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PubMed1985

[Echoencephalographic diagnosis of extracerebral tumors located basally].

A total of 118 patients with tumours of extracerebral, and basal localization were examined. The simplicity and information content of multi-axial echoencephalography were demonstrated and the significance of the echographic signs for an earlier topical diagnosis of extracerebral basal tumours was analyzed. It is observed that the method employed well correlates with other research methods, supplements them and contributes to early diagnosis of extracerebral tumours of basal localization.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1983

[Electroencephalographic studies in children and adolescents with cerebral vegetative disorders].

The results of an echoencephalographic study of 403 children and adolescents aged 8 to 20 years, suffering from different vegetative disorders are presented. On the average, 49% of the patients examined showed a statistically significant dilatation of ventricle III of the brain. Echoencephalography is demonstrated to be a valuable method in the diagnosis of cerebral vegetative impairments in children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Several clinical features of syringomyelia].

On the basis of clinical studies of 387 patients with syringomyelia the authors describe different forms of this disorder. The results of these studies conducted by means of one derivation echoencephalography depending upon the age and disease duration in patients with syringomyelia are demonstrated. The possible mechanisms of syringomyelia development are being discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Sonographic detection of post-meningitis subdural effusion].

Subdural effusions in childhood are most often seen during the first year of life. In this age group two-dimensional echoencephalography gives excellent images of the brain due to the open fontanelle and the relatively low mineralisation of the cranium. The sonographic findings of two infants with postmeningeal subdural effusions are demonstrated and compared with CT-scan results. The sector-scan is much more useful than the linear-array. Computerized tomography remains necessary but it should be possible to reduce the number of examinations.

Echoencephalography↗
PubMed1981

[Feasibility of ultrasonic procedures in the diagnosis of brain death (clinico-experimental study)].

For estimating the vital capacity of the brain in critical situations use was made of a set of non-invasive, rapid, and economic diagnostic methods including echoencephalography, echo-pulsography of the ventricular system and the major arteries of the brain, the time motion method and dopplerography. Clinical and experimental studies were carried out on 15 animals and 70 patients who were in the state of cerebral or extracerebral coma of the IInd--IVth degree. Some parameters have been obtained which can be used as prognostic criteria for deciding on the desirability of continuing the resuscitation measures.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Ultrasonic investigation of the brain in neonates.

A brief history of echoencephalography is given. Recent advances in ultrasonic technology have resulted in renewed interest in the subject. The neonatal brain can now be reliably visualised with systems which are widely available. Ultrasound examination is a relatively simple, safe procedure which does not cause distress to the patient. This makes it particularly suited to investigation of neonates. The examination technique used in our department is described. Other techniques and studies comparing ultrasound with other modalities are briefly reviewed.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasound and the bone: a difficult relationship].

The principles of US physics and technology hampering both the production of US images of the bone and the assessment of the soft tissue structures underlying it are discussed. In theory, two US parameters play a role in this field: the different transmission velocity of the US beam through soft tissues and bone, and the marked attenuation of the US beam when crossing the bone. The former parameter, due to higher density and lower compressibility of the bone with respect to soft tissues, causes both intense reflection (and thus beam weakening) and refraction (and thus lateral resolution and US image distortions) at the soft tissue/bone interfaces. Moreover, US transmission velocity in the bone differs significantly from the reference velocity of the US scanners on the market based on that of soft tissues. As a consequence, during the reconstruction of a bone US image, artifacts resulting in the axial compression of bone structures should, at least in theory, occur. The latter parameter, due to both conversion into heat (absorption) and local dispersion (scattering), is likely to be main factor causing the loss of US energy when the US beam passes through the bone. Although the amount of matter (bone mass or density) undoubtedly accounts for some attenuation, local bone architecture (bulk and shear moduli of bone and marrow, bone and marrow density, marrow viscosity and porosity, permeability and tortuosity of cancellous bone structure) seems nevertheless also responsible for some attenuation through both absorption and scattering. Other consequences of attenuation reflecting on US imaging of the bone are: marked lowering of central transducer frequency and US beam widening preventing the correct identification of the interfaces originating echoes by relating them to the structures on the transducer axis. In conclusion, based on the above parameters, echoencephalography and transcranial Doppler US can be expected to improve, in the near future, their bone-crossing capabilities, even though no true gray-scale bone sonogram will ever be feasible.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1995

Sonographic lenticulostriate vasculopathy in infants: some associations and a hypothesis.

