Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dictionary”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

[The Zurich Paracelsus Project. Legends, controversies and prospects for current Paracelsus research].

The research on the life and teaching of Theophrastus of Hohenheim (1493/94-1541), called Paracelsus, offers a broad variety of problems still to be solved. In comparison to being well-known and having written the most voluminous 16th century professional literature next to Luther, the scientific edition of his works remains badly neglected. About a quarter of them, mostly theological ones, are widely scattered around the world in manuscript form and still await their edition. The ones being already edited lack the critical apparatus satisfying modern standards, including a dictionary for the specific Paracelsian expressions and a general index. The Zurich Paracelsus Project now offers a possible way to manage the problems. Microfilms of important manuscripts will be collected and united at a central place. The mass of the edited texts will be electronically recorded and analysed according to various criteria. On the basis of these preparatory work an index will be produced and building stones for a Paracelsus dictionary will be made available. A homepage (http:/(/)www.mhiz.unizh.ch/Paracelsus.html++ +) will present the state of the art and will serve to coordinate further activities.

Historiography↗
PubMed1999

A model for integration and continuous development of standards for tumour documentation using relational database techniques and extensible markup language.

In oncology various international and national standards exist for different aspects of a disease. These standards, maintained by different organisations, have multiple relationships with each other. A common data dictionary like UMLS would facilitate the reorganisation of such relationships when a new version of a standard is published. While the modelling of relationships usually is restricted to types having a relevant frequency, there are often relationships which are expressed in texts like definitions or explanations. Such texts are a very important supplement for the acceptance and the safe use of coding systems, but often are neglected when implementing coding systems in computerised systems, because they are costly to implement. This paper discusses potentials when integrating various sources in a common, database based dictionary enhanced by XML (Extensible Markup Language) techniques.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1998

[A computerized information system for gynecological patients].

OBJECTIVE: Clinical experiences in the fields of general gynecology, gynecological oncology and reproductive endocrinology had been accumulated over a long period of time. All of the recorded information was written on various kinds of sheets that could easily be damaged and lost with frequent reading. Statistical works were done manually. This is the situation may encountered by all of the hospitals in China, so a computerized information system for gynecological patients is eagerly needed. METHODS: The program was designed on the basis of Foxpro 2.6 for Windows. RESULTS: The interfaces were specially designed for every of 72 databases to be like the style of patient's records which can be easily operated with mouse pressing buttons. Some of the databases such as basal body temperature, metastasis of lymph nodes and classification of endometriosis were carefully designed. Because the program will be used in China, the interfaces were all in Chinese. A dictionary was used to simplify the importing of the data. When import, one can easily press the line with the appropriate meaning in the dictionary. A strong statistical function was attached to the program. With its friendly interface, statistical work can be done with ease. This system is capable of further development and fit into needs of various hospitals and departments. CONCLUSION: This program is very useful for clinical doctors as well as scientific research personnel. With the help of this program, efficacy of our medical work can be raised, clinical experiences can be summarized in time and the clinical level can thus be improved.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Regulatory element detection using a probabilistic segmentation model.

The availability of genome-wide mRNA expression data for organisms whose genome is fully sequenced provides a unique data set from which to decipher how transcription is regulated by the upstream control region of a gene. A new algorithm is presented which decomposes DNA sequence into the most probable "dictionary" of motifs or words. Identification of words is based on a probabilistic segmentation model in which the significance of longer words is deduced from the frequency of shorter words of various length. This eliminates the need for a separate set of reference data to define probabilities, and genome-wide applications are therefore possible. For the 6,000 upstream regulatory regions in the yeast genome, the 500 strongest motifs from a dictionary of size 1,200 match at a significance level of 15 standard deviations to a database of cis-regulatory elements. Analysis of sets of genes such as those up-regulated during sporulation reveals many new putative regulatory sites in addition to identifying previously known sites.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Decision support for infectious diseases--a working prototype.

