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PubMed2006

KIWIN(TM): From prototype to product for use.

2005 has seen the birth of the product KIWIN(TM)--an educational technology for nursing students in New Zealand involving web-based technology supported by Pocket PCs in the field. Nursing students use the technology to collect clinically relevant data at the point-of-care and transmit to a secure central server for storage using cradle synchronisation, WiFi or cellular wireless modalities. Later retrieval via the Internet enables collation of details, refinement of work, and construction with print-off of care reports to meet academic requirements. This demonstration will showcase the development to the international community. Critique and review will be welcomed.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Education in radiologic technology: an analysis.

One of the most important goals for the radiologic technology profession is to base its educational programs on evaluation of competence, therby assuring the employers, consumers, government agencies and other professionals that the profession is striving for quality performance by its graduates. The profession of radiologic technology is in a period of changes as Virginia A. Milligan so adequately described in her Jerman Memorial Lecture, "The Anatomy of Change". To achieve cohesiveness and accomplishment of goals, this change must be recognized and accepted, otherwise, fragmentation will result and destruction of the profession will occur from within.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2000

Community-based education in nutrition and cancer: the Por La Vida Cuidándome curriculum.

The Por La Vida (PLV) intervention model relies on community lay health advisors trained to conduct education sessions among members of their existing social networks. PLV Cuidándome was funded by the NCI to develop, implement, and evaluate the PLV model with respect to nutrition and cancer prevention, as well as early detection of breast and cervical cancers. The target population is the Latino community, for which substantial barriers to health care access exist. This article presents the curriculum that guides the sessions and describes its development, which was based on semi-structured interviews with Latina lay-health community workers to explore relevant attitudes and behaviors. Also key to the process was the work of the educational materials committee, whose members offered community representation as well as expertise in nutritional sciences, educational technologies, and community-based health promotion interventions and research. The 12-session curriculum's goal was to increase both the variety and the quality of fruits and/or vegetables consumed. It included information about consumption of fiber and fat in the importance of balance between energy intake and physical activity. The program has been well received. An ongoing study examines how it enhances nutrition and cancer prevention.

Community Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spanning the distance and resource gaps in health promotion and health education programs.

Traditionally, health care/health promotion professionals have relied on a face-to-face format for their teaching and are now becoming increasingly involved with new and creative ways to use microcomputers in educational technology. These methodologies have their limitations. Each is limited by the number of participants who can be reached at a given time, the availability of local experts, the existence of the necessary hardware and software, and accessibility due to special characteristics of the audience. These limitations often dictate what presentations health professionals can offer, what media can be used, and which groups will attend. Health care/health promotion professionals must not lose sight of readily available, nontraditional, cost effective methods that serve to enhance high level wellness in a broad and diverse population. The alternative health promotion delivery systems of radio, audioconferencing, and teleconferencing, as discussed in this article, can be used in a variety of settings (school, university, community, and worksite), applied to all levels of health promotion and education (elementary through university education and community/worksite offerings), and can increase awareness of additional methods of communication of health-related information by health professionals.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1997

Understanding surgery: multimedia comes to theatre.

Educational technology is well established within Schools of Nursing, however there are few computer based learning packages within the clinical environment. It was felt within the Operating Services Directorate, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, that the development of a multimedia package would enhance and complement existing teaching methods. This paper describes the theory behind the choice of a multimedia presentation and its development within the operating theatres. The package, concentrating on general surgery, has been developed by two experienced theatre nurses and a graphic designer. This has resulted in a structured but flexible, fun package which is relevant to all learners within the operating theatre environment and allied healthcare fields. The feedback obtained from users within the clinical area has reinforced the project team's original feeling that multimedia is a highly appropriate resource for clinical education.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiography programs and the ADA.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), radiologic technology educational programs may not discriminate against qualified disabled individuals who meet admissions criteria. The authors conducted a survey of educational programs to determine familiarity with the law and collect data on admissions practices, specifically technical standards and physical exams. Results indicated that a majority of respondents were only somewhat familiar with the ADA; that most programs have technical standards in place, although they vary in specificity; and that self-assessment was the most frequent method of assessing compliance. Programs reported the use of various methods to assess the health of applicants, and few challenges to the health evaluation process were reported. A moderate need for reasonable accommodations was demonstrated.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed1987

[Education of the workers and their participation in occupational health programs].

