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PubMed1993

Comparisons of endocrinology and behavioural events during the periovulatory period in Meishan and large-white hybrid gilts.

Attainment of puberty, cycle lengths, ovulation rate and endocrinology during the periovulatory period were studied in Meishan (MS) and European Large-White hybrid (LW) gilts. The mean age at onset of puberty of 115 days in MS (n = 20) gilts was younger (P < 0.001) than the 235 days in LW (n = 23). In the MS population studied, ovulation rate was not different (P > 0.1) during the third and fourth oestrous cycles, nor were there differences (P > 0.1) in the mean cycle length over the first three cycles. Overall changes in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol did not differ significantly (P > 0.1) between the breeds (MS, n = 6; LW, n = 5) during the periovulatory period, but plasma inhibin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the MS. The time intervals from the oestradiol peak concentration and the onset of the LH surge until the onset of behavioural oestrus were significantly different (P < 0.005) between the breeds, with oestrus occurring earlier in the MS. However, no difference (P > 0.1) was found between the groups when the intervals from the peak oestradiol concentration to the onset of the LH surge were compared. These results indicate differences between the breeds, particularly in terms of the age of attainment of puberty and the timing of the onset of behavioural oestrus relative to the oestradiol and LH surges.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Fetal endocrinology and development--manipulation and adaptation to long-term nutritional and environmental challenges.

This article reviews the fetal endocrine system in sheep, a species that has a long gestation and primarily produces a singleton fetus. Attention is focused on information that is applicable to humans. The endocrinology of metabolic homeostasis in sheep fetuses is well adapted to respond to a range of metabolic challenges, including placental restriction and maternal undernutrition. A small placenta results in hypoxaemia, hypoglycaemia, reduced abundance of anabolic hormones, and fetal growth restriction. Fetuses with restricted growth are characterized by tissue-specific reductions in hormone receptor mRNA, for example mRNA for the long form of prolactin receptor is reduced in adipose tissue. In contrast, the adipose tissue of fetuses with accelerated growth, stimulated by increasing maternal nutrition in the second half of gestation, has more protein for the long form of the prolactin receptor and more uncoupling protein 1, by which large amounts of heat are generated at birth. Maternal undernutrition in early gestation, coinciding with the period of rapid placental growth, initially restricts placental growth, but when mothers are fed to requirements, a longer fetus results with a disproportionately large placenta. This nutritional manipulation replicates, in part, epidemiological findings from the Dutch famine of 1944-1945, for which the offspring are at increased risk of adult obesity.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Endocrinologic disorders and optic pathway gliomas in children with neurofibromatosis type 1.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of endocrinologic disorders in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and the relationship between these disorders and cerebral abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN: A prospective follow-up study. Setting. A multidisciplinary neurofibromatosis clinic. PATIENTS: A total of 122 children diagnosed with NF1 according to diagnostic criteria set by the National Institutes of Health. RESULTS: Central precocious puberty (CPP) was diagnosed in 3 children and growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in 3 children. Optic pathway gliomas were observed in 15 children; in 9 of the 15 cases, the optic chiasm was involved. Of the 3 children with CPP, only 1 showed a chiasma glioma on magnetic resonance imaging. In 1 case with GHD, an optic chiasm glioma was detected on neuroimaging. Two of the 9 children with an optic chiasm glioma presented with CPP or GHD. CONCLUSIONS: It has been suggested that CPP in children with NF1 is found exclusively in the presence of a chiasma glioma. We conclude that chiasma glioma may not be obligatory in children with NF1 and CPP or GHD. Moreover, we report a prevalence of GHD in children with NF1 of 2.5%, which has not been established earlier.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Glycemic control in adult type 1 diabetes patients from a brazilian country city: comparison between a multidisciplinary and a routine endocrinological approach.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the metabolic control of a cohort of adult type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients assisted in a public Diabetes Center (DC) that follows the rules of a national diabetes society. METHODS: We compared for one year the metabolic control and the characteristics of 175 T1DM patients attended by a multidisciplinary team in a DC (test group) with 30 patients assisted only by endocrinologists at a public endocrinology outpatient center (control group). RESULTS: The test group presented a larger proportion of well-controlled patients (p= 0.002). The proportions (test x control group) were as follows: 51.4% x 16.7% in the subgroup with A1C < 7%; 21.7% x 36.7% in the subgroup with A1C between 7.1% and 8.0%; and 26.9% x 46.7% in the subgroup with A1C > 8%. Patients assisted in the DC presented a likelihood 4.38 times higher of reaching levels of A1C up to 7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the effectiveness of a DC and emphasizes the importance of education, adherence and multidisciplinarity as cornerstones for the treatment, showing that in developing countries it is possible to treat T1DM with satisfactory results.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Endocrinological abnormalities in myotonic dystrophy: consecutive studies of eight tolerance tests in 26 patients.

