Woodworth scale values of the Lightfoot pictures of facial expression.
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Facial Expression↗
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Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease.
The authors examined whether facial expressions of emotion would predict changes in heart function. One hundred fifteen male patients with coronary artery disease underwent the Type A Structured Interview, during which time measures of transient myocardial ischemia (wall motion abnormality and left ventricular ejection fraction) were obtained. Facial behavior exhibited during the ischemia measurement period was videotaped and later coded by using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). Those participants who exhibited ischemia showed significantly more anger expressions and nonenjoyment smiles than nonischemics. Cook-Medley Hostility scores did not vary with ischemic status. The findings have implications for understanding how anger and hostility differentially influence coronary heart disease risk.
Adult↗
Details from dignity to decay: facial expression lines in visual arts.
BACKGROUND: A number of dermatologic procedures are intended to reduce facial wrinkles. This article is about wrinkles as a statement of art. OBJECTIVE: This article explores how frown lines and other facial wrinkles are used in visual art to feature personal peculiarities and accentuate specific feelings or moods. Facial lines as an artistic element emerged with advanced painting techniques evolving during the Renaissance and following periods. The skill to paint fine details, the use of light and shadow, and the understanding of space that allowed for a three-dimensional presentation of the human face were essential prerequisites. Painters used facial lines to emphasize respected values such as dignity, determination, diligence, and experience. Facial lines, however, were often accentuated to portrait negative features such as anger, fear, aggression, sadness, exhaustion, and decay. This has reinforced a cultural stigma of facial wrinkles expressing not only age but also misfortune, dismay, or even tragedy. CONCLUSION: Removing wrinkles by dermatologic procedures may not only aim to make people look younger but also to liberate them from unwelcome negative connotations. On the other hand, consideration and care must be taken-especially when interfering with facial muscles-to preserve a natural balance of emotional facial expressions.
Adult↗
A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents.
Quantitative and qualitative reviews of the literature on sex differences in facial expression processing (FEP) have yielded conflicting findings regarding children. This study was designed to review quantitatively the literature on sex differences in FEP from infancy through adolescence and to evaluate consistency between the course of FEP development and predictions derived from preliminary theoretical models. Results, which indicate a female advantage at FEP, are consistent with predictions derived from an integrated neurobehavioral/social constructivist model. These findings suggest a need for research examining both neurological maturation and socialization as important factors in the development of sex differences in FEP and related skills. Possible directions for future study are discussed, with emphasis on the need to integrate the infant literature with research focused on older children and adults.
Adolescent↗
Interpretation of facial expressions of emotion: the influence of eyebrows.
The contribution of the eyebrow component (eyebrow density and eyebrow position) in interpretation of facial displays of emotions was explored. In Study 1, college students (N = 60) and children (N = 60), ages 6-9 years, listened to vignettes consisting of one or two sentences and selected the facial expression that best matched the vignette. A main effect for eyebrow density as well as interactions for Density x Age and Density x Emotion were found. Also, a main effect for eyebrow position and interactions for Position x Age, Position x Emotion, and Position x Age x Emotion were significant. Study 2 was conducted to better understand whether findings regarding eyebrow position were a function of mistaking the intended emotion portrayed in the vignettes. Using a within-subject design, responses from 60 children, age 6-9 years, were compared for trials when the emotion was designated and when emotion was not designated. A main effect for designation of emotion was not found; however, an interaction effect for Designation x Emotion was significant.
Adolescent↗
Rhinoplasty and facial expression.
Based on the philosophical concept that facial beauty is not merely harmony of static anatomical structures but also the dynamic expression of the face (especially when one smiles), I propose that plastic surgeons approach the problem of aesthetic improvement of the human face not only in response but also when the face moves. I call this "surgery of the facial expression." I describe here the use of a new surgical procedure to correct a certain condition with which plastic surgeons are frequently confronted when patients consult and request rhinoplasty. Many patients have added defects that are exposed only when they begin to make facial movements and gestures; moreover, these added defects become even more manifest when they smile. I call this phenomenon "rhino-gingivolabial syndrome of the smile," and describe the technique I have used not only to improve the form of the nose but also to enhance the patient's smile.
Facial Expression↗
Emotional facial expressions in European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants.