In addition to being exposed to the variables and factors that affect the health of the entire population, workers are vulnerable to other risk factors of a biological, chemical, physical, psychosocial and biotechnological nature. These factors cause work-related accidents and occupational and other work-related diseases. Biological factors may be present at workplaces and can spread rapidly in a dense population such as that of an industrial community. Chemical factors can cause acute intoxication and chronic and prepathological conditions, and physical factors include vibrations and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The risks related to posture, physical exertion, fatigue and stress can impair the health of healthy individuals and aggravate existing conditions in the handicapped and predisposed individuals. Finally, work practices increase the incidence of some pathological conditions. It is important to study these factors because when they are well understood they can be eliminated or controlled, and their possible harmful effects avoided. This is why prevention needs to be studied in the setting of a functional dynamic. Professionals in the field of prevention, which must include sociologists and psychologists, must train workers with the help of appropriate educational technology. Workers must participate actively in work programs, along with employers and organizations that represent them. The setting for joint participation in the field of prevention and workers' health--the enterprise in which measures are being promoted, and at the regional and national levels for framing standards and regulations, determining general policies, drawing up labor statutes, and setting up institutions for control and surveillance--imposes on the parties (particularly workers and organizations representing them) a series of rights and obligations that require training for proper observance. The author notes in particular that participation in prevention work means that workers must be given instruction in occupational health. Proper and effective training must impart an understanding of the risks, their consequences, the relationship between exposure, disease and health, and the techniques for the elimination and control of unhealthy, toxic, dangerous and uncomfortable situations, as well as an understanding of health promotion and well-being. This training must be provided by the public administration, and especially, by the institutions responsible for education, the drafting of laws and regulations, advisory services, research, and surveillance of conditions in all working situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Teaching of human anatomy: a role for computer animation.

Computer-assisted learning fulfils an important need for pictorial representation of the functions of organs and systems. The various computer techniques of animation and morphing provide promising horizons for medical educational technology. Image acquisition is one of the most resource-intensive components of animation sequence development. Images can be drawn as originals or can be copied/scanned from various sources. By standardizing the initial (starting) image to the particular/basic need of the teacher and projecting the end-point image by using a vector animation package, 'films' can be created to demonstrate any form of movement. In the Anatomy Department, Sultan Qaboos University in Muscat, computer-animated tutorials are being introduced to illustrate normal and abnormal functional anatomy. The heart and its valve mechanisms have been selected as a pilot study. The student response is very positive and the technique has great potential. Embryology animations showing the formation and growth of organs such as the brain and spinal cord are also being developed.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

[Development of a computer clinical instruction program. Is the game worth the candle?].

PROBLEM BEING ADDRESSED: Use of computers in medicine, as tools for information and education, is increasing. Many computer-assisted learning tools have been marketed. For clinician-teachers, computer-assisted learning offers interesting possibilities. Is this educational technology within the reach of family physicians? OBJECTIVE: To describe development of a computer-based learning tool and to suggest indications for its use. DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT: A team of clinician-teachers and information technologists developed a tool called Didacticiel sur l'Aviseur to train family physicians and family medicine residents on a clinical decision-making tool called l'Aviseur pharmacothérapeutique, which consists of a database and nine search functions. The Didacticiel in turn consists of an interactive guided tour, a series of exercises with formative evaluation and feedback, a real-time test with a final evaluation, and an integrated, multidimensional project evaluation program. CONCLUSION: Developing a computerized learning tool is a worthwhile investment if the content has longevity; the learning process is highly interactive; there is a market for the product; and the tool is developed by a team of experienced, committed information technologists.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

Women physicians are early adopters of on-line continuing medical education.

INTRODUCTION: On-line continuing medical education (CME) provides advantages to physicians and to medical educators. Although practicing physicians increasingly use on-line CME to meet their educational needs, the overall use of on-line CME remains limited. There are few data to describe the physicians who use this new educational medium; yet, they clearly are the innovators and early adopters who will facilitate the growth of this educational technology. It would be useful to instructional designers and CME developers to better understand the characteristics of this influential group. METHODS: We studied the actual use of several different on-line CME programs within three different groups of physicians. The on-line programs were developed as part of research studies funded by the National Institutes of Health, with no relationship to commercial interests. They were presented to physicians using mass mailouts (two physician groups) or personal contact and were accompanied by incentives to reduce resistance to the new technology. We compared the characteristics of physicians who chose to use these on-line programs with demographic data from larger populations representing the groups from which these users originated. RESULTS: We found that physicians who used these on-line CME programs were younger than average and, importantly, more likely to be female than expected. This finding was consistent across different types of physician populations and different types of CME programs. DISCUSSION: Based on data reflecting actual use of on-line CME, younger physicians appear to be adopting on-line CME more rapidly than others, and women physicians appear to be adopting on-line CME at a faster rate than their male counterparts. This latter finding conflicts with the impression provided by some survey-based studies that male physicians are more likely than female physicians to use on-line CME. The data suggest that the growth of on-line CME is most likely occurring in diffusion networks dominated by relatively new medical school graduates and, possibly, women physicians. These results provide valuable insight to those who seek to develop and market on-line CME and those who seek to reach women physicians with CME programs.

