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PubMedDate not supplied

Enamel silicon and fluoride relationships demonstrating a surface silicon effect that facilitates fluoride uptake.

This study indicated that a clear relationship exists between silicon and fluoride. We have also demonstrated a probable surface enamel silicon effect that increases fluoride uptake. The complex set of relationships described in the surface chemistry of calcium, tin, and zirconium with fluoride, hydroxide, phosphate, and other surface-occurring ions need not be considered to confuse the specific silicon-fluoride relationship presented here because in this computation we are relating the changes in the silicon and fluoride ion values only. We have, however, considered the thermodynamics of such reactions and intend to elaborate on it in a later publication. We are aware of the small depth of fluoride penetration into enamel after topical treatment Health Foundation, Research Unit at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20034, USA.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1981

Solubility and crystallinity in relation to fluoride content of fluoridated hydroxyapatites.

Fluoridated hydroxyapatites were synthesized at 80 degrees C (pH 7.4) to study their crystallinity and solubility in relation to fluoride content. The crystallinity of fluoridated hydroxyapatities increased initially, then decreased, and finally increased again with the degree of fluoridation, whereas the decrease in relative solubility of fluoridated hydroxyapatites at 25 degrees C (pH 4.0) was proportional to the logarithm of the fluoride content.

Crystallography↗

PubMed1982

Calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, and pH levels of human dental plaque from areas of varying fluoride levels.

Plaque calcium, phosphorus, fluoride, and pH in samples obtained from 149 life-long resident children, aged from six to seven and 12 to 13 yr, from one of three naturally fluoridated communities were determined. In general, smaller amounts of phosphorus and fluoride, and larger amounts of calcium and hydrogen ions (lower pH values) are associated with smaller amounts of fluoride in the drinking water supply. Significant differences among the mean pH, fluoride, and Ca/P concentrations both in the six-to-seven- and 12- to 13-year age group were found when comparing the results of the three areas with different levels of fluoride in their drinking water supply.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

The effect of fluoride application on fluoride release and the antibacterial action of glass ionomers.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the release of fluoride and the antimicrobial effect of freshly mixed glass ionomers could be prolonged by application of fluoride on aged material. Test slabs of freshly mixed and aged (14 d in water) conventional and silver glass ionomer (Ketac-Fil and Ketac-Silver, Espe, Seefeld, Germany) and composite (Silux Plus, 3M, St. Paul, MN) were fitted into the bottom of a test tube. A layer of S. mutans Ingbritt cells was centrifuged onto the test slabs, and the samples were incubated for 20 h in 1.7% sucrose solution. After the incubation, pH, F, and Ca contents of the fluid phase, and F, Mg, P, and K contents of the cells were determined. The aged glass-ionomer samples were then covered with toothpaste (0.1% F) or with fluoride gel (1.25% F), and the composite samples with fluoride gel. After being thoroughly rinsed, S. mutans cells were incubated on the samples as above. The pH fall was significantly inhibited by freshly mixed glass ionomers, and there were changes in cellular cation and phosphorus contents. Large amounts of fluoride were found in the fluid and cells. For old glass ionomers, no inhibitory effect on pH fall could be seen. Fluoride release had decreased to a low level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1989

Relationship of dental caries and fluorosis to fluoride supplement history in a non-fluoridated sample of schoolchildren.

A random sample of 206 Michigan children, aged from 9 to 13, were examined for fluorosis from a larger group of 2038 children participating in a dental project. Clinical examinations included caries data (DMFS) and assessment of fluorosis by use of the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Separate examiners were used for each index. The response rate of a questionnaire mailed to parents to gather information on residence histories, use of fluoride supplements, and antibiotics was 78%. The prevalence of fluorosis was about 20% among the respondents. Of the 4868 tooth surfaces examined, 9.2% were affected by fluorosis. In all cases, dental fluorosis was judged as mild, with most occurrences on the posterior teeth. No instances of moderate or severe fluorosis were found. The caries experience of respondents was 1.69 +/- 2.73 DMFS. Caries experience does not appear to be significantly related to income, education, or fluoride supplement use. Approximately 52% of respondents were reported to have taken fluoride supplements with various degrees of consistency. Parents' education was positively related to both prevalence of fluorosis (odds ratio = 2.2) and use of fluoride supplements (odds ratio = 2.7). No significant relation was revealed with evidence of fluorosis and use of supplements. This study shows a relatively mild level of dental fluorosis in a sample of children from a non-fluoridated area. Dental fluorosis in this group does not appear to be related to use of fluoride supplements or differences in caries experience.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

An investigation to estimate the fluoride uptake adjacent to a fluoride-releasing bonding agent.

