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PubMed1988

Dietary polyunsaturated fats of the W-6 and W-3 series reduce postprandial lipoprotein levels. Chronic and acute effects of fat saturation on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism.

The chronic and acute effects of different types of dietary fat on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism were studied in eight normolipidemic subjects. Each person was placed for 25 d on each of three isocaloric diets: a saturated fat (SFA), a w-6 polyunsaturated fat (w-6 PUFA) and a w-3 polyunsaturated fat (w-3 PUFA) diet. Two vitamin A-fat loading tests were done on each diet. The concentrations in total plasma and chylomicron (Sf greater than 1,000) and nonchylomicron (Sf less than 1,000) fractions of retinyl palmitate (RP) were measured for 12 h postprandially. Compared with the SFA diet, the w-6 PUFA diet reduced chylomicron and nonchylomicron RP levels 56 and 38%, respectively, and the w-3 PUFA diet reduced these levels 67 and 53%, respectively. On further analysis, the main determinant of postprandial lipoprotein levels was the type of fat that was chronically fed, which appeared to mediate its effect by changing the concentration of the endogenous competitor for the system that catabolizes triglyeride-rich lipoproteins. However, there was a significant effect of the acute dietary fat load, which appeared to be due to a differential susceptibility to lipolysis of chylomicrons produced by SFA as opposed to PUFA fat loads. The levels of postprandial lipoproteins are determined by the interaction of these chronic and acute effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effect of high-fat breakfast and moderate-fat evening meal on the pharmacokinetics of vardenafil, an oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

The effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of vardenafil were examined in 25 healthy adult males. Single-dose vardenafil 20 mg was administered in a randomized four-way crossover design after an overnight fast (at 8 a.m.), after consumption of a high-fat breakfast (at 8 a.m.), on an empty stomach (at 6 p.m.), and after a typical moderate-fat evening meal (at 6 p.m.). Serial blood samples were analyzed for vardenafil and metabolite (M1) levels. When administered after an overnight fast and after a high-fat breakfast, vardenafil geometric mean Cmax was 17.14 and 14.0 micrograms/L, respectively, and AUC was 66.78 and 67.09 micrograms./h/L, respectively; the median tmax was 1 hour under fasting conditions and 2 hours with consumption of high-fat breakfast. When administered in the evening on an empty stomach and after a moderate-fat meal, vardenafil geometric mean Cmax was 14.22 and 13.04 micrograms/L, respectively, and AUC was 51.97 and 59.12 micrograms.h/L, respectively. The median tmax was 1 hour after fasting or a moderate-fat meal in the evening. All treatments were well tolerated. Thus, while a high-fat meal may alter Cmax slightly and delay the absorption up to 1 hour, a moderate-fat meal has no clinically relevant effect on vardenafil pharmacokinetics. Dosage changes are not warranted based on the wide therapeutic index and the efficacy observed with vardenafil in Phase III studies that were not restricted with respect to food.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1991

High fat feeding causes insulin resistance and a marked decrease in the expression of glucose transporters (Glut 4) in fat cells of rats.

With the identification of two different glucose transporter species in adipose cells it is crucial to determine the role of these transporters in the alterations in glucose transport activity associated with different metabolic and nutritional states. In the present study we assess levels of expression of Glut 1 and Glut 4 transporters and basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity in adipocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats fed standard chow (control), combined liquid diet and standard chow (overfed), high fat diet, or energy-restricted diet for 7 weeks. High fat feeding was associated with relative postprandial hypoglycemia (P less than 0.05) and hypoinsulinemia (P less than 0.05). Although the high fat fed animals had lower body weights (P less than 0.05) than control rats, their body compositions showed obesity, with 36% heavier epididymal fat pads (P less than 0.05) and a 47% increase in adipocyte volume (P less than 0.05). Fat feeding caused a 78% reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose transport per adipocyte (P less than 0.05). In parallel we found 92% and 94% reductions in Glut 4 protein and mRNA per adipocyte, respectively, (P less than 0.01) in fat-fed rats. Substantial reductions were also seen in Glut 1 protein and mRNA per fat cell in the same rats (62% and 76%, respectively; P less than 0.05). However, the changes in Glut 1 expression were of the same magnitude as changes in the cytoskeletal protein beta-actin, reflecting a decreased expression of several proteins in this nutritional state. Even though overfeeding and energy restriction brought about opposite changes in adiposity, no significant alterations were demonstrated in glucose transport rate or glucose transporter expression. The impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipose cells from high fat-fed rats occurs in the presence of a dramatic decrease in the expression of the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter (Glut 4). The reduced gene expression may be caused by chronic hypoinsulinemia and may contribute to the insulin resistance observed in this state.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Examination of full fat and reduced fat Cheddar cheese during ripening by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The Fourier transform infrared spectra of reduced fat Cheddar cheese and full fat Cheddar cheese during ripening were examined. A suitable sampling procedure was used to obtain the spectra of cheese samples. The spectra were affected by the moisture contents of the samples, but this effect could be eliminated by equilibration of the sample for at least 10 min before data collection. Strong and well-separated bands at 1744, 1450, 1240, 1170, and 1115 cm-1 arising from fat were observed in the frozen samples. The bands observed at 1650 and 1540 cm-1 were attributed to the protein contents of the cheese samples. The absorption intensities of protein and fat bands corresponded to the amounts of protein and fat that were present in the samples. Distinct changes in the bands of fat and protein of reduced fat and full fat cheese samples occurred during ripening. This technique could provide a basis for a rapid characterization and determination of the age of cheese undergoing ripening.