Charles Darwin was among the first to recognize the important contribution that infant studies could make to our understanding of human emotional expression. Noting that infants come to exhibit many emotions, he also observed that at first their repertoire of expression is highly restricted. Today, considerable controversy exists regarding the question of whether infants experience and express discrete emotions. According to one position, discrete emotions emerge during infancy along with their prototypic facial expressions. These expressions closely resemble adult emotional expressions and are invariantly concordant with their corresponding emotions. In contrast, we propose that the relation between expression and emotion during infancy is more complex. Some infant emotions and emotional expressions may not be invariantly concordant. Furthermore, infant emotional expressions may be less differentiated than previously proposed. Together with past developmental studies, recent cross-cultural research supports this view and suggests that negative emotional expression in particular is only partly differentiated towards the end of the first year.
Affect↗
Recognition of facial expression and visual P300 in schizophrenic patients: differences between paranoid type patients and non-paranoid patients.
This study compared the effects of facial affective stimuli on visual event-related potentials (ERP) in schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects using photographs of babies depicting sadness (crying face), neutrality (neutral face), and pleasure (smiling face). Visual ERP were recorded using an oddball paradigm in 32 schizophrenic patients (16 paranoid type and 16 non-paranoid patients) and 32 age-matched healthy subjects. The P300 amplitude, latency, and the subject's reaction time were recorded. The P300 amplitude when viewing a photograph of a smiling baby was the smallest registered of three photographs for healthy subjects and paranoid type patients with successively greater amplitudes for neutrality and sadness. However, the P300 amplitude was the smallest while viewing crying photographs and was the largest while viewing a smiling photograph for non-paranoid patients. These results suggest that the P300 amplitude is influenced by viewing emotionally moving facial expressions and that the effect is different for different subtypes of schizophrenia. These differences may reflect differences in information processing resulted from emotional influences caused by visual-affective stimuli.
Adult↗
The influence of the muscles of facial expression on the development of the midface and the nose in cleft lip and palate patients. A reflection of functional anatomy, facial esthetics and physiology of the nose.
The further improvement of well-established techniques in primary and secondary cleft surgery requires a detailed and interdisciplinary knowledge and observation of anatomical, functional and developmental problems. An investigation into the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the perinasal and perioral muscles and parts of the human nasal septum, as well as into the pathomorphology of ancient skulls with untreated clefts is presented. On this basis an interpretation of clinical findings in untreated newborns compared with surgically treated CLP-patients has been undertaken. The 3D-CT, superimposing photography and coloured experimental settings of nasal airflow complete the visualisation of the anatomical and functional findings.
Adult↗
[Clinico-virological characteristics of isolated paresis of muscles controlling facial expression].
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Facial Expression↗
The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength, measured with a hand dynamometer and the bi-digital O-ring test.
The effects of smiling or crying facial expressions on grip strength and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test were evaluated in this study. Ten right-handed basketball players (age group 18-28) were included in the study. Grip strength was measured with a Riester hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test successively, after the players had looked at the drawing of a "crying face" for 5 seconds from a distance of 40 cm at the eye level. Immediately afterwards they were shown the drawing of a "smiling face" and were asked to grip with the same condition. Once all 10 players carried out this experiment, the order in which the drawings were shown was reversed. We then proceeded to measure the same variables, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test. The statistics obtained thereby were subjected to Pearsons correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Using a hand dynamometer and the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, it was found that, in both tests, the "smiling face" drawing (first crying, then smiling face: with hand dynamometer, it increased from 8.34+/-0.97 kg to 9.18+/-0.9 kg; t=5.39,p=0.0001) increased the grip strength of the basketball players, and the "crying face" drawing (first smiling face, then crying face: with hand dynamometer it decreased from 9.35 +/- 0.90 kg to 8.51+/- 0.96 kg; t=9.81, p=0.0001) decreased the grip strength. Exposure to the smiling face drawing increased the grip strength, and exposure to the crying face decreased it, in every subject tested in this group. Similar effects were observed with the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (first crying, then smiling: it increased from -2.80 +/- 1.13 to 2.20 +/- 1.32; t=33.54, p=0.0001; first smiling then crying: it decreased from 2.40 +/- 1.34 to -2.20 +/- 1.62; t = 15.06, p=0.0001).
Adolescent↗
Facial expressions of emotions and ethological behavioral categories.
