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PubMedDate not supplied

Relative frequency of Lyme borreliosis and of its clinical manifestations in Europe. European Community Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis.

To survey the frequency of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and to evaluate its clinical presentation in Europe, we performed a questionnaire interview of a sample of physicians involved in the care of patients with LB. Reference laboratories in 15 European countries agreed to participate by distributing questionnaires to those clinicians who most frequently requested LB serology for their patients. The mean number of cases of LB per physician per country showed a longitudinal geographical gradient, with a higher number of patients seen in Eastern and Central Europe than in Western Europe. Skin involvement was seen in 58.9% of the patients, neurological involvement in 34.3%, joint involvement in 15.4% and cardiac involvement in 2%. About 30% of the patients had multisystem involvement. The frequency of the different manifestations varied greatly between countries. The frequency of diagnosis of LB and the number of serological tests requested were inversely correlated.

Europe↗
PubMed2004

Psychosocial wellbeing and psychiatric care in the European Communities: analysis of macro indicators.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports the findings of an analytical comparison of several macro indicators collected routinely from institutional sources in Europe. METHODS: We carried out a review of macro indicators capable of providing a synthetic description of mental health status and the availability of psychiatric care in European countries. These were collected routinely from sources such as WHO, OECD, EUROSTAT, and IMS. The evaluation of temporal trends in each nation permits subsequent comparisons between countries. RESULTS: In all European countries, a decreased trend of suicides was observed in the period 1980-2000, with the exception of Ireland and (partially) of Spain. In Ireland, the increased trend was particularly strong, with a high risk in young and adult males. Portugal and Greece had respectively the highest and the lowest rates of undetermined causes of death. Most countries that were high consumers of alcohol in the initial period of observation had a rate above the national mean until 1980, after which consumption decreased. Most nations that were low consumers in 1960 had rates below the mean until 1980,when the rates progressively increased. However, a general decrease of alcohol-related deaths was apparent in all countries. Mortality associated with mental disorder increased, most clearly during the mid 1980s. The number of psychiatrists per 100,000 inhabitants ranged from 3.6 in Spain to 17.5 in Finland; of child psychiatrists, from 0.9 in Germany to 5.1 in Portugal. Psychiatric beds ranged from 0.4 per 1,000 inhabitants in Italy and Spain to 1.3 in Ireland. Nine countries showed a trend towards a reduction in psychiatric beds, whilst in a further five countries no change was observed. Rates of long-stay patients varied from 9.5 in the UK to 84 in Belgium, with a generally decreasing trend. The use of outpatient facilities differed markedly between countries, although there was a general increase over time. Official data were scarce in relation to the sale of psychotropic drugs. IMS data indicated increasing consumption in all European countries for antidepressant and antipsychotic medication. CONCLUSIONS: The official data resources available for European countries seem to indicate some discrepancies, probably relating to methods of recording. Better co-ordination in the collection of data about mental health status in the European Union and an improvement of the quality in available services is needed.

Europe↗
PubMed1992

The European Community: standardization in medical informatics and imaging.

The use of informatics and telecommunications in health care and medicine has reached a stage where the application of standards is an absolute requirement. The AIM Programme of the CEC DGXIII stimulated the study of the subject, and has supported the set up of an official European platform for standardization in this field, the CEN TC251. The needs for standardization in one of the subareas, medical imaging, are described in detail. The future solutions of the problems concerned are regarded prerequisites for the general and practical use of PACS and IMACS.

European Union↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics, outcome, and care of stroke associated with atrial fibrillation in Europe: data from a multicenter multinational hospital-based registry (The European Community Stroke Project).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The role of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a determinant of stroke outcome is not well established. Studies focusing on this topic relied on relatively small samples of patients, scarcely representative of the older age groups. We aimed at evaluating clinical characteristics, care, and outcome of stroke associated with AF in a large European sample. METHODS: In a European Concerted Action involving 7 countries, 4462 patients hospitalized for first-in-a-lifetime stroke were evaluated for demographics, risk factors, clinical presentation, resource use, and 3-month survival, disability (Barthel Index), and handicap (Rankin scale). RESULTS: AF was present in 803 patients (18.0%). AF patients, compared with those without AF, were older, were more frequently female, and more often had experienced a previous myocardial infarction; they were less often diabetics, alcohol consumers, and smokers (all P:<0.001). At 3 months, 32.8% of the AF patients were dead compared with 19.9% of the non-AF patients (P:<0.001). With control for baseline variables, AF increased by almost 50% the probability of remaining disabled (multivariate odds ratio 1.43, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.80) or handicapped (multivariate odds ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.02). Before stroke, only 8.4% of AF patients were on anticoagulants. The chance of being anticoagulated was reduced by 4% per year of increasing age. AF patients underwent CT scan and other diagnostic procedures less frequently and received less physiotherapy or occupational therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Stroke associated with AF has a poor prognosis in terms of death and function. Prevention and care of stroke with AF is a major challenge for European health systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Community. VI. Review of elements in blood, plasma and urine and a critical evaluation of reference values for the United Kingdom population.

