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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Three-year duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination against canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus.

A challenge-of-immunity study was conducted to demonstrate immunity in dogs 3 years after their second vaccination with a new multivalent, modified-live vaccine containing canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). Twenty-three seronegative pups were vaccinated at 7 and 11 weeks of age. Eighteen seronegative pups, randomized into groups of six dogs, served as challenge controls. Dogs were kept in strict isolation for 3 years following the vaccination and then challenged sequentially with virulent canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), CPV, and CDV. For each viral challenge, a separate group of six control dogs was also challenged. Clinical signs of CAV-1, CPV, and CDV infections were prevented in 100% of vaccinated dogs, demonstrating that the multivalent, modified-live test vaccine provided protection against virulent CAV-1, CPV, and CDV challenge in dogs 7 weeks of age or older for a minimum of 3 years following second vaccination.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2006

Effect of recombinant canine distemper vaccine on antibody titers in previously vaccinated dogs.

Two canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine types are currently commercially available: modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines and a canarypox recombinant CDV (rCDV) vaccine (Recombitek, Merial). This study compared the ability of the rCDV vaccine and MLV vaccines to significantly enhance (boost) the antibody response of previously immunized adult and juvenile dogs. A significant (fourfold or greater) increase in titer occurred in significantly more dogs revaccinated with Recombitek C-4 or Recombitek C-6 than with the MLV-CDV vaccines. This study demonstrates that Recombitek, the only vaccine for dogs containing rCDV, is more likely to significantly boost the CDV antibody response in previously vaccinated dogs than are the MLV-CDV vaccines. Because rCDV vaccine can boost the antibody titer of dogs previously vaccinated with an MLV vaccine, it can and should be used when core vaccines are readministered.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of vaccination with recombinant canine distemper virus vaccine immediately before exposure under shelter-like conditions.

Vaccination with modified-live virus (MLV) canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine has historically been recommended for animals in high-risk environments because of the rapid onset of immunity following vaccination. Recombinant CDV (rCDV) vaccine was deemed a suitable alternative to MLV-CDV vaccination in pet dogs, but insufficient data precluded its use where CDV was a serious threat to puppies, such as in shelters, kennels, and pet stores. In this study, dogs experimentally challenged hours after a single dose of rCDV or MLV vaccine became sick but recovered, whereas unvaccinated dogs became sick and died. Dogs vaccinated with a single dose of rCDV or MLV vaccine 1 week before being experimentally challenged remained healthy and showed no clinical signs. Dogs given one dose of rCDV vaccine hours before being placed in a CDV-contaminated environment did not become sick. These findings support the hypothesis that rCDV vaccine has a similar time-to-immunity as MLV-CDV vaccines and can likewise protect dogs in high-risk environments after one dose.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Three-year rabies duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination with a core combination vaccine against canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus.

Thirty-two seronegative pups were vaccinated at 8 weeks of age with modified-live canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type-2 (CAV-2), and canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine and at 12 weeks with a modified-live CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and killed rabies virus vaccine. An additional 31 seronegative pups served as age-matched, nonvaccinated controls. All test dogs were strictly isolated for 3 years after receiving the second vaccination and then were challenged with virulent rabies virus. Clinical signs of rabies were prevented in 28 (88%) of the 32 vaccinated dogs. In contrast, 97% (30 of 31) of the control dogs died of rabies infection. These study results indicated that no immunogenic interference occurred between the modified-live vaccine components and the killed rabies virus component. Furthermore, these results indicated that the rabies component in the test vaccine provided protection against virulent rabies challenge in dogs 12 weeks of age or older for a minimum of 3 years following vaccination.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1990

Encephalitis induced by a canine distemper virus in squirrel monkeys.

Intracerebral inoculation with canine distemper virus (CDV) caused acute neurological signs of viral encephalitis in squirrel monkeys. Electroencephalogram revealed an abnormal sharp wave and seizure discharges resembling those of epilepsy. There was parenchymal inflammation, perivascular cuffs, neuronal degeneration, and glial reactions. Virus antigen was detected immunohistologically in the neurons and ependymal cells. Thus, CDV infection in squirrel monkeys provides an animal model for viral encephalitis and epilepsy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Creation of an experimental cell culture vaccine against distemper using cell line 4647].

Experiment in susceptible animals demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of several samples of a distemper vaccine prepared in cell line 4647. Preparations of the vaccine virus variants generated in line 4647 after 10 passages at 34 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C and 20 passages of rapidly multiplying virus (34 degrees C) possessed the protective activity when used for immunization in a dose of 1000 PFU/animal. The results obtained in observations of the animals and examinations of sera for antibodies did not differ from those of control tests of "Vakchum".

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of canine distemper virus strains in gnotobiotic dogs: effects on lymphoid tissues.