California↗
PubMed1987

Computer-managed instruction: an alternative teaching strategy.

Computer-managed instruction is an instructional strategy whereby the computer is used to provide learning objectives, learning resources, and assessment of learner performance. Computer-managed instruction (CMI) aids the instructor in instructional management without actually doing the teaching. Central CMI themes discussed in the literature are individualization, behavioral objectives, and educational technology. The main objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of two teaching strategies: CMI versus the traditional lecture method. The learning objectives were based on specified theoretical content from a Health Assessment course for baccalaureate nursing students. The design of the study was quasi-experimental incorporating two experimental treatments applied to two groups on two occasions. Data analysis addresses differences between groups using CMI and the traditional lecture method. The variables examined were the cognitive performance of learners, the learner's attitude toward the instructional strategy, the learner's retention of knowledge, the time involved in mastering the learning objectives, and the relationship between learner characteristics and the effectiveness of the instructional strategy. No significant mean difference (p less than 0.05) was found between groups on cognitive performance as measured by written and practical examination scores. For these first-year baccalaureate nursing students, CMI did not prove to be a positive instructional method as assessed by the Attitude Questionnaire. The majority of students preferred a combination of instructional methods. There was no significant difference between groups in the time spent meeting the learning objectives by either teaching strategy. The findings suggested that these students preferred learning strategies that are traditional in nature and teacher directed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Advanced patient simulators in pre-hospital trauma management training--the trainees' perspective].

BACKGROUND: Computerized Human Patient Simulators (HPS's) have been increasingly utilized to improve and assess medical performance during critical scenarios. AIMS: To evaluate the utilization of advanced HPS's for trauma management training in pre-hospital setting. METHODS: Four scenarios representing frequent critical events in the pre-hospital trauma treatment were developed using the METI (Medical Education Technologies Inc, Gainesville, Florida) and SimMan (Laerdal, Stavanger, Norway) HPS's. Reserve and regular army medical teams encountered the scenarios, which were all fully videotaped. The A-V recording of the training sessions was used in the debriefing session conducted by experts in trauma care immediately after the encounters. At the end of the workshop, all participants filled in a personal feedback questionnaire. RESULTS: Sixty-six physicians and 16 emergency medical technicians participated in the study. Seventy-eight members (95%) of this group had participated in a previous Advanced Trauma Life Support course, 63 (77%) during the two years before the study. Only 6 (7.3%) of the participants treat trauma cases daily, and 7 (8.5%) more treat such cases at least once in two weeks. Seventy-two (82.8%) of the participants pointed out that the scenarios represent true trauma cases, and the same number reported that the video-based debriefing was excellent or very good. Sixty-four participants (78%) reported that the simulator training improved their decision-making, 54 (65.8%) claimed that it improved their manual skills, and only 47 (57.5%) believed they gained new knowledge. Eighty participants (97.5%) recommended simulator-based training as part of future training and performance assessment. CONCLUSIONS: According to this preliminary subjective study, simulator-based training may be used as a tool in improving the competency of medical teams in treating trauma victims in pre-hospital settings.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1995

Multimedia presentation of lung sounds as a learning aid for medical students.

New educational technologies might help to compensate for the decrease in time and emphasis dedicated to physical examination in medical training. This may, in particular, be applicable for improving the skills in auscultation of the chest. We investigated whether a multimedia presentation of acoustic and graphic characteristics of lung sounds could improve the learning of pulmonary auscultation by medical students, in comparison with conventional teaching methods. We studied 48 medical students without clinical experience, who had received conventional formal teaching on chest examination. Chest auscultation skills were evaluated using an inaccuracy score for the student's auscultation report on three patients, selected according to a standardized procedure. After a baseline evaluation, 27 students in groups of 5-10, participated in a multimedia seminar on lung sounds during which digitized lung sounds were played and the corresponding time-expanded waveform and frequency spectrum were commented on and displayed on a computer. The remaining 21 students received conventional bedside training, acting as control group. The following week, all the students underwent a second evaluation of chest auscultation skills. No differences in the inaccuracy score were observed between the two groups in the preliminary test. However, in the second postintervention assessment, the inaccuracy score of the students who had followed the seminar (11.2 +/- 1.3 points) was significantly lower than that of the controls (16.6 +/- 1.6 points). The answers to a feedback questionnaire confirmed that the great majority of the students found the association of the acoustic signals with their visual image to be useful for learning and understanding lung sounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Career opportunities for doctoral-prepared nurses.