We studied endocrine functions of the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, gonad, adrenal and pancreas in 26 patients with myotonic dystrophy. The following findings were obtained: (1) Hyporesponsivenesses of HGH to insulin, arginine and L-dopa test were observed in 25%, 45% and 54.5% of patients, respectively. To the administration of sulpiride and TRH, hypo- or hyperresponses of plasma PRL were observed in 4 or 2 patients, respectively. (2) Depressed plasma levels of testosterone were observed in 4 patients and those of estradiol were observed in 3 patients. Among these 7 patients, five were hypergonadotropic and the remaining two were hypogonadotropic. From the data of plasma cortisol and urinary 17-OHCS, the adrenal functions in patients with myotonic dystrophy were considered to be normal. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems in these patients were considered to be grossly normal. (3) Basal levels of T3, T4 and free T4 were within the normal ranges, but 6 of 19 patients showed low levels of 131I-uptake and 11 of 24 patients showed reduced BMR values. (4) The basal level of plasma insulin was elevated in 5 patients. Insulin responses to oral glucose were exaggerated and delayed in 21 of 26 patients. From these results and the statistical evaluation of each laboratory and clinical data, we concluded that 1) the degrees of disturbances of endocrine functions are at random in each patient. 2) The measures of intellectual function obtained by WAIS were directly correlated with basal levels of TSH, but inversely with basal levels of somatostatin. No specific correlation was found between endocrinological disturbances and neurological severities. 3) Impairment of some endocrine functions, such as the gonadal, thyroid and somatotroph functions, was closely correlated with age and the duration of disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Growth hormone endocrinology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): pituitary gene expression, hormone storage, secretion and plasma levels during parr-smolt transformation.

A number of studies on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), have reported changes in plasma GH during parr-smolt transformation, but there is a lack of information about the endocrinology of the GH system during this process. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these changes in plasma GH levels during the parr-smolt transformation of Atlantic salmon, GH mRNA expression in the pituitary was studied together with total pituitary GH content, in vitro GH secretion rate and plasma GH and IGF-I levels. Atlantic salmon were kept in outside tanks, under natural condition from early February until late June. Approximately three times a month fish were killed and pituitaries and blood were sampled for investigation. Further, pituitaries were moved to the laboratory for in vitro GH secretion studies. The results show that the GH system is first activated by an increase in GH secretion rate, which leads to an increase in plasma GH levels and causes a drop in the total GH content of the pituitary. This drop in pituitary GH content is later reversed by an increased GH synthesis seen as an increase in GH mRNA expression. Maximal activation of the GH system is seen to occur in early May, when plasma IGF-I levels reach highest levels, after which a certain deactivation of the GH system takes place. The data show that plasma levels of GH are to a large extent regulated by the secretion rate from the pituitary, although changes in the GH clearance rate are also likely to take place and influence the plasma GH levels. The study further underlines the significant role that the GH-IGF-I axis plays in the parr-smolt transformation of the Atlantic salmon.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Endocrinology trial design: adverse event reporting in randomised controlled trials of recombinant human GH in GH-deficient adults.

We have evaluated the reporting of withdrawals due to adverse effects and specific adverse effects in randomised controlled trials of recombinant human GH in adults. A systematic review was carried out of randomised controlled trials of the clinical effectiveness of recombinant human GH in adults with GH deficiency in relation to impact on quality of life. Trials were identified from searching electronic databases, bibliographies of related articles and consulting experts. There was reporting of withdrawals due to adverse effects and specific adverse effects. Rates of oedema and arthralgia were reported in included trials. Seventeen randomised controlled trials, published between 1990 and 1999, met the inclusion criteria for the review. Nine trials reported data on the effectiveness of GH on quality of life in adults. Only five trials (29%) reported both withdrawals from the study because of adverse events and specific adverse events with numbers per study arm and per type. Six further trials (35%) reported either withdrawal details or specific adverse event details or partial data on specific adverse events. Six trials (35%), however, did not report information on either withdrawals or specific adverse events. Ten of the 17 studies (59%) reported the number of patients who withdrew from the study due to adverse events per study arm and type of adverse event per study arm. Seven of the 17 trials (41%) reported the number of specific adverse events per study arm and six (35%) reported the type per study arm. The reporting of adverse events in randomised controlled trials of GH is variable and not consistent across trials. It is not possible to assess the impact that adverse events may have had on unblinding patients, and therefore the extent to which the effects of GH may have been overestimated. Therefore those conducting endocrinology trials in the future need to pay attention to the reporting of withdrawals due to adverse events and specific adverse events.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Spontaneous resolution of diabetes insipidus after pituitary stalk sectioning during surgery for large craniopharyngioma. Endocrinological evaluation and clinical implications for surgical strategy.