Caseins↗
PubMed1984

Abdominal fat deposition and sudden death syndrome in broilers: the effects of restricted intake, early life caloric (fat) restriction, and calorie: protein ratio.

The effects of feed restriction, early life fat restriction, and calorie:protein ratio on abdominal fat pad development and sudden death syndrome (SDS) in the broiler chicken were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, restricting feed intake to 90% of ad libitum intake was found to reduce significantly (P less than .01) both 49-day body weights and abdominal fat pad size while feed efficiency was significantly (P less than .01) improved compared to groups fed a wheat diet ad libitum. Corn-fed birds tended to outperform wheat fed groups. Reduced growth rate or supplementation of the diet with additional vitamins and minerals did not effect the incidence of SDS. In Experiment 2, fat restriction in the diet from 0 to 7 days initially reduced growth rate and increased feed:gain ratios. By 49 days, no effect of fat restriction on these parameters was observed. Dietary fat restriction tended to increase abdominal fat measured at 49 days of age. Lowering the calorie: protein ratio of the finishing diet significantly (P less than .05) improved feed:gain ratios measured from 29 to 49 days and tended to reduce fat pad size. Incidence of SDS was significantly (P less than .05) lower from 29 to 56 days in groups fed the 24% protein finisher diet as compared to birds fed a 19% finisher diet.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1992

Dietary poultry fat and gastrointestinal transit time of feed and fat utilization in broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted with broiler chicks to determine the effect of 0, 5, 10, and 20% supplemental poultry fat and age on gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) and the effect of supplemental fat on fat utilization and growth. Mean GTT, measured with chromic oxide or ferric oxide, was not affected by supplemental fat. There was a curvilinear relationship (rising ogive) between mean GTT and age. It increased from an estimated lower plateau of 170 min to an upper plateau of 211 min with the inflexion point at 3.23 wk. At 6 wk of age, birds receiving supplemental fat consumed more energy and were heavier and more efficient. Total lipid digestibility increased with supplemental poultry fat but digestibility of poultry fat was not altered. The AME of poultry fat ranged from 8.1 to 8.4 kcal/g at 5 to 20% inclusion in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting effects of high-fat corn oil and high-fat mixed lipid diets on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in F344 rats.

Epidemiological studies and laboratory animal model assays suggest that a high intake of dietary fat promotes mammary carcinogenesis as well as colon tumorigenesis. Fat intake in the United States traditionally includes high amounts (30% of total caloric intake) of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A recent study suggested that a high-fat mixed-lipid diet (HFML), which simulates the mixed-lipid and high SFAs composition of the average American diet, strongly promotes rat colon carcinogenesis, even when compared to another high-fat diet containing PUFA-rich corn oil. On the other hand, some reports suggest that a high-fat diet rich in n-6 PUFAs promotes mammary carcinogenesis more strongly than a high-fat diet rich in SFAs. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare the effects of HFML, high-fat corn oil diet (HFCO) that is rich in n-6 PUFAs, and a low-fat corn oil diet (LFCO) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female F344 rats. At 7 weeks of age, female F344 rats intended for carcinogen treatment received a gavage of DMBA at a dose level of 65 mg/kg of body weight. Beginning 1 week after carcinogen treatment, groups of rats were then maintained on experimental diets containing LFCO, HFCO or HFML. All rats were evaluated weekly by palpation of mammary tumors and sacrificed 20 weeks after the DMBA treatment. Palpable tumors of mammary glands were detected at the 8, 11, and 19 weeks in the HFCO, HFML and LFCO groups, respectively. Histopathological observation revealed that the incidence and number of mammary tumors in the HFCO group were significantly higher than in the LFCO group. Rats on the HFML diet tended towards a higher incidence and number of mammary tumors compared with the LFCO group, although the correlation was not statistically significant. These results suggest that, for this animal model, both the HFCO and HFML diets promote DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis when compared to the LFCO diet, and that the HFCO diet is more tumor-promotional than the HFML diet.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1990