The purpose of this study was to measure the capacity of human subjects to match facial expressions of emotions and behavioral categories that represented the motivational states they are supposed to illustrate. 100 university students were shown facial stimuli they had to classify using ethological behavioral categories. The results showed that accuracy of judgment was over-all lower than what was usually found when fundamental emotional categories were used. The data also indicated that the relation between emotional expressions and behavioral tendencies was more complex than expected.
Adult↗
Representation of facial expressions of emotion.
Inversion interferes with the encoding of configural and holistic information more than it does with the encoding of explicitly represented and isolated parts. Accordingly, if facial expressions are explicitly represented in the face representation, their recognition should not be greatly affected by face orientation. In the present experiment, response times to detect a difference in hair color in line-drawn faces were unaffected by face orientation, but response times to detect the presence of brows and mouth were longer with inverted than with upright faces, independent of the emergent expression (neutral, happy, sad, and angry). Expressions are not explicitly represented; rather, they and the face configuration are represented as undecomposed wholes.
Adult↗
Categorical perception of happiness and fear facial expressions: an ERP study.
Behavioral studies have shown that two different morphed faces perceived as reflecting the same emotional expression are harder to discriminate than two faces considered as two different ones. This advantage of between-categorical differences compared with within-categorical ones is classically referred as the categorical perception effect. The temporal course of this effect on fear and happiness facial expressions has been explored through event-related potentials (ERPs). Three kinds of pairs were presented in a delayed same-different matching task: (1) two different morphed faces perceived as the same emotional expression (within-categorical differences), (2) two other ones reflecting two different emotions (between-categorical differences), and (3) two identical morphed faces (same faces for methodological purpose). Following the second face onset in the pair, the amplitude of the bilateral occipito-temporal negativities (N170) and of the vertex positive potential (P150 or VPP) was reduced for within and same pairs relative to between pairs. This suggests a repetition priming effect. We also observed a modulation of the P3b wave, as the amplitude of the responses for the between pairs was higher than for the within and same pairs. These results indicate that the categorical perception of human facial emotional expressions has a perceptual origin in the bilateral occipito-temporal regions, while typical prior studies found emotion-modulated ERP components considerably later.
Adult↗
Interpretation of emotion from facial expressions in children with and without learning disabilities.
The accuracy and time required for children with and without learning disabilities to interpret emotions when restricted to information from facial expressions, and the accuracy of those interpretations, were investigated. Ninety-six children participated; an equal number of males and females were included in both learning categories and age levels. Accuracy and response time on a modified version of Pictures of Facial Affect were recorded for the emotions of fear, sadness, surprise, anger, happiness, and disgust, as well as for the entire task. Three-way ANOVAs revealed children with learning disabilities to (a) be less accurate interpreters of emotion and (b) spend more time identifying specific emotions. Both age and sex influenced response time: Younger subjects required more time to interpret the emotions of fear and anger; males spent more time interpreting happiness. Younger females with learning disabilities displayed difficulty in interpretation, and older children with learning disabilities (particularly males) were rapid, but often inaccurate, interpreters of emotion.
Adolescent↗
The dimensional analysis of a new series of facial expressions.
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Facial Expression↗
Facial expressions of emotion as conditioned stimuli for human autonomic responses.
This investigation tested the hypothesis that congruity of a facial affective expression with an aversive outcome as compared to incongruity of an expression and outcome would result in superior differential conditioning of an autonomic response (skin conductance) to the facial expression. Using a differential conditioning paradigm with slides of fear faces and happy faces as CS+ and CS- or CS- AND CS+, resepctively, the resultant findings are consistent with predictions. Both magnitude and rate of acquisition of the differential conditioned response were greater when a fear expression was reinforced by shock than when a happy expression was reinforced by shock.
Association Learning↗
Facial expressions and EEG in infants of intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms.
When intrusive and withdrawn mothers with depressive symptoms modeled happy, surprised, and sad expressions, their 3-month-old infants did not differentially respond to these expressions or show EEG changes. When a stranger modeled these expressions, the infants of intrusive vs. withdrawn mothers looked more at the surprised and sad expressions and showed greater relative right EEG activity in response to the surprise and sad expressions as compared to the happy expressions. These findings suggest that the infants of intrusive mothers with depressive symptoms showed more differential responding to the facial expressions than the infants of withdrawn mothers. In addition, the infants of intrusive vs. infants of withdrawn mothers showed increased salivary cortisol following the interactions, suggesting that they were more stressed by the interactions.
Brain↗