Decalcification of the teeth remains a problem during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. It has been suggested that bonding agents which release fluoride could supply it to the area of the tooth most at risk from decalcification. The aim of this study was to estimate uptake by enamel adjacent to a fluoride releasing bonding agent. Acid etch biopsies were used to estimate the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to brackets bonded with Vitrabond and Geristore. Results indicate that there was a significant increase in the concentration of fluoride in enamel adjacent to Vitrabond. The clinical significance of the increase in the concentration of fluoride adjacent to Vitrabond and the mechanism by which fluoride moves from the material into the enamel remain unclear.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMed2006

Influence of rinsing and expectoration after toothbrushing on fluoride dose and ingested amount by use of conventional and children's fluoride dentifrices.

The purpose of this study was to assess the amount of ingested fluoride and the fluoride dose to which children are subjected during toothbrushing with a conventional dentifrice (1500 ppm F) and a children's dentifrice with special flavor (1100 ppm F) and evaluate the influence of rinsing and expectoration after brushing. Six brushings followed by 6 residue collections (3 per dentifrice) were performed by 42 Brazilian children (aged 20 to 30 months). The concentration of fluoride in the residues and dentifrices was determined. The amount ingested was obtained by the difference principal. 64.3% of the children did not expectorate or rinse after brushing. For both toothpastes, no significant difference was found for fluoride doses comparing children that rinsed to those that did not rinse (p > or = 0.05). When children's toothpaste was used, children who did not expectorate were exposed to a higher dose than those who did expectorate (p = 0.032). The same was not observed when conventional toothpaste (p = 0.081) was used. In conclusion, rinsing and expectoration after brushing had no influence on the dose of fluoride to which children were exposed by use of the dentifrices. However, expectoration was directly associated to the fluoride dose when the children's dentifrice was used.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed1976

[Methods of determination of fluoride in trace amounts. Application to the study of the diffusion of fluoride from an amalgam in dental tissues].

The study of fluoride diffusion in dental tissues has been performed by microprobe analysis. The fluoride supply is carried out in vivo by various fluorides added to conventional amalgams. This method differs then from previous work (topical applications, electrophoresis or fluoride solutions) by the study of fluoride penetration from amalgams either in dentine or in deep enamel, which are more susceptible to caries than superficial enamel. These experiments give evidence of a fast penetration of fluoride into dental tissues, which may be characterized by an apparent diffusion coefficient of about 10(-10) cm2/s.

Dental Amalgam↗

PubMed2000

[A study of fluoride-containing composite resins: fluoride release, water sorption and dissolution].

OBJECTIVE: To study fluoride release and its impact on the basic properties. METHODS: Fluoride releasing was determined by F-electrodes, water sorption and dissolution of the materials were determined by weight/volume loss technique. RESULTS: The profile of fluoride release from fluoride-containing composites was different from that of compomer. Meanwhile, fluoride-containing materials showed larger values of water sorption (13.05-31.64 micrograms/mm3) and dissolution(5.88-24.80 micrograms/mm3) than controls. CONCLUSIONS: The F- releasing may affect physical and mechanical properties of fluoride-containing composites.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed1992

The prevalence of caries in 5-year-old children living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in New Zealand.

The prevalence of caries in 5-year-old children living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities was investigated. Clinical examinations were completed on 342 children, of whom 247 had been continuously resident in their towns. Children living in fluoridated communities had significantly lower mean dmft and dmfs than children living in non-fluoridated communities. There was a marked social gradient in the non-fluoridated communities, which was not observed in the children from the fluoridated communities.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1990

Effect of two sodium fluoride dentifrices on fluoride uptake and remineralization in situ.