Effects of different levels of dietary fat on methyl-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in correlation with parameters of fat metabolism in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of different levels of dietary fat on methyl-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis in correlation with parameters of the fat metabolism. 90 female Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated i.v. with 25 mg MNU/kg on day 50 of life. For a period of 6 months, beginning after the day of initiation, the animals received either a control diet (12% of total energy as fat, Group I) or one of the fat-enriched semisynthetic diets (25 en% of fat, Group II, or 45 en%, Group III, respectively) at an isocaloric level of 50 kcal/rat/day. The principal observations of this experiment were: (1) The fat content of diet did not significantly influence mammary carcinogenesis. (2) The values of plasma total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides and their density separated VLDL and LDL-fractions showed a significant time-dependent increase. (3) HDL-values of cholesterol and triglycerides showed no changes in dependence to time and fat content of the diet. (4) The liver lipid concentrations of groups increased significantly with dietary fat content.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of dietary sugar and of dietary fat on food intake and body fat content in rats.

The long term ingestion of a sugar-rich diet (low fat) caused severe obesity in adult rats. In a separate experiment, the habitual consumption of a fat-rich diet (40% kcal from fat) also caused severe obesity. Severe obesity developed in both groups of animals even though they did not overeat. Voluntary food intake for the sugar-fed rats averaged 28,314 +/- 756 calories/rat per 55 wks which was similar to the value of 28,884 +/- 953 calories/rat per 55 wks for the fat-fed rats. However, both values were lower than that of 32,869 +/- 588 for the control rats eating Purina chow. Despite a lower caloric intake, carcass fat averaged 45 +/- 1% for rats eating the sugar-rich diet and 46 +/- 2% for rats eating the fat-rich diet, but only 33 +/- 2% for rats eating a diet of Purina chow. These results provide evidence that severe obesity can develop in the absence of hyperphagia in animals eating a sugar-rich or fat-rich diet. Finally, a rat model for severe obesity is presented in which carcass fat ranged from 18% (lean) to 61% (severe obesity) using dietary intervention alone at critical stages of the animal's life.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

The Fat Portion Exchange List: a tool for teaching and evaluating low-fat diets.

The Fat Portion Exchange System was developed as a tool for counseling clients on how to follow a diet low in total fat. The system incorporates the use of the Fat Portion Exchange List, which is an extensive list of foods with fat grouped according to food type. Listed is the amount of each food item that provides one fat portion (FP), or approximately 5 gm fat, as determined from food composition tables. The number of FPs to be eaten daily is prescribed according to the total daily caloric intake so that a diet with a specified percentage of calories from fat can be followed. The system emphasizes the tracking of only one nutrient--fat--which contributes to its simplicity, flexibility, and versatility.

Counseling↗
PubMed1978

[Uptake of utilizable food energy by light-weight and heavy-weight rats fed a low-fat or high-fat diet].

The uptake of utilizable dietary energy (DE) as affected by diet (containing 3 or 50% (w/w)fat), body mass (BM) and age was investigated in male Wistar rats. In comparing heavy-weight animals fed the high-fat diet (HFD) with light-weight animals fed the low-fat diet (LFD) (differences in BM up to 60%), it was found that the uptakes of DE calculated on animal were significantly higher (up to 55%) in the HFD animals than in the LFD animals; but there were no significant differences when the uptakes of DE were calculated on 100 g BM. Thus, the LFD rats (the diet of which contained a high proportion of protein (70% (w/w)) exhibited no reduced uptakes of utilizable DE as compared to HFD rats. Of the heavy-weight LFD animals and the light-weight HFD animals which showed virtually no differences in BM, the HFD animals take up more utilizable DE (per animal or per 100 g BM) than the LFD animals. This difference, which amounts to 60%, is statistically significant. The comparison of the uptakes of DE/animal/100 g BM by light-weight rats with those by heavy-weight rats fed the same diet showed that the uptakes by the heavy-weight animals were in most cases significantly greater. Consequently, the greater BM of the heavy-weight animals of the respective diet groups must be attributed to more efficient utilization of feed. This is also indicated by the fact that the light-weight HFD animals excret more fat in the faeces than the heavy-weight animals. The amount of fat excreted by the HFD animals is some 10-fold greater than that excreted by the LFD animals. However, when the amount of excreted fat is expressed in % of ingested dietary fat, the fat excretion is of the same order of magnitude on both diets.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of infrared analyzer homogenization efficiency on linearity of uncorrected fat A and fat B signals.