PURPOSE: To describe the causes of infantile lenticulostriate vasculopathy (LSV) as demonstrated by sonography and propose the pathogenesis of these findings. METHODS: Five hundred eighty-six infants were examined via echoencephalography because of seizures, psychomotor retardation, dysmorphism, congenital malformation, microcephaly, macrocephaly, bulging of anterior fontanel, consciousness disturbance, or prematurity. We directed our attention on the sonographic study to the basal ganglionic and thalamic areas. Twenty-eight of the 586 patients underwent color Doppler studies. RESULTS: In 34 infants with gray-scale neurosonographic findings of LSV, 16 were associated with various causes that have been reported before. In 8 patients entities not previously associated with LSV were found: neonatal lupus, neonatal hypoglycemia, uncomplicated prematurity, encephalitis, and head injury. In the remaining 10 cases, a specific cause could not be found. The LSV was found in 16 (40%), 5 (14%), and 13 (3%) patients with perinatal, acquired, and nonspecific causes, respectively. Generally, this is an uncommon finding because it was observed in only 34 (5.8%) of the study infants; 24 of these 34 had a documented cause of the vasculopathy. With LSV associated with perinatal causes there was a greater chance of sonographic LSV's developing than with that of acquired causes. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that sonographic LSV is a nonspecific marker of a previous insult to the developing brain, and the special hemodynamics of the fetal brain plays an important role in its pathogenesis.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1977

[Comparative echoventriculographic studies in premature, low weight and mature infants].

In 135 preterm and low-weight prematures and in 17 low-weight infants with normal time of gestation the diameter of the body region (= Cella media region) of the lateral ventricles and the width of the third ventricle were measured by means of one-dimensional echoencephalography. The observations were made during the period of the first 30 months. The diameter of the parietal cerebral matter was defined as difference of the biparietal skull diameter minus width of the body region of both lateral ventricles. By comparing healthy, maturely born children with preterm children the fetal age was taken as a basis. Statistics were taken from the age of one month onward. The preterm children showed significant lower values for the diameter of the cerebral matter and the index of the body region. Accordingly the values for the width of the body region were higher. The results are explaned not only with atrophic changes. According to our investigations they also can be caused by a retarded maturation of brain, which can be compensated partly or completely in the course of the child's development.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-echoencephalographic-electroencephalographic-angiographic correlations in supratentorial glioma].

The paper contains conclusions from a comparative evaluation of neurological, echoencephalographic, electroencephalographic and angiographic investigations in supratentorial cerebral gliomas. The results of the analysis were based on 55 cases and were related to the whole material as well as to various localization groups. The usefulness of A echoencephalography is discussed from the standpoint of possibility of indicating the cerebral hemisphere involved by the tumour and in comparision with the results of other investigations.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

Surgical treatment of acute subdural hygroma in children.

During the years 1967-1984, 91 children were operated on because of acute compressive traumatic intracranial hematoma: 16 (17%) had traumatic acute subdural hygromas. These were unilateral in 12 cases and bilateral in 4. The causes of injury were traffic accidents in 11 children, a fall in 1, and acute deceleration injuries in 5. Nine children suffered multiple injuries to the thorax, inferior extremities, and pelvis. Clinical manifestations and evolution of clinical symptoms included changes in conscious level, palsy, high fever, nystagmus, maximum dilation of either pupil and spontaneous, irregular breathing. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the clinical picture and supplementary clinical investigations: CT, EEG, echoencephalography, isotope cisternography, and arteriography. Treatment was by simple trephination of the cranium and evacuation of hygromatous liquid. All children survived the surgical treatment; 1 child died after the operation and 2 developed hydrocephalus.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1975

[The diagnostic value of brain scanning in children (author's transl)].

The results of brain scanning of children up to the age of 16 (192 patients) show that cerebral tumors could be accurately detected in 44 out of 50 cases (88%) and cerebellar tumors in 22 out 32 cases (69%). The characteristics of the individual kinds of tumors were discussed but classification by means of brain scanning is not yet possible, due to the limited experience with tumors of children. For in-patient studies, together with contrast methods, and for out-patient examinations with X-ray, EEG, and echoencephalography, brain scanning improves the diagnostic possibilities to a large extent.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

[Spontaneous intracerebellar haematoma in childhood (author's transl)].

Spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage accounts for 10% of all intracranial spontaneous haematomas. It is a disease which principally affects patients over middle age, and it is rare in childhood. To twelve cases previously reported we now add a further three. Attention is drawn to the diagnostic difficulties and the values of echoencephalography, angiography, and computerized axial tomography in diagnosis and localisation of the condition. Prognosis can be good even in cases in poor condition of diagnosis and treatment are prompt.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurodevelopmental assessment of very low birth weight neonates: effect of germinal matrix and intraventricular hemorrhage.

