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PubMed2000

Fostering Professional Development in Dietetics Practice: A Workshop.

The aim of this project was to develop and implement a workshop for dietitians who guide students through the achievement of professional practice competencies in the Stage component of a university dietetics program. The specific objective was to offer an intervention that would emphasize the importance of the guiding/facilitating function as an integral part of the dietitian's role. The intent was to provide information on, and an opportunity to hone, facilitating skills, and to offer a continuing education opportunity with application in other practice areas, such as employee training, staff development and patient education. The six topics of the one-day workshop, "Fostering Professional Development in Students and Others," were: the art of mentoring; what to do on a student's first day; using questions to promote thinking; feedback as a form of teaching; teaching strategies; and evaluating yourself as a facilitator. Participants' initial reactions, learning and behaviour changes were assessed using self-administered questionnaires; positive results were indicated. Ensuring that qualified professionals are given the tools for effectively training students, interns and staff may encourage learners to model what they have seen when they are in a position to foster the professional development of others.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Position of Dietitians of Canada, the American Dietetic Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance.

It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the American Dietetic Association, and the American College of Sports Medicine that physical activity, athletic performance, and recovery from exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. These organizations recommend appropriate selection of food and fluids, timing of intake, and supplement choices for optimal health and exercise performance. This position paper reviews the current scientific data related to athletes' energy needs, assessment of body composition, strategies for weight change, athletes' nutrient and fluid needs, special nutrient needs during training, the use of supplements and nutritional ergogenic aids, and nutrition recommendations for vegetarian athletes. During times of high physical activity, energy and macronutrient needs - especially carbohydrate and protein intake - must be met in order to maintain body weight, replenish glycogen stores, and provide adequate protein for building and repairing tissue. Fat intake should be adequate to provide essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as to help provide adequate energy for weight maintenance. Overall, diets should provide moderate amounts of energy from fat (20-25% of energy); there appears to be no health or performance benefit to consuming a diet containing less than 15% of energy from fat. Body weight and composition can affect exercise performance, but should not be used as the sole criterion for sports performance; daily weigh-ins are discouraged. Consuming adequate food and fluid before, during, and after exercise can help maintain blood glucose levels during exercise, maximize exercise performance, and improve recovery time. Athletes should be well hydrated before beginning exercise; they should also drink enough fluid during and after exercise to balance fluid losses. Consumption of sport drinks containing carbohydrates and electrolytes during exercise will provide fuel for the muscles, help maintain blood glucose levels and the thirst mechanism, and decrease the risk of dehydration or hyponatremia. Athletes will not need vitamin-and-mineral supplements if adequate energy to maintain body weight is consumed from a variety of foods. However, supplements may be required by athletes who restrict energy intake, have severe weight-loss practices, eliminate one or more food groups from their diet, or consume high-carbohydrate diets with low micronutrient density. Nutritional ergogenic aids should be used with caution, and only after careful evaluation of the product for safety, for efficacy, for potency, and to determine whether or not it is a banned or illegal substance. Nutrition advice, by a qualified nutrition expert, should be provided only after the athlete's health, diet, supplement and drug use, and energy requirements have been carefully reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

[The image of Man and his care in the hygiene-dietetic tratises of the XVII and XVIII centuries].

This work presents a study of the traditional hygienc-dietetic treatises of the XVII and XVIII centuries. Two characteristics define these treatises: the following of Aristotelian and Galenic postulates in their theoretical conception and, in the practical section, the preponderance of the care of the soul in relation to that of the body. This work firstly cover their theoretical foundation (the vision of Man derived from their conception of the body, their notion of the soul and the dynamic relationship established between both); and, secondly, the practical application derived from these concepts (the care of Man on both his planes; the corporal and the psychic).

Diet↗
PubMed1998

[Hygiene, dietetics and medicine in arab agricultural calendars].

