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PubMed1990

The effect of whole ejaculate filtration on the morphology and the fertility of bovine semen.

A Sephadex G-15 filtration method was developed to remove abnormal and nonmotile bull sperm from an entire ejaculate. The efficiency of filtration was determined by adding freeze-killed sperm to the ejaculate or using ejaculates with elevated numbers of abnormal cells induced by scrotal insulation. A fertility trial, using split ejaculates, compared fertility of filtered and unfiltered semen. After filtration, samples with 0, 25, and 50% killed cells added contained 77 to 81% motile cells. Addition of 75% killed sperm resulted in significant decrease (52%) of motile cells following filtration. Morphologic examination of semen with elevated numbers of abnormal cells revealed higher percentages of sperm with normal shaped heads and normal or swollen acrosomes after filtration than in unfiltered samples. Percentage of pear-shaped heads, lifted acrosomes, and bent tails decreased after filtration. Six high fertility and six low fertility bulls were used to evaluate fertility of filtered semen. Filtering increased motile sperm from 51 to 57% and from 36 to 50% for the high and low fertility bulls, respectively. The 60- to 90-d nonreturn rates for high fertility bulls were not increased by filtering (73 vs. 72%). However, filtering significantly improved the nonreturn rates for the low fertility bulls (61 vs. 67%).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[The diagnostic value of ejaculate cultures in acute unspecific epidiymitis (author's transl)].

Bacteriological cultures of the ejaculates of 28 patients with acute unspecific epididymitis yielded in 6 cases growth of organisms which were considered to be the cause of the disease. Tests with conventional clinical antibiotics showed organism resistance in half of these cases. Because of possible contamination of the ejaculate with organisms in the urethra and in the preputial area, the results of bacteriological cultures of the ejaculate must be evaluated critically. But a bacteriological ejaculate culture should be carried out in all cases of acute epididymitis at the first consultation so that the antibiotic treatment can be begun immediately afterwards with a tetracycline preparation. If the cultures prove to be tetracycline resistant an appropriate antibiotic can then be substituted.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Effect of caffeine on the motility, viability, oxygen consumption and glycolytic rate of ejaculated human normokinetic and hypokinetic spermatozoa.

In this report the effect of caffeine, IBMX and Cholera toxin on ejaculated human spermatozoa was tested. It was found that caffeine was the most effective drug, and that Cholera toxin was ineffective. Caffeine stimulated motility, preserved viability and increased the glucose, fructose utilization and lactate production of sperm in whole semen and washed sperm. Oxygen consumption however was decreased. These results of the normokinetic ejaculates were defined as a basis for comparison with the response of hypokinetic sperm. A group of 11 hypokinetic ejaculated spermatozoa were treated by caffeine and only five responded to caffeine stimulation by a response, similar to that of normokinetic sperm. They were defined as "responsive." The other group of six patients who did not respond were defined as a "non-responsive" class. The possibility that the in vitro treated sperm of the responsive class ejaculate is suitable for artificial insemination to their wives, is discussed.

Caffeine↗
PubMed2004

A preliminary study on the rheological properties of human ejaculate and changes during liquefaction.

AIM: To study the changes in rheological properties, namely the parameters of the hysteresis loops and yield stress versus time for human semen after ejaculation. METHODS: Ejaculates were obtained from volunteers and immediately put into the test cup of a Brookfield Programmable DV-11 Rheometer, by which the hysteresis loops and yield stress were determined. RESULTS: (1) Yield stress values dropped down from more than 3000 mPa to 60 mPa in about 5 minutes after ejaculation; (2) The shape of the hysteresis loops of shear stress versus shear rate was changed from the counter-clockwise direction, that enclosed a large area, into the clockwise direction, that enclosed a very small area. CONCLUSION: Human ejaculate originally possesses semi-solid or visco-elastic body behavior and in 5 minutes after liquefaction, it becomes a thixotropic fluid or shearing thinning fluid with very low viscosity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Amino sugar levels in normally coagulating and poorly coagulating human ejaculates.