This paper presents a decision support system for nosocomial infections and its integration in the large HIS of the University Hospital of Giessen. The model comprises five different engines and a data dictionary. It is designed to detect hospital acquired infections even in a situation where only a restricted amount of clinical data is available (the data is split up in different information systems). Furthermore the model prevents time consuming manual data entry. The five engines split the main task into 1) a preselection, which sort out patients who definitely do not have a nosocomial infection; 2) a rule based reasoning process which detects patients likely to have such an infection; 3) an alarm process which is responsible for the presentation of the alert; 4) an explanation process to follow up the reasoning and 5) statistic tools to answer specific hygienic questions. A data dictionary supplies the controlled vocabulary, but it is also required to understand datastructures used in the different clinical subsystems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1998

[The "top ten" of Finnish medicine].

In the early 1980s the Wellcome Institute was planning a biographical dictionary on the world's most eminent physicians. The quota reserved for Finland was ten names, and having been asked by Dr. Karin Johannisson, Uppsala, to participate in the project, I undertook the task of choosing them and providing a short biography of each. For this, I asked the advice of ten experts on the history of Finnish medicine, and a "top ten" list was then compiled. The list extended from Johan Haartman, "the father of Finnish medicine", till the Nobel Prize winner Ragnar Granit and the famous pediatrist Arvo Ylppo, who were still alive in the 1980s. The biographies were sent to the editor of the dictionary, but it seems that the work was never published. As I had saved all my correspondence about the matter, it seemed now, fifteen years afterwards, interesting to publish a short report of the project, including an account of how the "top ten" list had been achieved.

Biographies as Topic↗
PubMed2001

[Further correction for the original plant of baiying and shuyangquan].

Textual researches show that Baiyang and Shuyangquan in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic are not the herb medicine Baimaoteng. However, Kuqie in the Grand Dictionary of Chinese Medicine and Baiying can be substitutes of Baimaoteng for medicine. Shuyangquan has not been used for many years. From Ming and Qing dynasties, Shuyangquan's original plant should be Solanum septemlobtum Bunge. In the period of Tang and Song dynasties, its original plant should be S. japonense Nakai. Shuyangquan in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic should be S. dulcamara L. In The Grand Dictionary of Chinese Medicine, Kuqie and Qiannianbulanxin renamed as S. dulcamara was really a mistake.

Plants, Medicinal↗
PubMed2001

[Physicians in Polish expatriate biographic literature].

The Polish Expatriate Biography Institute was opened at the Polish Expatriate University in France, in 1995. Its merits include publishing a biographical quarterly Poles in the World, several biographical dictionaries covering Polish communities in various world countries, and starting an important initiative of publishing the Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of Poles in the World, whose first volume is expected to come out at the end of 2001. The Institute also organizes symposia on subjects related to the expatriate Polish biographic writings. Many biographies published so far are those of physicians, and pharmacists. Their list is attached at the end of the paper discussing in full detail the above-mentioned publications and symposia.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

[Ventricular tachycardia "in salvoes"].

The term of ventricular tachycardia "in salvoes" describes electrophysiographic appearances of several consecutive ectopic ventricular beats without interposition of sinus rhythm. This is an intermediate arrhythmic state between isolated ventricular extrasystoles and sustained ventricular tachycardia. The generally accepted definition of the term "sustained" implies a duration of over 30 seconds or poor haemodynamic tolerance. Strictly speaking, the term "salvoe" has no precise definition in cardiology. In the 1996 edition of the Petit Robert French dictionary, the term is defined as the simultaneous discharge of guns or successive blasts of canons. The Delaware medical dictionary does not provide a French definition of the term "salvoe". In practice, we use the term tachycardia in salvoes in the same meaning as ventricular tachycardia. Schematically, in clinical practice, two situations may be encountered. In the first case, salvoes of VT are recorded in apparently normal hearts; they are not life-threatening and, though often nearly asymptomatic, they may pose therapeutic problems. In the second case, the arrhythmia occurs in a diseased heart, with a low ejection fraction, in which the essential problem is the vital prognosis.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed2003

[Urological terminology in Francisco Díaz: an example in the history of the Spanish language].