The author studied nine arab agricultural calendars placed at intervals between the Kitab al-Azmina or the Book of seasons by Jean Mésué (IXth c.) and a tunisian calendar of the XIXth c. of andalusian origin (?). There is a clear relationship between these different calendars, all of them issued from an archetype lost today, which would have been a mixture of basic principles and traditions of different origins. One could no longer identify today with certainty but one could discern its preislamic tradition (the calendar system of the anwâ'), babylonian tradition (the predictions extracted from astronomic, meteorologic or geologic events) and a greek tradition (the influence of the humoral theory). In matter of dietetic, these calendars real authentic almanachs do nothing but reproduce the hippocratic prescriptions. In matter of hygiene, they specify seasons for physical exercices, bath as well as the perfumes to make use of. Otherwise these almanachs mention the most usual affections and the liabale means to cure, or better, to prevent them. Are recommanded differents electuaries including the theriac, trochics, eyewashes and other medications.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietetic treatment in infants with food allergy].

Prevalence of food allergy and variability of symptoms in infants is described. Proposals concerning dietetic treatment underlining the importance of breastfeeding, indications for proteins hydrolysate and for meat-vegetable diet introduction are presented. Feeding schedule for infants with food allergy is also included.

Caseins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New techniques in nutritional surveys and food educational programs: volumetric dietetics for portion size assessment].

Data in literature show that body weight in adults and children seems to be related to portion sizes more than to food choices and people are more reluctant to give up favourite foods than to reduce portions. So several scientific societies in USA have recently emphastzied the need to select appropriate portion sizes. At the same time, studies on cognitive strategies show that the best method to help people to remember how much they eat is visualisation/comparison to tridimensional visual aids. So a new technique for evaluating portion sizes, based on comparison of portions to volume of usual objects (baseball, dice, deck of cards) appeared in the last years, in nutritional surveys and food educational projects. Our team, since 1990, appointed a volumetric assessment based on comparison of foods to the fist, palm, fingers of the examined subject; this system has been experienced with success for a long time both in individual dietetics and in food educational projects or surveys. Since the interest for this new technique is rising, the aim of this review is to introduce the method and to delineate the applications in nutritional surveys or educational projects in national and international literature. This method, simple practical and intelligible, seems to be addressed to a wide development in the future.

Diet↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietetic-nutritional treatment in chronic radiation enteritis. A complex clinical case].

We present a clinical case of chronic radiation enteritis, with follow-up over 34 months, the main features of which were as follows: A 60-year-old female patient with adenocarcinoma of the rectum who required a left hemicolectomy (Hartmann), receiving chemotherapy with fluorouracil and external radiation therapy (45 Gy), presenting sub-occlusive episodes five months later that required a first surgical treatment with release of adhesive bands suggesting radiation enteritis. The patient presented progressive intolerance to oral feeding and nutritional supplements, accompanied by severe malnutrition, requiring parenteral nutrition (PN), endovenous fluid therapy and requiring a second surgical intervention due to persistence of the occlusive condition, with resection of 70 cm of the terminal ileum with ileum-colon anastomosis. The pathological analysis of the segment confirmed chronic radiation enteritis, persisting with clinical manifestations of sub-occlusion and radiological alterations compatible with radiation enteritis on the remaining intestine. The dietetic and nutritional management following admission was exclusive parenteral nutrition for 3 months, receiving formula food with glutamine for four months, associated, after 79 days of intestinal rest, with oral formula diets (Basic formula with amino acids as protein source and Standard diet) and with a gradual reduction in the number of weekly infusion until nutritional autonomy was restored after 10 months with PN, with her nutritional needs being covered completely by the digestive route. Subsequently, a mixed regime was established combining diet therapy with good tolerance and normalization of the nutritional status with a return to weight prior to illness and an improvement in radiation enteritis and biochemical parameters.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Nutrition and education. IV. Clinical signs of malnutrition and its relationship with socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietetic and educational achievement parameters.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical signs of malnutrition, and to measure the interrelationship with socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietetic and educational achievement parameters. A random sample of 550 Chilean elementary and high school graduates (1:1), of both sexes (1:1), from public and private schools (1:1) and from high, medium and low socioeconomic status (SES) (1:1:1), was chosen in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile. SES was measured through the Graffar Modified Scale. Clinical signs of malnutrition were assessed according to Jelliffe. Nutritional status was determined by means of anthropometric measurements: percentages of weight/age (W/A), height/age (H/A) and weight for height (W/H) were compared with the WHO Tables; head circumference/age (HC/A) with the Tanner Tables, and branchial anthropometric parameters by applying the Frisancho norms. Standard procedures for the 24 hour dietary recall interviews were used to collect data, and adequacy of intake was assessed by the FAO/WHO pattern. Educational achievement (EA) was measured through the Achievement Evaluation Program, (AEP) and Academic Aptitude Test (AAT) in elementary and high school graduates, respectively. Results showed that apart from caries (87.5%), most prevalent clinical signs of malnutrition were dermatosis (13.4%), follicular hyperkeratosis type I (13.2%), nasolabial dyssebacea (7.9%), lustreless hair (7.7%), angular stomatitis (4.4%) and cheilosis (2.7%). The number of clinical signs of malnutrition was found inversely and significantly associated with SES, H/A, vitamin A and calcium intake, as well as with EA, besides registering a lower nutrient intake, specially for energy, riboflavin and niacin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietary fiber in the dietetic therapy of diabetes mellitus. Experimental data with purified glucomannans].