Two dentifrices containing 1100 ppm F from sodium fluoride in silica bases were compared to a placebo dentifrice in an in situ remineralization and fluoride uptake study. Fifteen subjects brushed artificially-formed caries lesions in 60 thin enamel sections and 30 enamel blocks with each dentifrice in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study design. Analysis of the thin sections by quantitative microradiography before and after exposure to toothbrushing showed that the fluoride dentifrices produced 18.3% and 7.1% remineralization whereas use of the placebo resulted in 10.3% demineralization. The differences between all three dentifrices were statistically significant. Fluoride concentrations at the surface of the lesion increased from approximately 700 ppm F in untreated specimens to approximately 1800 ppm F in specimens treated with either of the two fluoride dentifrices. These data suggest that formulation differences may affect the anticaries activity of a dentifrice without being reflected by fluoride deposition.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

[In vitro uptake of fluoride from South African fluoride gel dentifrices].

An increasingly difficult situation in obtaining imported products has led to the development of a locally-manufactured topical fluoride gel. In order to evaluate the anticariogenic potential of the gel an in vitro study was conducted to compare the fluoride (F) uptake into the enamel from the locally-manufactured gel with that of two overseas products. Sound, unerupted third molar teeth were used in the study. One half of the buccal surface of each tooth was used as a control and the remaining half for conducting the experiment. Enamel biopsies (0.5 N HCLO4 3,143 mm2; 15 sec) were conducted prior to the F treatment (control halves) as well as 24 hours after F treatment (experimental halves). The fluoride concentrations ([F]) of the etching solutions were analyzed according to the potentiometric analytical method. The calcium concentrations were determined by means of a flame spectrophotometer. The [F] of the control halves of the teeth were used as a reference to determine the actual F uptake in the experimental halves after F treatment. The results obtained from the study showed that the teeth treated with the locally-manufactured F gel, revealed a significant uptake of fluoride in the enamel as well as an increased resistance to acid dissolution. Only one of the imported products showed a statistically significant higher fluoride uptake than the acidulated South African manufactured phosphate fluoride gel. There was a favourable overall comparison of the locally manufactured F gel with that of the overseas products.

Dentifrices↗

PubMed1989

Studies on the techniques of topical application with fluoride gel. III: Oral fluoride retention following three different topical application techniques in young adults.

Eighteen young adults volunteered to be subjects for topical fluoride gel application using the paint-on technique with cotton pellets and two tray techniques with improved sponge tray and a custom-fitted tray. The subjects' teeth were dried with compressed air, and the fluoride gel was applied topically for four minutes. The amounts of fluoride applied and/or recovered from the mouth were measured, and those retained in the mouth were also estimated for each technique. Furthermore, the amounts of excessive gel that were wiped off with a gauze and expectorated one minute after application were also evaluated, and these efforts were effective in reducing the amounts of oral fluoride retention. The net amounts of fluoride that were orally retained in each technique were very small (1.6 to 3.0 mg). It was found that the application techniques in the present study had no risks of causing some deleterious effects by applying excessively large amounts of fluoride.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Urinary excretion of fluorides in schoolchildren of Lausanne and Geneva in relation to salt fluoridation].

Urinary excretion of fluoride and sodium and urinary flow were studied in 230 schoolchildren (average age: 11.1 years) in the following situation: in 1984 and 1988 in Geneva, 1 year and 5 years after the introduction of fluoridated domestic salt (250 mg/kg), and in 1985 in Lausanne, 15 years after the general introduction of salt fluoridation for this city and its surrounding canton (Vaud). Among consumers of fluoridated salt, the average excretion of F ion during morning and afternoon was 15.4 and 43.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Geneva (1988) and 26.4 and 49.9 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne (1985). Among non-consumers of fluoridated domestic salt, excretion values during morning and afternoon were 9.9 and 20.7 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Geneva (1988), and 18.4 and 26.1 micrograms F/h, respectively, in Lausanne. Between 1984 and 1988, an increase in fluoride excretion was observed in schoolchildren of Geneva. During approximately 10 night hours, 8.8 to 16.4 micrograms F/h were excreted in Geneva, but F-salt consumers in Lausanne excreted 25.8 micrograms F/h. Averages of sodium excretion varied between 80 and 144 mg Na/h at daytime and between and 81 mg Na/h at night.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

A fluoride release-adsorption-release system applied to fluoride-releasing restorative materials.