Free and total amino sugar levels were determined in human prostatic fluid, vasectomized semen, presumably fertile semen, and in ejaculates having different degrees of coagulation. About 87% of the total amino sugar in seminal plasma was found in the bound form. The seminal vesicles were the richest source for seminal amino sugar, being followed by the prostate, while the epididymes contributed negligibly, if at all. Total amino sugar level of the poorly coagulating ejaculates was found to be significantly lower than those of the vasectomized, presumably fertile, and normally coagulating ejaculates. The degree of coagulation and the amino sugar level of human ejaculates were related by a correlation coefficient of .468 (n = 60; P less than .001).

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Unusually high concentrations of Zn alpha 2-glycoprotein and the lack of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein in human ejaculates.

Ejaculates of 132 nonvasectomized and 129 vasectomized men were assayed for their Zn alpha 2- and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein contents by radial immunodiffusion. The respective mean concentrations of Zn alpha 2-glycoprotein were 319 and 309 mg/L, respectively, but these fluids were devoid of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. In comparison, the concentration of these two proteins in serum of normal men were 62 and 617 mg/L for Zn alpha 2- and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein, respectively. Because albumin in the ejaculates is 100-fold less concentrated than in serum, the fivefold increase in the concentration of Zn alpha 2-glycoprotein of the ejaculates represents about a 500-fold enrichment of this protein in the ejaculates over the concentration expected by comparison with albumin.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of seminal ejaculate on the biomechanical properties of chorioamniotic membranes.

We investigated the effects of seminal ejaculate on the biomechanical properties of chorioamniotic membranes obtained and processed immediately after normal term vaginal deliveries. Study samples were exposed to seminal ejaculate and control samples to buffered normal saline. Both the samples and controls were incubated for periods of 1, 4 and 24 hours, after which a load-deformation curve was derived for each. Four biomechanical parameters were analyzed for each sample and control: modulus of elasticity, rupture tension, work to rupture and strain to rupture. Exposure to seminal ejaculate was associated with an increase in the modulus of elasticity, work to rupture and rupture tension, reflecting a change in the elastic component of the mechanical properties. No significant change was observed in the strain to rupture. We hypothesize that these changes may indicate an alteration in the ability of chorioamniotic membranes exposed to seminal ejaculate to dissipate mechanical stress, resulting in their predisposition to premature rupture.

Amnion↗
PubMed1987

Ejaculate characteristics of sheep infected with Trypanosoma brucei and T vivax: changes caused by treatment with diminazene aceturate.

The effect of Trypanosoma brucei and T vivax on the ejaculate of sheep and the rate of recovery with diminazene aceturate treatment was investigated. Animals were made to ejaculate once a week before infection, during infection and after treatment. Parameters studied were semen volume, semen colour, sperm motility and concentration, percentage dead spermatozoa and sperm morphology. Both infections severely affected the quality of the ejaculate although in T vivax infection there was no appreciable change in semen volume and sperm concentration. There was a reduction in sperm motility and concentration, an increase in the percentage of dead spermatozoa and in abnormal sperm morphology. Treatment led to improvement in all parameters but recovery was faster in T vivax than in T brucei infection. Ejaculate with few primary abnormalities was not obtained until 19 weeks after treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[The effect of the method of adding ethylene glycol to turkey ejaculate on the quality of cryopreserved sperm].

Ethylene glycol at concentrations of 8 + 8, 4 + 12 or 0 + 16% was added to the ejaculate of the White Broad-Breasted turkey-stags by the method of (ejaculate : diluent) 1 : (1 + 1), 1 : (1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 2/4) or 1 : (1 + 1/15 + 1/15 + 1/15 + 2/15 + + 4/15 + 6/15) at temperatures of 25, 15 or 5 degrees C. The dissolved ejaculate was equilibrated for 15 minutes, three minutes it was left to freeze in liquid nitrogen vapours and 24 hours it was stored at a temperature of -196 degrees C. Motility, percentage of live spermatozoa and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa were evaluated after sample thawing at 15 degrees C. The quality of cryo-preserved spermatozoa of stags was most effectively influenced by the addition of ethylene glycol to ejaculate at the concentration of 0 + 16% by the method of 1 : (1 + 1/15 + 1/15 + + 1/15 + 2/15 + 4/15 + 6/15) at the temperature of 25 degrees C.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Relations of certain indicators of ejaculate quality of breeding boars to seasonal changes in the microclimate in pigsties].