The mechanism of spontaneous resolution of diabetes insipidus (DI) was investigated after surgery for large craniopharyngioma. Twenty-two adult patients (mean age 48.9 years old), who underwent surgery via the anterior interhemispheric trans-lamina terminalis approach, were divided into three groups: Group I, the entire pituitary stalk was preserved (n = 2); Group II, the stalk was dissected distally from the tumor but ultimately sacrificed (n = 9); Group III, the stalk was not identified and was sacrificed (n = 11). All patients were discharged without neurological deficits 1 month after surgery. Four patients underwent gamma-knife treatment for residual tumor or recurrence. Postoperative endocrinological functions were normal in Group I, and no replacement therapy was required. Hormonal replacement for pan-hypopituitarism and DI was necessary in Groups II and III (mean follow-up period 5.9 years). DI resolved at 2.7 +/- 1.3 years after surgery in four patients in Group II, and a hypertonic saline infusion test revealed production of small amounts of intrinsic antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Urine osmolarity was high in the morning, and a significant increase in urinary osmolarity was noted after Pitressin injection. These results indicate induction of hypersensitivity of the distal renal tubules to small amounts of intrinsic ADH, resulting in decreased urinary output. Recovery from DI can be expected, despite permanent impairment of anterior pituitary function, if the pituitary stalk is dissected as distally as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

An endocrinological study of patients with primary cutis verticis gyrata.

An endocrinological study of 15 psychiatric patients with primary cutis verticis gyrata (CVG) and 7 control patients was carried out. The investigation of the pituitary-gonadal axis, pituitary-adrenal axis, pituitary-thyroid axis, prolactin and human growth hormone (basal values and circadian biorhythms) did not show any significant difference between the CVG and the control patients. Only levels of free testosterone were significantly lower in patients with CVG than in the control group (p < 0.05), probably reflecting an increased peripheral use of testosterone.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of acute stressors on endocrinological and immunological functions in lambs.

Lambs were used to evaluate the effect of acute heat stress (HS) or restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on endocrinological and immunological functions. In Exp. 1, lambs were exposed to HS (35 degrees C) and control lambs (CN) were exposed to 21 degrees C for 24 h in two replicates (n = 8 lambs total per treatment). Samples of serum were obtained at frequent intervals for evaluation of cortisol; whole blood was obtained for total and differential leukocyte numbers and lymphocyte blastogenic function. The time-trends for cortisol between HS and CN lambs were different following treatment (P less than .005), but neither leukocyte numbers nor lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to mitogens were affected by acute exposure to the elevated ambient temperature. In Exp. 2, lambs (n = 6 per treatment) were given a 6-h RIS treatment and control lambs remained in their home stanchions (CON). Plasma and serum were obtained frequently during treatment and continued until 24 h after the onset of treatment. Plasma was evaluated for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and serum was assayed for cortisol. Samples of whole blood also were obtained before and at 6, 12 and 24 h after the onset of treatment for determination of total and differential leukocyte numbers and lymphocyte blastogenic responses to mitogens. Both ACTH and cortisol were elevated in response to RIS; the profiles of these hormones over the 24-h bleeding period differed for RIS and CON lambs (P less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1992

The performance of gilts in a new group housing system: endocrinological and immunological functions.

The effect of a new group housing system on performance (132 gilts and litters) and endocrinological (35 gilts) and immunological functions (28 gilts) was studied. Animals were randomly assigned to a conventional system (control), involving greater than 2 mo in individual stalls, or to the Hurnik-Morris (H-M) housing system, involving continuous housing in small groups, for breeding-gestating swine. The gilts were reared throughout gestation in their respective housing systems and moved 3 to 5 d prefarrowing to a common farrowing facility. Various production data were collected, including sow weight and backfat measurements, number of pigs born, number born alive, number weaned, litter birth weight, and litter weaning weight. An adrenal function test using dexamethasone pretreatment and ACTH1-24 challenge was imposed on gilts 5 d prebreeding and once between d 81 to 87 of gestation. Plasma progesterone was measured at the same time. Immune function was measured by serum antibody response to hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin. Gilts reared in the H-M housing system exhibited a number of pigs weaned per litter and litter weaning weights comparable to the number and weights in the control system (7.3 +/- .33 vs 6.9 +/- .38, P = .421 and 56.9 +/- 2.42 kg vs 51.3 +/- 2.76 kg, P = .132, respectively). Prefarrowing and weaning backfat measurements were significantly reduced in group-housed gilts (15.8 +/- .45 mm vs 17.8 +/- .55 mm, P = .005 and 14.6 +/- .4 mm vs 16.2 +/- .42 mm, P = .008, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1979