OBJECTIVES: The work "Tratado nuevamente impreso de todas las enfermedades de los riñones, vejiga y carnosidades de la verga y orina" from Francisco Diaz is the first Urology treaty and the main urologic text from the spanish renaissance. The idea that prompted our work was to collect the Romance language from a text about urology dated at the end of the XVI century. Its interest consists, on the one hand in the lack of similar studies, and on the other in the novelty resulting from the fact that the author decided to write in Romance language at a moment in which scientific treaties were written in Latin. METHODS: We performed a meticulous reading of the treaty on a facsimile edition of the original of the same title edited in Madrid in 1588. We extract 1.288 medical terms that we consulted in three modern dictionaries to analyze the lexicon used by Diaz in its composition. We analyze the words from the point of view of their make up and ethimology; we review the meaning of the medical terms in relation to their current use--meaning conservation or loss--, and also the date of appearance of those terms in the spanish language, to know how many of them appeared in the work of Diaz for the first time, and to know the conservation or loss of the meaning that Diaz gave them currently. RESULTS: We extract 1.288 medical terms, 195 of them have been conserved with the same meaning from their origin to date; on the contrary, 35.5% are not found in either of the three dictionaries, so that they are medical terms used by Francisco Diaz for the first time and that were erased by time. 543 medical terms were contributions from Diaz in their first written appearance. CONCLUSIONS: The author performs a magnificent study in which he analyzes and explains his experience, his knowledge, and his deductions on everything referred to urinary tract diseases, with great expertise, offering at the same time an extraordinary living document of his time. It is also an extensive source of medical and general knowledge, provided from the great culture, maturity, and classic education of the author. It is a pleasant-to-read and easy-to-understand work thanks to its exquisite composition and perfect use of the the Romance language, well defined syntax, rich vocabulary, and abundance of practical examples.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed2005

[Comments on Nigel Wiseman's "A Practical Sictionary of Chinese Medicine"--on Wiseman' s literal translation].

Comments were made on the word-for-word literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called "word-for-word" translation is actually "English-word-for-Chinese-character" translation. First, he made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then he replaced each character of Chinese medical terms with the assigned English equivalent. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that the single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of "word" in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is simply the addition of the meanings of the two or more characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a polysemous character as a monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Medicine, Chinese Traditional↗
PubMed1986

[The concept of tic in the history of abnormal movements].

History of abnormal movements started during the 14th century. At that time the St Vitus' Dance was described, but the nosology of dyskinesias remained confusing during the next five centuries. The concept of tic was elaborated in France during the 18th century. It remained too large a concept however. Definitive semiologies appeared at the end of the 19th century, thus allowing tics to emerge from the "chaos of choreas". The etymology of the word "tic" still remains mysterious. In 1905, Meige thought that the word tic was used for the first time by reference to horses. He referred to the tic of the bear in the horse described by Rudler and Chomel at The Société de Neurologie de Paris in 1903. Veterinarians were thus probably the first to describe the word. If so, however, the horse must leave anteriority to the goat. The word Ticq was used in 1611 as mentioned by the French dictionary Robert. The word is said to be an onomatopea and is compared to the italian word ticchio which means caprice. Another dictionary (Littré) suggest the german word "ticken", which means "to touch slightly", the galic word tacaid (sudden pain) and the german ziki (young goat), a word which could have lead to ticchio as capra, goat in italian, gave capricio.

England↗
PubMed1984

[Computerized management of the medical record in cardiac surgery. Experience at Foch Hospital].