A yearlong evaluation of the semen volume, concentration and number of morphologically abnormal sperms of 1722 ejaculates from 53 boars of Large White, Duroc and Landrace breeds housed in one building was performed. Simultaneously, continuous registration of temperature and of the relative humidity of the sty climate was performed, and the cooling value and the air flow in the sty were determined. In the followed period also the conception rate of sows after the first insemination by semen of the studied set of boars was evaluated. In summer season, at the increased and high temperatures and the relative sty humidity and at the lower air flow, the lowest average volume of ejaculate, the highest average sperm concentration and the minimum average number of abnormal sperms were recorded. In winter season, from the microclimatic viewpoint characterized mainly by the optimum air temperature but by high relative humidity and by excessive air flow, the highest average ejaculate volume with a lower average sperm concentration and with a maximum occurrence of abnormal sperms was recorded. The parametric differences in ejaculate quality in summer and winter seasons were statistically significant, however, their variations did not exceed the spermiologic standard throughout the year. The found decrease in conception rate of sows after the first insemination by the semen of the followed set of breeding boars in warm months is obviously to be attributed to the sows or to the changes of other andrological criteria than those being subject of this study.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evidence of bacteria in ejaculate].

Infections caused by bacteria strike primarily the prostate and vesical glands, and secondarily the epididymis. Essential first is to give evidence of bacteria in germ numbers exceeding 10(5) pro ml ejaculate. In addition, the diagnosis of prostatitis requires the demonstration of other signs of infection, for example increased numbers of leukocytes in the ejaculate, in the prostatic secretion and in the urine; the clinical symptoms in relation to these indicators are not necessarily characteristic. It is essential for the microbiological diagnostic, that evidence of all the germs be found in native material. It is therefore necessary to first disinfect the external urethral orifice and the glans penis, in order to avoid super-imposition of germs from the surroundings. Every demonstration of bacteria must be connected with a determination of resistance. The relationships between the ejaculate parameters which deviate from the norm, and evidence of bacteria in ejaculate are unclear. Reports about disturbances in spermatozoa motility or morphology during infections of the adnexa of man are to be evaluated with care.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Studies of human seminal parameters with frequent ejaculation II. Spermatozoal vitality and storage.

The hypothesis that the percentage of dead spermatozoa in an ejaculate is related to their storage time in the extra-gonadal reserve was tested using a protocol where men followed a set ejaculatory pattern. Semen samples were requested as follows: abstinence from ejaculation for at least 3 days (not more than 7 days) followed by production of the first sample, then one ejaculation per day for 4 consecutive days before the second sample; and, lastly, abstinence for a further 4 days and production of the final sample. Within the time scale of the experiment there was no relationship between the percentage of dead spermatozoa in the ejaculate and the preceding period of abstinence, nor was the percentage of dead spermatozoa related to the total number of spermatozoa present. The percentage of non-motile, but vital, spermatozoa similarly exhibited a random pattern. Thus whatever mechanisms are contributing to the mortality of spermatozoa, they are independent of storage time in the extra-gonadal reserve, and total spermatozoal count. Therefore, in the absence of necrozoospermia, this parameter probably contributes little to the overall diagnosis of infertility, but does allow assessment of the functional spermatozoa present.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Infections of the ejaculate by sexually transmissible pathogens].

Certain ejaculate infections can be traced back to sexually transmitted microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Trichomonas vaginalis. To varying extents, these microorganisms cause such classical genital infections as urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis as well as subclinical genital tract infections. Several different pathomechanisms are under discussion for infection of the ejaculate: reduction of spermatogenesis resulting from testicular damage, autoimmune processes induced by inflammation, direct influence on the spermatozoal function, disturbances in spermatozoal transport, secretory dysfunction of the male accessory sex glands and leukocytospermia with secondary influence on ejaculate parameters. The relevance of these microorganisms for the localization of the inflammatory process within the genital tract are discussed in detail. Their importance for male fertility is a matter of debate. In particular, the significance of C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum, both of which are detectable in the urethra, is still uncertain and cannot be assessed conclusively. Further information allowing delimitation of an infection resulting from bacterial colonization may be provided, on the one hand, by biochemical markers for an inflammatory reaction and indicators of an immune response in the ejaculate, e.g. PMN elastase, complement C3, or coeruloplasmin, and on the other hand, by secretion markers such as alpha-glucosidase, PSA and phosphatase. Whether the assessment of these markers and indicators can help to clarify the inflammatory origin of infertility in individual cases remains doubtful.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Changes in binding of lectins to epididymal, ejaculated, and capacitated spermatozoa of the rhesus monkey.