Reference values for the concentration of elements in whole blood for the UK population are presented together with estimates for concentrations in plasma and urine. The blood data, when compared with other values obtained for Belgium, Denmark and Italy, obtained through the EURO-Terviht programme of the European Union, together with data from other countries, indicate similar concentrations. The data provide a basis for identifying the expected levels for the non-occupational exposed population against which differences attributable to various states of well-being, morbidity and mortality can be evaluated. However, it is also apparent that significant differences do exist which are related to geography and diet. In order to consider these differences, further improvements in the determination of elements in human tissues and fluids are required. Particular attention should be paid to that proportion of an element in the environment which is bioavailable together with its toxicity.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1997

European community. Euro-cash dispensers.

Applications for funding should be well-targeted and must demonstrate a track record in the area of the proposed initiative. Applications not related to a trust's core business are unlikely to succeed.

Europe↗
PubMed2000

[G. Baglivi and scientific European community between rationalism and enlightenment].

The Baglivi Correspondence, kept in the Waller Collection at the University Library of Uppsala, has been published in Italy for the first time in 1999. This Correspondence kept in Sweden provides new information about the scientific Italian culture between the second half of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth. Moreover, it provides important knowledge on the diffusion the Baglivi's work in the scientific European context at that time.

Europe↗
PubMed1996

Tissue antioxidants and postmenopausal breast cancer: the European Community Multicentre Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast (EURAMIC).

Antioxidants may protect against free radical mediated carcinogenesis. Epidemiological studies have not confirmed this hypothesis for breast cancer, possibly because of methodological limitations. Time-integrated exposure of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in adipose tissue, and selenium in toenails was investigated in a case-control study among postmenopausal women, ages 50-74 years, from five European countries. The study group comprised 347 incident breast cancer cases and 374 controls. Mean antioxidant levels, adjusted for age and center, did not significantly differ for alpha-tocopherol (cases were 4.5% higher than controls), beta-carotene (3.0% lower), or selenium (1.8% lower). Odds ratios for highest versus lowest tertiles of exposure, adjusted for potential confounders, were 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.77), 0.74 (0.45-1.23), and 0.96 (0.63-1.47), respectively, without evidence for a decreasing trend. No statistically significant interactions were observed. Moreover, a provisional antioxidant score, indicating whether concentrations were above the median for zero, one, two, or all three antioxidants, yielded odds ratios of 1.00 (reference; all below median), 1.58, 1.58, and 1.21, respectively (chi2 for association = 4.00; P = 0.26). These results do not support the hypothesis that antioxidants are important determinants of this hormone-related malignancy among postmenopausal women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

[Demographic and ideational change in the European Community].

"It is argued in this article that family formation is conditioned not only by economic factors (more particularly changes in opportunity structures for the two sexes), but also by ideational trends. The economic factors could be seen as responsible for period fluctuations that are superimposed on a long term ideationally driven trend with marked cohort contrasts. Value orientations are explored and compared across countries and age groups using the international data set of the European Values Studies. The analysis identifies a scale for the degree of tolerance towards non-conformism (e.g. divorce, abortion, one-parent family, rejection of marriage as an institution...) and the meaning of parenthood. Both are related to a set of other scales (religiosity, morality, leftism, nationalism, materialism, etc.). Theoretical links are also established with the theories of, respectively, Easterlin and Simons concerning the reasons for the recent fertility decline in the West." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[The aims of German medical anthropology in countries of the European Community].

Medical Anthropology deals with the anthropological conditions of health, illness and health care in different societies and cultures, and has to be distinguished in that respect from Social and Industrial Medicine in German language countries which could be considered a kind of official and governmental medicine. While in North America Medical Anthropology has been established at nearly all universities and medical colleges during the last 25 years, corresponding activities in Germany and most other European countries have not reached university level up to now. After referring to general anthropology during the period of enlightenment and to philosophical and medical anthropology in the first half of our century, both to be considered forerunners of medical anthropology in german-speaking countries, an outline of medical anthropology in German-speaking countries, an outline of medical anthropology in the USA is given followed by a survey of questions and problems with which medical anthropology in German-speaking and other European countries has to cope, and would be confronted after the opening of the EC Market in 1993. The article concludes by briefly going into the circumstance of teaching medical anthropology in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1999

Serious childhood respiratory infections and asthma in adult life. A population based study. ECRHS Italy. European Community Respiratory Health Survey.

BACKGROUND: A number of epidemiologic studies have tried to establish whether respiratory tract infections in early childhood cause obstructive pulmonary disease in adult life. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether reported serious respiratory infection before the age of 5 years (SRI) is a significant risk factor for subsequent development of bronchial asthma and/or bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults. METHODS: We investigated a random population sample of 1,104 subjects (aged 20 to 40 years), participating in the European Respiratory Health Survey in Italy. Bronchial response to methacholine and answers to a standardized questionnaire were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of SRI (ie, a positive response to the question "Have you ever had a serious respiratory infection before the age of 5 years?") was significantly higher in the subjects with a positive family history of allergic diseases than in those with a negative one (O.R. 1.89; 95% C.I. 1.24 to 2.87, P < .01). No relationship was found between SRI and current adult asthma; however, asthma in the past was found in 20.5% of the SRI positive subjects and in 9.1% of SRI negative subjects (O.R. 2.47; 95% C.I. 1.47 to 4.15, P < .05). No difference in the response to methacholine and in FEV1, FEV1/FVC values was found between SRI positive and SRI negative subjects. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that a positive family history of atopy is associated with a significantly higher prevalence of SRI. Furthermore our results indicate that exposure to SRI is a risk factor for asthma in the past (ie, asthma in childhood and adolescence) but not for adult asthma or for the development of bronchial impairment in adult life.

Adult↗