The effects of infection on various aspects of lymphoid function in gnotobiotic dogs with 2 virulent strains of canine distemper virus (CDV), Snyder-Hill CDV and R252-CDV, were compared. Both infections resulted in a viremia-related lymphopenia which was nonselective in that the percentages of B and T cells remained unchanged throughout the observation period. Nonfatal Snyder-Hill-CDV infection resulted in a transient depression of in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin-P, whereas R252-CDV produced prolonged in vitro suppression of phytohemagglutinin-P stimulation. The differences observed are of minor significance and do not explain the differences in central nervous system demyelinating potential between these 1 strains of CVD.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Canine distemper virus in coyotes: a serologic survey.

Serum samples from 228 coyotes were selected randomly from a serum bank assembled from Texas from 1975 to 1984 and were evaluated serologically for neutralizing antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV). One hundred and twenty-eight (56%) of the 228 coyotes had antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:5 against CDV (seropositive). The serologic prevalence (seroprevalence) of antibodies against CDV infection was higher in the spring (62%) than in the fall (40%). The seroprevalence of CDV in various age groups was different; 25 of 101 coyotes (25%) were seropositive at less than 1 year of age, 35 of 52 (67%) were positive between 1 and 2 years of age, and 68 of 75 (91%) were positive at greater than or equal to 2 years of age. The results indicated that CDV was enzootic in coyote populations of southern Texas, with an increasing number of seropositive coyotes noted annually. The sex of the coyote did not appear to be related to the seroprevalence against CDV.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Canine distemper virus: in vivo virulence of in vitro-passaged persistent virus strains.

Groups of ferrets were inoculated intraperitoneally with cell lysates or equivalent doses of whole cells from 9 different cell lines persistently infected with canine distemper virus. Viral persistence in these cell lines was characterized by noncytolytic infection and restricted release of cell-free infectious virus. In vivo replication competency of the various viruses in ferrets ranged from nil to virulent and did not correlate with in vitro titers of inocula. Ferret virulence (cell lysates only) for one cell line (CCL64-RCDV) was associated with morphologic absence of virion assembly, failure to interfere with lytic virus replication after superinfection, and in vitro infectivity restricted to canine macrophage-like tumor cells. Virion protein production in the CCL64-RCDV virulent inoculum and in the CCL64-Ly avirulent inoculum was evaluated by use of the immunoblot technique. All major virion proteins were produced by infected cells. Virulence was not associated with obvious changes in electrophoretic mobility of virion proteins when profiles of ferret-virulent CCL64-RCDV were compared with those of avirulent CCL64-Ly.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of canine distemper virus on natural killer cell activity in dogs.

An in vitro 51Cr-release assay was developed to detect the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells (NK) of canine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes to canine distemper virus (CDV) target cell membrane-bound antigens. Leukocytes from 23 young (greater than or equal to 1 week of age), CDV-naive gnotobiotic dogs could discriminate between noninfected control and CDV-infected Vero target cells. However, the amount of preinfection NK activity did not positively correlate with the ultimate outcome of the disease process when these same dogs were given virulent R252-CDV. Evaluation of preinfection and postinfection CDV-specific NK activity indicated that infection-associated increases in cytolysis of CDV-infected or noninfected Vero targets did not occur. In vitro infection of peripheral blood leukocytes with CDV did not change the kinetics or magnitude of NK-mediated cytolysis of homologous virus-infected or other NK-susceptible target cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Experimental canine distemper virus-induced lymphoid depletion.

Thirty-four gnotobiotic dogs were used to study the effects of R252 canine distemper virus (CDV) infection on the lymphoid system. Twenty-one dogs were inoculated parenterally, and 6 dogs were infected by contact exposure to inoculated littermates. Seven littermate dogs were maintained as uninfected controls. The means of the absolute lymphocyte counts of dogs infected with R252 CDV were significantly decreased for 7 weeks after infection. The lymphocyte counts failed to return to normal in 7 dogs which became moribund with neurologic signs and were sacrificed 27 to 47 days after infection (group I). The 19 dogs which survived the 12-week observation period had normal lymphocyte counts by 8 weeks after infection. Five of these dogs (group II) were subsequently found to have demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS), while no CNS lesions were demonstrated in the remaining 14 infected dogs (group III). The thymuses of dogs of group I were atrophic and their lymph nodes were depleted in lymphoid cells. In addition, the number of Hassall's corpuscles per thymic lobule were decreased in dogs of group I. Viral nucleoprotein was demonstrated in thymus and lymph node cells by electron microscopy. No lymphoid lesions were found in the dogs of group II. Some of the thymuses of dogs of group III were significantly larger than those of uninfected controls, and they contained increased numbers of Hassall's corpuscles per thymic lobule. Further, germinal centers were found in two thymuses of dogs of group III.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Effects of prednisolone on the development of immune responses to canine distemper virus in beagle pups.