BACKGROUND: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in rhesus monkey sperm surface glycoconjugates during maturation, ejaculation, and capacitation in order to provide background information that would help in evaluating adverse effects, if any, caused by the use of contraceptive agents. METHODS: Adult sexually mature rhesus monkeys were castrated under ketamine anaesthesia. Percoll purified sperm from different epididymal segments and motile-ejaculated spermatozoa prior to and following in vitro capacitation were exposed to FITC-labeled lectins. Live or sperm prefixed with paraformaldehyde/alcohol were used. Quantitative analysis of changes in lectin binding was done immunoassay. RESULTS: The majority of live spermatozoa did not show binding of Con A and PNA, whereas uniform labeling of WGA to sperm from corpus epididymidis onward was seen. Unfixed spermatozoa showed marked variation in the pattern of lectin binding. The majority of spermatozoa fixed with paraformaldehyde or alcohol showed maximum lectin labeling over the acrosome, but the postacrosomal area invariably did not bind the lectins. Major changes in the localization of Con A, PNA, or WGA to prefixed spermatozoa were not seen during epididymal transit and in the ejaculate. In capacitated acrosome-reacted spermatozoa, Con A, PNA, and WGA were localized mainly in the equatorial segment. Binding of Con A and PNA was abolished by using lectins preincubated with appropriate inhibitor saccharides. Sperm, exposed to FITC-WGA preincubated with inhibitor sugar, did not show complete inhibition. Quantitative analysis of lectin binding by immunoassay showed increase in binding of lectins during epididymal transit with maximum binding in sperm from the corpus epididymidis. CONCLUSIONS: The variations in lectin labeling of live spermatozoa could be due to redistribution of sperm surface sugars or membrane damage. The changes in lectin labeling during maturation and capacitation may be associated with their role in ovum recognition and fusion.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Analysis and significance of messenger RNA in human ejaculated spermatozoa.

Human ejaculate spermatozoa contain multiple mRNA species carried over from earlier stages in spermatogenesis. To date, gene-specific RT-PCR or in situ hybridization has detected transcripts for beta-actin, heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90, protamines (PRM) 1 and 2, transition protein (TNp) 2, HLA II, beta-integrins, and, most recently, phosphodiesterase subtypes. We have further evidence for a complex population of transcripts based on screening a human testis cDNA library with a heterologous spermatozoal probe. High levels of transcribed repetitive sequences are present in human spermatozoa, including medium reiteration repeats (MERs) and short and long nuclear interspersed repeats (SINES and LINES). Both SINES and LINES belong to the retroposon class of repeat elements, which are thought to proliferate via an intermediate RNA that is converted to DNA by an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). We have circumstantial evidence for the presence of an RT in ejaculate sperm based on the detection of transcripts for ORF2 of LINE 1 encoding such an enzyme. Our data suggests the following: 1. Ejaculate spermatozoa may be a very useful tool in the identification of genes linked to an infertile phenotype. 2. Spermatozoa (or spermatids) may express a reverse transcriptase, the role of which is unknown. 3. RNA isolated from spermatozoa or washed semen samples may facilitate the detection of mutations and deletions in testis-expressed AZF-linked genes.

Ejaculation↗
PubMed1986

Immunofluorescence antigen localization on boar sperm plasma membranes: monoclonal antibodies reveal apparent new domains and apparent redistribution of surface antigens during sperm maturation and at ejaculation.

