geographic and sociologic factors characterized the distribution of HTLV-I seroprevalence, reflecting transmission patterns and historical duration of the infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Immunity against tick-borne encephalitis in healthy residents of endemic areas].

Specific IgG antibodies against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (anti-TBEV) at levels exceeding 60 VIEU/ml were detected in almost 14% of forestry workers and in 1.5% of other healthy persons, residents of the endemic area. Mean levels of anti-TBEV were similar in comparable subgroups of men and women, or subgroups of urban and rural residents, however, increased levels of these antibodies were found in elderly persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Importance of intersectoral co-ordination in the control of communicable diseases, with special reference to plague in Tanzania.

Human health, agriculture, including livestock, energy, education, wildlife, construction, forestry and trade sectors are inter-related and their co-ordination is an important pre-requisite for successful control of most communicable diseases including plague. Similar linkage between research, policy, training and extension activities in each sector are essential for any successful control strategy. Inadequate agricultural produce, inaccessibility of people to the available food and ignorance on proper preparation and usage of available food materials are responsible for malnutrition, and malnourished people are very vulnerable to disease. Irrigation schemes facilitate breeding of various disease vectors and transmission of some communicable diseases. Forests are ecologically favourable for some disease vectors and reservoirs for tsetse flies and rodents, while deforestation leads to soil erosion, lack of rainfall and consequently reduced productivity in agriculture which may result in poor nutrition of the population. Wildlife and livestock serve as reservoirs and/or carriers of various zoonoses including plague, trypanosomiasis and rabies. Lack of proper co-ordination of these sectors in communicable disease control programmes can result in serious and undesirable consequences. Indiscriminate killing of rodents in order to minimize food damage by these vermin forces their flea ectoparasites to seek alternative hosts, including man, a development which may result in transmission of plague from rodents to man. Similarly, avoidance of proper quarantine during plague epidemics, an undertaking which is usually aimed at maintaining economic and social links with places outside the affected focus, can result in the disease becoming widespread and consequently make any control strategies more difficult and expensive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

[Arachnids as risk factors in occupational exposure].

Arachnids pose two types of occupational hazard, mainly affecting agricultural and forestry workers. The first type is associated with bites of ticks, mites and spiders resulting in a local skin inflammation, systemic symptoms due to intoxication and the transmission of pathogenic viruses or bacteria, mainly caused by tick vectors. The second type is associated with the exposure to storage mites which cause asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in farmers and grain workers.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemiologic situation of Lyme borreliosis in Europe].

The aim of paper was to present epidemiological data related to Lyme borreliosis (LB), including reservoirs and transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.). Incidence of the disease in Europe was evaluated through review of literature data. Morbidity exceeding 100 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year observed in central Europe, indicate the highest prevalence of LB in this part of continent. Prevalence of antibodies against B.b. among blood donors in particular european countries varied from 0 to 18.8%, whereas in high risk groups (mostly forestry workers) it was 5.7-71%. Diagnostical criterions for surveillance purpose in Europe, which should be established in future, make possible to complete epidemiological data related to LB.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Acid rain in Laos and Thailand.

Acid rain has an impact on forestry and human health. Forest degradation was noticed in the early 90's in Laos, a country without polluting industries nor intense automobile traffic. Therefore, in 1993-1994, we collected rain in one location in Thailand (Bangkok) and 4 in Laos (Luang Prabang, Vientiane, Savannaketh, Pakse); measured pH in each sample and resistivity in 2 locations. We obtained sequential meteorological satellite pictures showing the far motion of clouds, their location and course, and ultimately rain over Indochina. We conclude that acid rain forms over Thailand and falls in Laos (Vientiane, Pakse). We also measured peak flows in large groups of children, adults both non-smokers and chronic heavy smokers, in all five locations. Except for a small number of individual variations, we could not correlate the presence of acid rain and deterioration of pulmonary function in these subjects. However, we recommend active measures to curb pollution both in Thailand and Laos.

Acid Rain↗
PubMed1998

More crops, more disease?

The intensity of disease transmission by insect vectors may be influenced by developments in agriculture and forestry. The author illustrates what can happen with special reference to projects in Thailand and Ethiopia which increased the incidence of malaria, and to the introduction of a new variety of coffee in Colombia, as a result of which the incidence of leishmaniasis among plantation workers decreased. Development programmes need to take predictable disease outcomes fully into account.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Basal cell skin carcinoma and other nonmelanoma skin cancers in Finland from 1956 through 1995.