Effects of oral prednisolone (OP) on the development of immune responses of Beagle pups to canine distemper virus (CDV) were studied. Dogs were treated with OP for 21 days, twice a day for the first 7 days, once a day for the next 7 days, and on alternate days for the last 7 days. Dogs given dosages of OP (1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) showed a normal in vivo immunogenic response after CDV vaccination and survived a virulent CDV challenge exposure, whereas non-treated, nonvaccinated dogs became ill or died after challenge exposure. The most marked effect of corticosteroid treatment on the immune system was the graded phytoimmunosuppressive effect upon the lymphocyte blast transformation test.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

Potentiation of neurovirulence of canine distemper virus in guinea pigs by sensitization with neural antigen.

Establishment of animal model of virus-induced encephalomyelitis was attempted in strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized with the homologous spinal cord antigen. Intracerebral inoculation of canine distemper virus alone or sensitization with the neural antigen alone did not induce significant clinical signs. Mild histological lesions were found in both the meninges and parenchyma of the central nervous system (CNS) of virus-infected animals, and in the meninges of the sensitized ones. In contrast, combination of virus infection and sensitization resulted in development of neurological signs of CNS disease as well as of marked histological lesions involving both the meninges and parenchyma. The potentiated CNS disease was successfully transferred by the lymph node cells of the sensitized animals into virus-infected ones. These results suggested that the virus-induced lesions in the CNS were potentiated by the lymphocytes sensitized with neural antigen. Depending on the time schedule of the sensitization and virus infection, different courses of CNS diseases including acute, subacute, and/or recurrent ones were induced, indicating the usefulness of this animal model for immunological and virological analysis of virus-induced CNS diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Antigen requirements and specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of canine IgG against canine distemper viral antigens.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) against canine distemper virus (CDV) antigens. Sucrose gradient separation of viral and cellular proteins was required to produce coating antigens for the ELISA. The specificity of the ELISA was demonstrated by blocking CDV-positive canine sera with CDV-specific antisera produced in goats and rabbits and adsorption of positive sera with CDV antigens. A comparison of the ELISA with the serum-neutralization technique for the detection of CDV antibodies was conducted. Anti-CDV IgG was detected in conventional dogs as early as 6 days after inoculation with a commercial vaccine to CDV. Paired sera from the immunized dogs were evaluated by both techniques and a statistically (P less than 0.01) significant agreement between the ELISA and the serum-neutralization technique was shown (r = 0.6121, n = 75).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mechanisms of in vitro immunosuppression in canine distemper virus infection.

The in vitro immunosuppressive effects of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in gnotobiotic dogs was studied by co-culture of lymphocytes from those dogs with uninfected responder canine lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from viremic dogs suppressed the phytomitogen responses of responder dogs. Cell viability and total cells/ml in culture remained at or near control levels. The presence of immunofluorescence (IF) positive syncytial cells in co-cultures was noted and their numbers were increased in cultures containing pokeweed mitogen. Lymphocytes from nonviremic dogs also suppressed the phytomitogen responses of responder dogs. This effect was not dependent on the presence of viral antigen by IF and was abrogated by pre-incubation of the suppressor cell population in vitro for 48 hr prior to use in the suppressor assay. Thus, infection with CDV results in both virus-dependent and virus-independent immunosuppression.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluation of antibody to canine distemper virus.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for canine immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) was developed and its test results were compared with those of the serum-neutralization (SN) test. The sera of 273 random-source adult dogs were examined. The two tests had a high degree of correlation. Very few discrepancies occurred and most of these were at the lower limits of each test. When the sera were tested at 1:100 dilution, there was a 98% agreement between the ELISA and SN test. Titrated SN and IgG ELISA tests also were performed on sera from 77 dogs whose lifetime medical histories were known. The results showed excellent agreement between the tests. Only five of the 77 sera showed any discrepancies and these were at detection-threshold levels. To follow antibody development in two dogs experimentally infected with CDV, it was necessary to use an ELISA which detected both canine IgM and IgG. The ELISA detected CDV-specific IgM a week before the SN test results became positive. The IgM titers rose for 3 weeks and descended to lower levels about the 4th and the 5th weeks. The SN titers closely followed the IgM titers. The ELISA detected IgG antibody about the 5th and the 6th weeks of infection. Results of both the SN test and the IgG ELISA remained elevated through the 70th day of testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Canine distemper virus titration in ferret peritoneal macrophages.

The sensitivity of a ferret peritoneal macrophage fluorescent antibody technique for assay of various strains of canine distemper virus was investigated. The macrophage system was compared with established methods of titration in canine kidney cell culture, Vero cell culture, and embryonated chicken eggs. It was found to be as sensitive as and in several instances more sensitive than the established methods.

Animals↗