The objective of the survey was to determine if poor homogenizer performance causes nonlinear behavior of the uncorrected fat A or fat B signal that is not detected when an instrument's residual nonlinearity is determined by using dilutions of homogenized milk instead of unhomogenized milk. Unhomogenized and homogenized (17238 kPa) portions of the same 6.1% fat milk were tested on 20 instruments to determine homogenization efficiency. Instruments with differences of > or = 0.087% fat between homogenized and unhomogenized portions of the same milk had inefficient homogenization, on the basis of criteria established in a previous study. Four and 12 instruments out of 20 demonstrated inefficient homogenization for the fat A and fat B channels, respectively. Uncorrected signal linearity for the fat channels was evaluated quantitatively by using a series of dilutions of homogenized (17238 kPa) and unhomogenized milks. Most instruments passed the linearity evaluation for dilutions of either homogenized or unhomogenized milk, even though many of the same instruments failed the homogenization efficiency evaluation. Thus, using dilutions of homogenized milk is valid for linearity evaluation of instruments being used for testing unhomogenized milk in the range of fat concentrations used for payment testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Lipid accumulation and body fat distribution is influenced by type of dietary fat fed to rats.

The amount of fat in the diet is known to influence body weight and body composition, but it is not clear whether dietary fat composition can affect body composition independently. We studied the effects of six months of feeding diets containing lard (L), corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) on body weight and body composition in adult male Wistar rats. Although FO fats ate slightly less total energy than the other groups, there were no differences among groups in body weight at any time during the study. However, body composition, the composition of depot triglyceride, body fat distribution and insulin resistance were all influenced by the type of fat in the diet. FO rats had less total body fat, less intra-abdominal fat, and less insulin resistance than all other groups. Although some of these metabolic effects may have been secondary to a slightly lower energy intake, we believe these data demonstrate the potential impact which dietary fat composition can have on metabolism and body weight regulation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes towards high-fat foods and low-fat alternatives in three generations of women.

OBJECTIVES: To assess family resemblance in food habits in three generations of maternally related family members. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Ninety-seven adult women, their mothers and grandmothers were asked about nutrition knowledge, attitudes and fat intake. Nutrition knowledge and attitudes were determined by means of a self-administered questionnaire. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess fat intake. RESULTS: Mean percentage energy derived from fat was 39% for the younger generation, and 40% for their mothers and grandmothers. Generations differed in their nutrition knowledge score (P <0.0001), the grandmothers having a lower nutrition knowledge than the other generations. Correlations of nutrition knowledge scores were 0.30 (95% confidence limits (c.l.) 0.10 and 0.48) between the younger and middle generations, 0.35 (95% c.l. 0.16 and 0.52) between the middle and older generations, and 0.14 (95% c.l. -0.06 and 0.34) between the younger generation and their grandmothers. For attitudes towards high-fat foods and their low-fat alternatives these figures were 0.27 (95% c.l. 0.07 and 0.45), 0.22 (95% c.l. 0.01 and 0.41), and 0.17 (95% c.l. - 0.03 and 0.36), respectively, while for energy percentage of fat intake the correlations were only 0.19 (95% c.l. -0.01 and 0.37), -0.02 (95% c.l. -0.22 and 0.18), and 0.12 (95% c.l. limits - 0.08 and 0.31), respectively. Within generations the correlations between attitudes and nutrition knowledge or percentage energy derived from fat were found to be higher in the middle generation than in other generations. No statistically significant correlations were found between nutrition knowledge and percentage energy derived from fat. CONCLUSIONS: From this study it can be concluded that mothers and their adult daughters resemble each other in nutrition knowledge and attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The clinical significance of amyloid fat deposits in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic long-term followup study using abdominal fat aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of subclinical amyloid fat deposits in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate its clinical significance. METHODS: A cohort of 313 adult RA patients were included in this prospective observational study. Systematic abdominal subcutaneous fat aspiration (ASFA) was performed on all patients at study entry. The prevalence of visceral amyloidosis at study entry and at the end of followup was analyzed for patients with a positive ASFA test result. Followup ranged from 1 to 14 years (mean +/- SD 6.7 +/- 4.1 years). Patients with clinical and subclinical amyloidosis were compared with regard to clinical characteristics and the degree of amyloid deposits in abdominal fat. RESULTS: The first ASFA test found amyloid in the abdominal fat of 51 patients (16.3%), and subsequent ASFA tests found amyloid in the abdominal fat of 10 additional patients. At the time of the ASFA test, amyloidosis was subclinical in 45 of these 61 patients, 41 of whom were followed up. During followup, 11 of these 41 patients developed renal involvement, 5 due to amyloid nephropathy. Thus, amyloidosis remained subclinical in at least 30 of 41 patients (73%) throughout followup. Marked amyloid fat deposits were found more frequently in patients with clinical amyloidosis than in those whose amyloidosis remained subclinical at the end of followup (57% versus 22%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Amyloid fat deposits are not uncommon in adult RA. In the majority of patients, the deposits do not indicate clinically evident organic dysfunction, even after several years of followup. Patients with more extensive fat deposits may have a higher risk of developing clinical amyloidosis.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Modulation of renal injury in pcy mice by dietary fat containing n-3 fatty acids depends on the level and type of fat.