During a recent 36-month interval, all neonates of less than or equal to 1250 gram birth weight who were admitted to our Newborn Special Care Unit and survived the first 36 postnatal hours underwent either computed tomography or echoencephalography or both for the assessment of neonatal germinal matrix hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage. Seventy of the 164 long-term surviving infants experienced neonatal germinal matrix and/or intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH/IVH Group), whereas 94 infants had studies that were negative (Non-hemorrhage Group). Serial neurodevelopmental assessments were performed on 142 (87%) of the 164 long-term surviving infants; these assessments included the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months (corrected age) and the Stanford-Binet and Peabody Picture Vocabulary examinations at 30 months (corrected age). At 30 months (corrected age), the incidence of major neurologic abnormalities was extremely low in both the GMH/IVH and the Non-hemorrhage groups. In addition, although there were few survivors of the more severe grades of intraventricular hemorrhage, we could detect no difference between the developmental scores of the GMH/IVH and the Non-hemorrhage Group infants.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1984

Prolonged bleeding time in preterm infants receiving indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus.

Sequential bleeding times were performed on 25 preterm infants receiving intravenous indomethacin for closure of the patent ductus arteriosus. Prolongation of bleeding time was observed after the initial dose of indomethacin, with an increase from a pretreatment mean of 3.6 minutes to 8.7 minutes. The bleeding time was not further prolonged at the end of the three-dose course of indomethacin, but was still elevated 48 hours after the completion of therapy. Clinical bleeding developed in six of the patients, but was generally limited to occult hematuria. Serial echoencephalography during indomethacin therapy showed progression from mild periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage to moderate or severe grades in five of 21 infants at risk for this complication. However, no clear temporal relationship between indomethacin administration and intraventricular hemorrhage extension was observed, and no difference in the degree of bleeding time prolongation was noted between infants with and without hemorrhage extension. Other factors, including surfactant deficiency, amount of volume expansion used, and lowest PO2 in the first day of life, did distinguish those with hemorrhage extension. The results suggest that indomethacin-induced platelet dysfunction is not associated with major hemorrhagic complications in the majority of preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus.

Bleeding Time↗
PubMed1978

Radiological techniques in the examination of patients with headaches.

It can be said that in the majority of headache patients who have a long typical history, a negative neurologic examination, and a noncontributory general physical examination, radiologic studies will probably not give further pertinent information. Nevertheless, in a sufficient number of these patients, the noninvasive and essentially atraumatic procedures of plain skull radiography, computed tomography, and (as indicated) echoencephalography and radionuclide brain scanning will provide a considerable amount of information pertinent to the clinical problem. Hospitalization for angiography and, on occasion, pneumoencephalography or other special procedures, will then become indicated for those patients in whom an abnormality is found in these screening procedures.

Angiography↗
PubMed1999

Early-onset intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates: incidence of neurodevelopmental handicap.

The neurodevelopmental outcome of very low birth weight infants experiencing early-onset intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurring within the first 6 postnatal hours was compared with that of their peers without early-onset IVH at 3 years corrected age. The 440 surviving preterm infants (birth weight 600 to 1,250 g) who had been enrolled in a multicenter, prospectively randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of postnatal indomethacin to prevent IVH were evaluated with the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and neurological examinations at 3 years corrected age. All study infants had echoencephalography between 5 and 11 hours of life, and testing is reported for all children residing in English monolingual households at 3 years corrected age (i.e., from the obstetric due date). Fifty five of the 73 (75%) infants with IVH within the first 5 to 11 hours survived to 3 years of age, compared with 385 of the 432 (89%) children without early-onset hemorrhage who were alive at 3 years corrected age (P<.001). Eleven of the 29 (38%) English monolingual children with early-onset IVH had Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient scores of less than 70, compared with 47 of the 249 (19%) children without early IVH (P = .03). Similarly, 7 of 28 (25%) early IVH children were found to have cerebral palsy, compared with 20 of 241 (8%) children without early IVH (P = .01). These data suggest that infants who experience the early onset of IVH are at high risk for both cognitive and motor handicaps at 3 years corrected age.

Aging↗
PubMed1972

Axial enlargement of the 3rd ventricle, and displacement of the brain-stem in benign aqueduct stenosis.

A personal series of 12 patients with benign aqueduct stenosis has been surveyed. A review of the radiographs has shown that in chronic aqueductal stenosis there is axial enlargement of the 3rd ventricle and displacement of the brain-stem. When these two features are pronounced, blockage of the basal cisterns will occur. We propose that when unsatisfactory flow of fluid through the basal cisterns may be inferred, then ventriculocisternostomy should be avoided. Evidence that the ventricular drainage is continuing satisfactorily after operation may be obtained either by echoencephalography, or by radiography, or by both means.

Adolescent↗