Between 1979 and 1983, about 2 000 case reports of patients undergoing cardiac surgery were computerised. The availability of the centralised computer facilities of Hôpital Foch made this experiment possible. The computerised case notes were divided into several chapters in which a certain amount of data was compulsive and provision was made for the addition of further information. The data was introduced in the form of a numerical code out of a possible choice of 700 contained in a dictionary. A terminal located in the department was used to introduce the information or to consult a given case file directly. Statistical analysis of the cases was performed using APL language, the basis of which must be known in order to continue interrogation, the reply being almost immediate. Several examples of the use of the system are given: number of patients, average duration of surgery, characteristics of the ten oldest patients. Other studies include the use of double entry tables to determine the relationship between two variables such as the variation of cardiothoracic index and the degree of postoperative bleeding. Each case takes about 20 minutes to be coded; the number of cases not entered has decreased greatly year by year. The differences in language used in comparison with already existing systems are: the use of syntax, the possibility of dating events, an "open" dictionary. The main drawbacks of the system are: forgetting to code certain data and restrictions of interrogation (easier for fixed than for facultative data). The overall results have been clearly positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1984

The crooked semantics of valgus and varus.

The meanings of the terms "valgus" and "varus" are clear to orthopedic surgeons but remain confusing to others. The inadequate definitions given in many medical dictionaries and the contradictory meanings listed in Latin lexicons and English dictionaries compound the confusion. Based on a review of the evolution of these terms, standard definitions are offered.

Orthopedics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A correlational approach to the comparison of nucleotide sequences].

A new method of evaluation of similarity between two nucleotide sequences is proposed. It is based on comparing frequency/correlation dictionaries of the sequences under investigation. The dictionary is a set of all strings of various length occurring within the sequences accompanied by their frequencies. The method proposed allows to compare sequences of arbitrary lengths, its advantage is absence of necessity of informal (expert) choice of the best fit. Efficiency of the method is demonstrated by comparison of several human genes and viruses.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Computer-prompted diagnostic codes.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a computer system that would translate patient diagnoses noted by a physician into appropriate International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes and maintain a patient-specific up-to-date problem list. METHODS: The intervention consisted of a computerized list (dictionary) of diagnoses, including practice-specific synonyms and abbreviations, linked to their corresponding ICD-9-CM codes. To record the diagnoses for the office visit before the intervention, physicians used International Classification of Health Problems in Primary Care (ICHPPC-2) codes. After the intervention, physicians used their own words or checked previously identified diagnoses on the computer-generated problem list. The computer then identified the correct ICD-9-CM code. Accuracy of coding was compared before and after the new computerized system was implemented. RESULTS: Visits in which all diagnoses matched increased from 58% to 76% (P < .001) with use of the computer system. Visits in which no computer diagnoses matched the chart decreased from 22% to 8% (P < .001). Errors of omission declined from 38% to 18% (P < .001). Errors of commission decreased from 19% to 11% (P = .006). Overall accuracy increased from 62% to 82% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient medical diagnosis coding can be simplified and accuracy improved by using a computerized dictionary of practice-specific diagnoses and synonyms linked to appropriate ICD-9-CM codes. Such a system provides a computer-generated problem list that accurately reflects the chart and assists with prompted coding on subsequent visits.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Redundancy of genetic sequences and mosaic structure of a genome].

A new method is developed to measure and compare the redundancy of genes. The method is based on the creating a Frequency/Correlation Dictionary of a gene. The Dictionary is a set of all possible words (i.e., subsequences) which could be met within a gene, of a length from 1 to N, where N is the length of the gene. The measure of redundancy of a gene is the minimal length of words which occur in the gene as a single copy. The results of the redundancy measurements are presented in the paper. It is shown that genes are not homogeneous in respect of redundancy of various sites in the gene. This phenomenon was called a mosaic pattern.

Genome, Human↗
PubMed1993

[Comparative redundancy of genes of various organisms and viruses].

This paper is devoted to the comparative study of redundancy of genetic texts of various organisms and viruses. To determine the redundance of a gene, we have introduced the strict measure for that latter. The measure for a text's redundance is the length of restriction of Frequency/Correlation Dictionary of a given genetic text. Frequency/Correlation Dictionary is the ser of all subsequences belong to a given genetic text, accompanied by the frequencies of their occurrence. The restriction length is defined as that one, for which all the subsequences (of that length) are unique. We have found, that genes of human viruses are less redundant, in comparison to those of human genes. Other aspects of a comparative redundance investigations of the genes are discussed. The problem of the determination of "truet" intron could be treated by this methodology, as well, as the evolution of genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