Low-fat diets and diets containing n-3 fatty acids (FA) slow the progression of renal injury in the male Han:Sprague-Dawley (SPRD)-cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease. To determine whether these dietary fat effects are similar in females and in another model of renal cystic disease, in this study we used both male and female pcy mice to examine the effects of fat level and type on disease progression. Adult pcy mice were fed 4, 10, or 20 g soybean oil/100 g diet for 130 d in study 1. In study 2, weanling pcy mice were fed high or low levels of fat rich in 18:2n-6 (corn oil, CO), 18:3n-3 (flaxseed oil/CO 4:1 g/g, FO), or 22:6n-3 (algal oil/CO 4:1 g/g, DO) for 8 wk. In adult pcy mice, low- compared with high-fat diets lowered kidney weights (2.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.2 g/100 g body weight, P = 0.006) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) (9.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 11.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/L, P = 0.009), whereas in young pcy mice it reduced renal fibrosis volumes (0.44 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.04 mL/kg body weight, P < 0.0001). FO feeding in young pcy mice mitigated the detrimental effects of high fat on fibrosis while not altering kidney size, function, and oxidative damage when compared with the CO-fed mice. In contrast, DO- compared with CO-fed mice had higher kidney weights (2.64 +/- 0.07 vs. 2.24 +/- 0.08 g/100 g body weight, P = 0.005), SUN (9.4 +/- 0.57 vs. 7.0 +/- 0.62 mmol/L, P < 0.0001), and cyst volumes (7.9 +/- 0.28 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.30 mL/kg body weight, P < 0.0001) and similar levels of oxidative damage and fibrosis. The FA compositions of the diets were reflected in the kidneys: 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, and 22:6n-3 were the highest in the CO, FO, and DO diets, respectively. Dietary effects on kidney disease progression were similar in males and females. A low-fat diet slows progression of renal injury in male and female pcy mice, consistent with findings in the male Han:SPRD-cy rat. Dietary fat type also influenced renal injury, with flaxseed oil diets rich in 18:3n-3 slowing early fibrosis progression compared with diets rich in 18:2n-6 or in 22:6n-3.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Facial fat and its relationship to abdominal fat: a marker for insulin resistance?

Reports of relationships between measures of insulin sensitivity and measures of body fat and fat distribution suggest that abdominal fat accumulation is a predictor of insulin resistance. It has been previously suggested that facial fat (primarily in the cheeks and neck) is strongly associated with visceral abdominal fat accumulation. The facial fat is a rich vascular region, that seems to be metabolically active and resembles abdominal white adipose tissue. We, therefore, hypothesize that facial fat could be a good predictor of insulin resistance. Whether facial fat can be used as an accurate marker for insulin resistance remains to be determined.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Body fat and fat-free mass and all-cause mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the association between BMI and all-cause mortality could be disentangled into opposite effects of body fat and fat-free mass (FFM). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: All-cause mortality was studied in the Danish follow-up study "Diet, Cancer and Health" with 27,178 men and 29,875 women 50 to 64 years old recruited from 1993 to 1997. By the end of year 2001, the median follow-up was 5.8 years, and 1851 had died. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Cox regression models were used to estimate the relationships among body fat mass index (body fat mass divided by height squared), FFM index (FFM divided by height squared), and mortality. All analyses were adjusted for smoking habits. RESULTS: Men and women showed similar associations. J-shaped associations were found between body fat mass index and mortality adjusted for FFM and smoking. The mortality rate ratios in the upper part of body fat mass were 1.12 per kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.18) in men and 1.06 per kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.10) in women. Reversed J-shaped associations were found between FFM index and mortality with a tendency to level off for high values of FFM. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that BMI represents joint but opposite associations of body fat and FFM with mortality. Both high body fat and low FFM are independent predictors of all-cause mortality.

Adipose Tissue↗