Purified boar sperm plasma membranes (PM) and PM proteins were used as antigens to produce 58 monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens. Fluorescence labelling (biotin-avidin-FITC) was used to determine the distribution of antigens in caput and cauda epididymal and in ejaculated spermatozoa with hybridoma supernatants and/or 1:100 diluted ascites fluid after subcloning. Sixteen areas (subdomains) of apparent restricted antigen mobility were identified and significant differences in the localization of most antigens in caput, cauda, and ejaculated PM were recognized. While localization patterns were highly reproducible with a given protocol for sample preparation and immunolabelling, localization patterns were markedly affected by changes in protocols. Fluorescence patterns were affected by the manner in which sperm were labelled (live sperm or sperm labelled at various steps), by washing, and by temperature or by addition of seminal plasma. These results indicate that the dynamic properties of the sperm PM or the surrounding fluids can easily mask or unmask or reconfigure binding sites for highly site-specific monoclonal antibodies and that antigen distribution is probably under-estimated when these labelling techniques are used. Such changes in the accessibility of antigenic sites to monoclonal antibodies limited determining the extent of distribution of a given antigen on epididymal sperm. However, the reproducibility of patterns when a given protocol is used and the large number of antibodies (39/42) displaying marked differences in localization on caput, cauda, and ejaculated PM suggest that changes in the organization of the PM constituents, whether by addition or subtraction of antigen or through configurational changes in proteins, are a major consequence of sperm maturation in the epididymis.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1992

Prostate-specific antigen: establishment of the reference range for the clinically normal prostate gland and the effect of digital rectal examination, ejaculation, and time on serum concentrations.

This study investigated the serum prostate-specific antigen concentration in 100 healthy men (mean age, 26.3 years; range, 20-29 years) with a clinically normal prostate gland. The effect of digital rectal examination and ejaculation on the serum concentration, and the variability of the serum concentration over 1-week and 1-month periods were examined. In the 100 subjects, the serum prostate-specific antigen concentration ranged from less than 0.1-2.6 ng/ml. The mean, median, and mode were 0.68 ng/ml, 0.6 ng/ml, and 0.4 ng/ml, respectively. The 97.5th percentile value was 2.1 ng/ml. The mean and median changes in the serum concentration after digital rectal examination were -0.013 +/- 0.11 ng/ml and 0.0 ng/ml, respectively (P = 0.59 compared with control group). The mean change after ejaculation was 0.05 +/- 0.12 ng/ml, and the median change was 0.0 ng/ml (P = 0.14 compared with control group). Diurnal variation showed minimal change in 16 patients over a 1-week period. The mean change (p.m. value-a.m. value) was 0.003 ng/ml (range, -0.2-0.06 ng/ml). In addition, the serum concentration showed minimal intrapatient variability in 20 patients throughout a 1-month period; the average coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) in these subjects was 16.5% (range, 6.4-45.2%). These results indicate that the range in the serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen for healthy men with a clinically normal prostate gland is significantly lower (0.0-2.6 ng/ml) than the currently employed range (0.0-4.0 ng/ml; Tandem-R PSA assay); in addition, digital rectal examination and ejaculation have no significant effect on the serum concentration. Finally, the time of day has little effect, and the variability in the serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen over a 1-week and 1-month interval is minimal.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Retarded ejaculation: a review.

Retarded ejaculation is the persistent difficulty or inability to ejaculate despite the presence of adequate sexual desire, erection, and stimulation. The causes of this dysfunction may be organic, i.e., medical illness or drug ingestion (particularly medications with antiadrenergic effects), the result of surgical interventions, or secondary to inhibiting psychological factors. With regard to psychological determinants, fear, guilt, resentment, and passively have all been implicated, although objective studies are rare. The sexual object choice of men with retarded ejaculation has ben reported by several clinicians and investigators to be other than adult members of the opposite sex, while the marital relationship of these males has been considered etiological in other instances. Outcome assessment to date consists mostly of individual case reports or reports on small groups of patients treated without controls. To some extent, routine reliance on long-term traditional therapy has yielded to shorter, symptomatic learning-based treatments. While improved outcomes have been reported, many patients do not respond well. It is not yet possible to objectively predict succes or failure. Since it is our impression that this sexual dysfunction is more common than previously assumed (or is increasing in frequency), our present lack of data should soon be remedied.

Adult↗