OBJECTIVE: To study trends of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Finland. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis of incidence and mortality rates for basal cell skin carcinoma (BCC) and other non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) from 1966 and 1956, respectively, through 1995 in relation to sex, age, anatomical distribution, place of residence, and occupation. SETTING: Data were obtained from the nationwide Finnish Cancer Registry, to which reporting of skin cancer is compulsory. PATIENTS: Inhabitants of Finland (5.1 million in 1998). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age- and sex-specific incidence and mortality rates and overall rates adjusted for age to the world standard population; occupation-specific standardized incidence ratios, with the total Finnish population as reference. RESULTS: The age-adjusted incidence rate in 1991 through 1995 for BCC was 49 per 100,000 person-years in men and 45 in women. For NMSC it was 8.7 in men and 5.3 in women. Both cancer types showed an increasing trend in incidence rates. The proportion of tumors in the face, scalp, and neck was 59% for BCC and 67% for NMSC. The incidence rate of NMSC increased from north to south, while there was no great urban-rural or occupational variation in the occurrence of NMSC. The incidence rate for BCC was higher in urban than in rural regions. Farmers, forestry workers, and fishermen showed low incidence of BCC, whereas occupations with a high level of education or compulsory health checkups and medical care occupations appeared to have an increased incidence of BCC. The mortality rate for BCC in 1991 through 1995 was 0.08 per 100,000 person-years in men and 0.05 in women, and for NMSC, it was 0.38 in men and 0.23 in women. The mortality trend was decreasing for both cancer types. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NMSC is fairly low in Finland, accounting for 3.5% of all new cancer cases. Conversely, BCC is the most common cancer type. The incidence trend is increasing for both skin cancer types, but mortality remains low.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Incidence rates, costs, severity, and work-related factors of occupational dermatitis: a workers' compensation analysis of Oregon, 1990-1997.

UNLABELLED: Objectives To extend and update past research on occupational dermatitis by examining recent workers' compensation claims data. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of workers' compensation claims from Oregon (1990-1997). SETTING: All dermatitis-related workers' compensation claims were merged with US census data to estimate rates of dermatitis by age, sex, occupation, and industry. Associated claim costs and disability times were also calculated from these data. PARTICIPANTS: All individuals with accepted dermatitis claims (N = 611) were included in the analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The overall claim rates of individuals by age, sex, industry, and occupation were estimated. Total costs and average disability time were computed. Monthly patterns of dermatitis claims were examined. RESULTS: The average claim rate of occupational dermatitis was estimated to be 5.73 per 100 000 workers (95% confidence interval, 5.66-5.80). Statistically significant differences (P<.001) in claim rates by age, sex, industry, and occupation were found. More than 47% of all claimants had 1 year of job tenure or less. Employees in the farming, forestry, and fishing occupations and industries had significantly higher claim rates compared with employees in other occupations. The average cost per claim was $3552, and the average disability time was 23.9 days. Some temporal trends in claim rates were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational dermatitis remains a significant problem in workplace settings. In addition, certain types of occupations and industries seem to be particularly affected by occupational dermatitis. Interventions may be particularly valuable for workers with little job tenure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Fatal occupational injuries associated with forklifts, United States, 1980-1994.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes deaths of American workers involving forklifts during the 15-year period from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1994. METHODS: Death certificate data were obtained from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's (NIOSH's) National Traumatic Occupational Fatality (NTOF) surveillance system. The narrative fields on the death certificate were searched for keywords indicating that a powered industrial vehicle (PIV) or forklift was involved in the death. This study examined the circumstances of the forklift-related deaths, the nature of the injury, and the decedent's age, gender, race, occupation, and industry. Average annual employment data from the Bureau of the Census were used to calculate civilian fatality rates by age, gender, industry, and occupation. RESULTS: A total of 1,021 deaths were identified. The average age of the fatally injured worker was 38 years; the 1,021 forklift-related deaths resulted in a total of 27,505 years of productive life lost. The three most common circumstances of the fatalities were forklift overturns (22%), pedestrian struck by forklifts (20%), and worker crushed by forklift (16%). The greatest proportion of the fatalities (37%) occurred to workers in Manufacturing, followed by Transportation, Communication, and Public Utilities, (TCPU), (17%), Construction (16%), Wholesale Trade (8%), and Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (AFF) (7%). The highest forklift-related fatality rates per ten million workers occurred among transport operatives (34.0) and laborers (32.0). CONCLUSIONS: Many of the fatalities resulting from forklift "overturns" might have been prevented if the operator had been restrained with a lap/shoulder belt. Careful consideration should be given to separating pedestrian and forklift traffic, and restricting the use of forklifts near time clocks, exits, and other areas where large numbers of pedestrians pass through an area in a short time. Additionally, systematic traffic control, including rules for pedestrian and forklift traffic, will be necessary to reduce the enormous injury and death toll associated with forklifts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:504-512, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Aspects of social life in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius): inferences from body weights and trapping data.

Body weight is an important attribute of any animal and influences its biology in many ways. In the case of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus medius), this is of special interest because animals of this species store fat to survive extended torpor phases during the austral winter and, as a result, show extreme seasonal variation in body weight. In this paper, I present field data from a 20-month study at the Forestry Station of Ampijoroa in northwestern Madagascar on body weights of repeatedly trapped individuals combined with trapping results to investigate the general biology and notably the social life of C. medius. The most remarkable physical characteristic of wild C. medius is a dramatic weight-loss in males in September following emergence from torpor. Trapping results showed that adult males emerge from torpor earlier than females and offspring, even though food is still scarce. Early emergence from torpor puts males at an energetic disadvantage and confers no advantage in terms of access to females. Observation data from nightly follows indicate that males patrol their home range, probably to guarantee its integrity for the coming active season and to secure the food supply for their families. The high energetic costs of this strategy is argued to represent a form of paternal investment. Body weight data of repeatedly captured individuals showed that they may reach adult size and sexual maturity at 2 years of age but are not socially mature before the age of 3 years. The data presented may serve as a guide for keeping C. medius at a suitable weight in captivity.

Animals↗