As we face the 21st century, transitions fare occurring in all of society's major institutions. Nowhere is this transition more evident than in education and the health care industry. There is an explosion of information and the use of educational technology is now opening doors never entered before. In health care, greater influence by third-party players and consumers can be seen as major factors in a new and more highly competitive health care system. With the advent of managed health care, clearly more money must be spent in nursing research since in mos instances, nursing is a big ticket item in any health care agency's budget. Determining best practice models and testing them, participating in outcomes research that looks in multidisciplinary practice, and developing new knowledge to serve the needs of our rapidly changing and diverse population requires more and better prepared nurse researchers. The 21st century will also bring unprecedented numbers of nursing faculty who are part of the baby boomer generation face-to face with retirement. The retirement of these doctoral-prepared faculty will create a huge vacuum that will demand to be filled. Clearly, given the demographics in our country, as these doctoral-prepared nurses reach retirement age, they and their peers will begin to experience the chronic illnesses that are characteristic of our older citizens. More, not less, professional nurses will be needed to meet the demand for health promotion, disease prevention, and care of the acute and chronically ill. More, not less, nursing faculty will be needed to produce the require number of professional nurses and to replace their retiring colleagues. A doctoral degree in nursing will be the key to many opportunities and will bring greater rewards than those who hold the same degree today. For the next generation of graduates, the doctor degree in nursing will truly be a "hot ticket item".

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2006

Expert stakeholders' views on the management of human pharmaceuticals in the environment.

Human pharmaceuticals are ubiquitous water contaminants that may have subtle detrimental effects on aquatic organisms, and possibly also on human health. The risks of pharmaceuticals, or pharmaceutically active compounds, remain poorly understood. Awareness of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, coupled with evidence of effects such as fish feminization, however, suggest that precautionary management action to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals to the environment should be considered. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the scope of the issue and possible management strategies from the perspectives of expert stakeholders, drawn from government, academia, and the pharmaceutical and consulting industries, involved in scientific research or policy and management activity, from Canada, the United States, and Europe. Twenty-seven interviewees were asked about their views on management strategies such as pharmaceutical-return programs and incentives for the development of "green" pharmaceuticals. Interviewees generally believed that pharmaceuticals in the environment represented a concern for both human and ecosystem health, although they were more concerned about impacts on aquatic ecosystems. They believed that advanced wastewater treatment technology, education of medical professionals to reduce overprescription, pharmaceutical-return programs coupled with public education, and requirements for all municipalities to have a minimum of secondary wastewater treatment were the most effective management strategies to reduce the environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals. These strategies should be considered by governments interested in managing the risks of human pharmaceuticals in the environment. Combinations of management strategies will likely be most effective in mitigating the risks presented by pharmaceuticals.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Typographical problems of journal design.

This paper describes a comparison study of the effectiveness of an article set in the old and in the revised typographical format of Programmed Learning and Educational Technology. The results indicated no significant differences in terms of reading speed, comprehension, scanning scores or preferences. Some implications for journal design and research are considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

World food and agriculture: outlook for the medium and longer term.

The world has been making progress in improving food security, as measured by the per person availability of food for direct human consumption. However, progress has been very uneven, and many developing countries have failed to participate in such progress. In some countries, the food security situation is today worse than 20 years ago. The persistence of food insecurity does not reflect so much a lack of capacity of the world as a whole to increase food production to whatever level would be required for everyone to have consumption levels assuring satisfactory nutrition. The world already produces sufficient food. The undernourished and the food-insecure persons are in these conditions because they are poor in terms of income with which to purchase food or in terms of access to agricultural resources, education, technology, infrastructure, credit, etc., to produce their own food. Economic development failures account for the persistence of poverty and food insecurity. In the majority of countries with severe food-security problems, the greatest part of the poor and food-insecure population depend greatly on local agriculture for a living. In such cases, development failures are often tantamount to failures of agricultural development. Development of agriculture is seen as the first crucial step toward broader development, reduction of poverty and food insecurity, and eventually freedom from excessive economic dependence on poor agricultural resources. Projections indicate that progress would continue, but at a pace and pattern that would be insufficient for the incidence of undernutrition to be reduced significantly in the medium-term future. As in the past, world agricultural production is likely to keep up with, and perhaps tend to exceed, the growth of the effective demand for food. The problem will continue to be one of persistence of poverty, leading to growth of the effective demand for food on the part of the poor that would fall short of that required for them to attain levels of consumption compatible with freedom from undernutrition.

Agriculture↗