Hyperthecosis syndrome. Clinical, endocrinologic and histologic findings.

Five patients were found to have hyperthecosis ovarii as evidenced by the presence of large lipid containing thecal cells in the ovarian stroma. The clinical picture was similar in all of them, featuring mild virilization, obesity and oligomenorrhea, with refractoriness to clomid therapy. Plasma FSH levels were low normal, while LH levels were slightly elevated. Urinary 17-ketosteroids levels were elevated, and plasma testosterone concentrations were upper normal. The response to dexamethasone suppression and HCG stimulation is discussed. The effect of wedge resection on the clinical and endocrinologic pictures is evaluated.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1988

Endocrinological parameters and cell-mediated immunity postoperation for cryptorchidism.

Andrological and endocrinological parameters and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were assessed in 25 postpubertal males who had undergone repair of unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism in childhood or early adolescence. Among 20 patients with unilateral cryptorchidism, approximately 30% had decreased sperm density, whereas among 5 bilaterally affected, 1 was azoospermic and 2 oligozoospermic. In most patients the motility and viability values were normal, although the percentage of morphologically pathological sperm was higher than normal. Levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, LH, and prolactin were within normal ranges in all the patients. Levels of FSH were slightly elevated. These findings may suggest a better fertility prognosis of postcryptorchid oligozoospermic patients than in patients with oligozoospermia of other etiology. CMI toward autologous semen revealed a positive reaction in 80% of the bilateral group and in 45% of the unilateral group. This response might be due to the damage of seminiferous tubules of undescended testis causing unmasking and exposure of antigenic determinants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Psycho-endocrinological reactions in female relatives of cancer patients. Effects of an activation programme.

Psychiatric grief reactions after the loss of a close relative are associated with endocrinological reactions, in particular elevated plasma cortisol. In the present study it was tested if a psychosocial intervention programme for relatives to cancer patients affects the reaction patterns. Thirty-six female relatives in the intervention programme were compared with 36 relatives only subjected to a routine programme. Eighteen of the relatives in the intervention programme and 17 in the routine programme experienced the death of the patient during the study period. Systematic psychiatric observations and analyses of the plasma levels of cortisol and prolactin were made approximately once a month. During the treatment period the psychiatric scores did not differ between the groups, but the prolactin levels tended to be lower in the intervention group (p = 0.06). During the terminal phase preceding the patient's death the plasma cortisol levels were significantly elevated in the intervention group but not in the routine group. At examination one and two months after the death of the patient the mental exhaustion scores were significantly lower in the intervention group. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that grief is activated by the intervention and that the active mourning may have prophylactic value to the relatives after the death of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiology of infertility and polycystic ovarian disease: endocrinological and demographic studies.

The frequency of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) as a cause of oligo-amenorrhea and infertility was determined, first by characterizing clinically occult PCOD using endocrinological methods, and secondly by estimating the frequency of overt and occult PCOD amongst infertile women residing in a particular area. Four groups of infertile women with oligo-amenorrhea due to 'functional' disorder were compared. The results show that by contrast with the groups having hyperprolactinemia or hypothalamic disorder the group with hirsutism (and therefore presumed PCOD) was closely resembled by a non-hirsute group in terms of estrogenization, LH level, LH/FSH ratio, prolactin level, body mass and responsiveness to clomiphene. The last group was therefore concluded to have a mild occult form of PCOD. The population studies revealed, first, that overt and occult PCOD accounted for 90% of patients with oligomenorrhea and 37% with amenorrhea, or 73% with oligo- or amenorrhea. Oligo- or amenorrhea accounted for 21% of couples with infertility and the annual incidence was 247 patients per million of the general population. The annual incidence of infertility due to PCOD per million was 41 with overt PCOD and 139 with occult PCOD (total 180). Of those, 140 appeared to respond well to clomiphene (78%) but 40 (22%) failed, requiring alternative therapy.