This investigation compared the initial fluoride release and release following refluoridation of three resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (Photac-Fil Applicap, Vitremer, and Fuji II LC) and a new polyacid-modified resin composite material (Dyract). After daily flouride release was measured for 8 days, specimens were refluoridated in 1,000-ppm solutions of fluoride ion for 10 minutes and fluoride release was measured for 5 days. Two further 5-day refluoridation-release periods were carried out. All materials released fluoride initially. Photac released the most; Dyract released the least. Initial release was greatest over the first few days. All materials released significantly more fluoride for 24 to 48 hours after refluoridation. Less fluoride was released with each successive refluoridation for the three glass-ionomer cements. The release from the Dyract compomer remained at a comparatively constant and significantly lower level following each refluoridation.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1982

Three-year report on caries prevention of using fluoride varnishes for caries risk children in a community with fluoridated water.

The benefit of semiannual application of the sodium fluoride varnish Duraphat and the silane fluoride varnish Fluor Protection was studied in 11--13-year-old children with high caries activity and life-long exposure to fluoridated drinking water (1--1.2 parts/10(6)). Annual clinical and radiographic examinations were made of 62 children in the Duraphat group and 70 children in the Fluor Protector group. Fluoride varnish was applied semiannually using the half-mouth technique. After 3 years, for the Duraphat group mean total DMFS increments on the control side were 6.2 and on the test side 4.3 (P less than 0.001); for the Fluor Protector group the DMFS increments were 4.9 and 4.4, respectively (NS). The caries reductions were 30% and 11%. Since there were no differences between initial mean DMFS scores of the groups, it is possible that the increment in the Fluor Protector control side compared to the Duraphat control side was due to fluoride ions from Fluor Protector crossing the midline and providing protection on the control side as well. Therefore, we conclude that Duraphat proved effective, but definite conclusion of the effect of Fluor Protector cannot be made. Children with the highest DMFS increment on the control side (Duraphat) gained most from the applications.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Caries trends 1992-1998 in two low-fluoride Finnish towns formerly with and without fluoridation.

Water fluoridation in Kuopio, Finland, was stopped at the end of 1992. In our previous study, no increase in caries was found in Kuopio 3 years after the discontinuation of water fluoridation. The aim of the present study was to further observe the occurrence and distribution of caries in Kuopio and Jyväskylä, which was used as the reference town for Kuopio. In 1992, 1995 and 1998 independent random samples of all children aged 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 years were drawn in Kuopio and Jyväskylä. The total numbers of subjects examined were 688, 1,484 and 1,530 in 1992, 1995 and 1998, respectively. Calibrated dentists registered caries clinically and radiographically. No indication of increasing caries could be found in the previously fluoridated town during 1992-1998. In both towns the mean dmfs and DMFS values either decreased or remained about the same during the observation period. When all study years and both towns were pooled, 25% of the 12- and 15-year-olds with the highest DMFS counts accounted for 79 and 67%, respectively, of all affected surfaces. The mean numbers of fluoride varnish and sealant applications had markedly decreased in 1993-1998 compared to 1990-1992. The fact that no increase in caries was found in Kuopio despite discontinuation of water fluoridation and decrease in preventive procedures suggests that not all of these measures were necessary for each child.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Caries-preventive effects of fluoride products when used in conjunction with fluoride dentifrice.

Toothbrushing with fluoride dentifrice has become an important public health measure in preventing caries and gingivitis. Since the fluoride concentration in dentifrices does not provide absolute protection for everyone and is limited by legal regulations, the question about the efficacy of additional use of topical fluoride products arises. In children aged 9-15 years, the biannual application of Duraphat varnish in school-based programmes provides a caries inhibition of 38%. A caries inhibition of up to 40% can also be achieved by gels containing 1.25% fluoride, if applied 30 times per year. In subjects with a risk of root caries, the daily use of a 250-500 ppm fluoride solution seems to be advisable.

Adolescent↗