Clomiphene↗
PubMed1993

Endocrinological, ultrasonographic and clinical findings in adolescent and adult polycystic ovary patients: a comparative study.

This study was performed to compare clinical and endocrine features and ultrasonographic data of adolescent (< or = 18 years old) and adult (> or = 19 years old) patients with ultrasound-diagnosed polycystic ovaries (PCOs) in our Reproductive Endocrinology outpatient clinic. The adolescent group included 35 PCO patients while 125 were in the adult group. Hirsutism was present in 64.7% of the adolescent group and in 49.6% of the adult group. Menstrual irregularities were detected as oligomenorrhea (42.8%), amenorrhea (20%) and irregular but normal cycles (17.4%) in the adolescent group; the figures for the adult group were 46.4, 8.8 and 23.2%, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. The mean body mass index of the adult PCO group was significantly higher than the adolescent PCO group (p < 0.05). The endocrine features (estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, total testosterone, free testosterone, 17-OH progesterone, androstenedione, thyroid stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)) and the ovarian volume of both groups were comparable. There was a significant positive correlation between ovarian volume and serum LH, total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione and DHEAS in both groups. We conclude that polycystic ovarian syndrome is a disorder with perimenarchal onset, the clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features of which will not change by age, although patients are prone to gain weight as they get older.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of selective transsphenoidal adenomectomy by endocrinological testing and somatomedin-C measurement in acromegaly.

A series of 29 previously untreated patients with acromegaly underwent transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Pre- and postoperative evaluation consisted of measuring growth hormone (GH) secretory dynamics during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), the insulin hypoglycemia test, and the thyrotropin- and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (TRH/GnRH) test, and by obtaining the basal somatomedin-C level. After surgery, clinical and biochemical amelioration was achieved in all but two patients. In the whole group, basal GH and somatomedin-C levels decreased from a mean (+/- standard error of the mean) of 52.3 +/- 12.7 to 11.1 +/- 6.3 ng/ml and from 7.6 +/- 0.7 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 U/ml, respectively. Application of different criteria of cure revealed that 19 patients (66%) had basal GH levels below 5 ng/ml, 17 patients (59%) had normal somatomedin-C values, 16 patients (55%) had complete GH suppression (less than 1 ng/ml) during OGTT, and 13 patients (45%) met the above-mentioned criteria with disappearance of the paradoxical GH response to TRH/GnRH test. Evaluation of GH secretion by insulin hypoglycemia testing was useless in assessing the outcome after neurosurgery. When only patients with a normal somatomedin-C level and complete GH suppressibility during OGTT were considered "cured," the main favorable prognostic factor was intrasellar tumor localization, since 15 (75%) of 20 patients were "cured," as opposed to only one (11%) of nine with extrasellar extension of the adenoma. During the follow-up period, no tumor recurrence was detected in any of the "cured" patients. In these subjects somatomedin-C levels remained stable in all except two patients, who showed a slow increase within the normal range of somatomedin-C concentration. These data confirm that transsphenoidal surgery is the most effective form of treatment in previously untreated acromegalic patients and that normalization of somatomedin-C levels reflects normal GH secretion. Measurement of somatomedin-C could replace more extensive endocrinological testing during monitoring of treated acromegalic patients.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1992

Endocrinological evaluation of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas: their location and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone immunoreactivity.

It has been hypothesized by Lamberts and coworkers in their analysis of 15 cases that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas may be derived from either the anterior lobe or the intermediate lobe. The intermediate lobe type of Cushing's disease is thought to be controlled through a hypothalamic pathway and is characterized by hyperprolactinemia; suppressibility of cortisol with bromocriptine, and lower sensitivity to dexamethasone. The authors investigated the validity of this hypothesis in 125 cases of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas by analyzing the endocrine findings, the locations of the microadenomas, and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) immunoreactivity in the adenoma cells. No significant differences in the basal hormone levels, cortisol suppressibility with bromocriptine, sensitivity to dexamethasone, and recurrence rate were observed between patients with the microadenoma adjacent to the posterior lobe (considered typical of the intermediate lobe-derived tumor) or those with the microadenoma located in the anterior lobe. The locations of the microadenoma were not correlated with alpha-MSH immunoreactivity in the adenoma cells. No significant differences in endocrine findings were noticed between adenomas positive or negative for alpha-MSH. Thus, Cushing's disease cannot be simply divided into either the anterior lobe type or the intermediate lobe type by endocrinological evaluation as described by Lamberts, et al.

Adenoma↗