In the last years the use of alimentary fibres in dietetic management of diabetic patients increased. The aim of this work was to evaluate, in type 2 diabetic subjects, the glycaemic and insulinemic increments after a standard breakfast with glucomannanos enriched biscuits and with common slices of toast containing the same amounts of carbohydrates and calories. The basal serum values of glucose and C-peptide were similar in the two days of the test. The mean increments of glucose and C-peptide were significantly higher (p < 0.001) after slices of toast than after glucomannanos enriched biscuits. In conclusion our results show a reduction in glycaemic increments after breakfast with glucomannanos-biscuits. The decreased insulin secretion and the reduction of insulin need can longer preserve the functional reserve of beta-cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Changes of the circulating leptin levels and sexual development associated index in dietetic obese rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the serum levels of leptin and estradiol, ovary development. METHODS: Dietetic obese model were established in female SD rats. Three groups were used: control group, obesity group (fat-enriched diet) and reducing group (fat-enriched diet for 6 weeks, then replaced by a normal diet), and were sacrificed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks after the start of the experiment. We measured the serum levels of leptin and estradiol (E2) and observed ovary development by microscope. RESULTS: Mean body weight of obese rats was over 21.4% than that of normal rats in the end of experiment. The serum E2 levels increased with age and they were higher in obese group than that in control group at same time point (but P > 0.05). The serum leptin levels in obese group were obviously higher than that in control and reducing group (P = 0.000), and they showed a positive correlation with body weight and serum E2 levels (r = 0.958 and 0.896, P = 0.010 and 0.039). There were more mature ovarian follicle and luteum in obese group, but development of them were bad than that of control and reducing group groups. CONCLUSION: There were a tendency of ahead sexual maturation in female obese rats. Leptin probably play an important role in obesity and sexual maturation. This support that Leptin causes a female-specific facilitatory effect on GnRH pulse amplitude.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Clinical research on a new microcrystalline cellulose dietetic supplement].

BACKGROUND: Obesity dietetic treatment produces a residual bulk reduction that is easily responsible of constipation. Fiber addiction improves bowel transit. To avoid some unpleasant effects of high molecular weight fibers, a research was made on a colloidal cellulose microfibers (MCC) product, that for its low molecular weight and its phytic acid lack, can limit these problems. Influence on constipation, blood and chemical analysis and satiation has been studied. METHODS: Research was made on obese patients. One group (studied for 4 weeks) of 30 subjects, 25 affected by simple obesity, and 5 obese, with hyperlipemia and non insulin dependent diabetes. The other group (studied for 8 weeks) of 10 subjects affected by simple obesity. The product was in tablets containing MCC 0.600 mg each, to be taken daily in dose of 4/6. Weight, BMI, total and fractionated cholesterol, triglycerides, A and B lipoproteins, uric acid, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (in diabetic patients), blood count and plasma iron level (in the second group of patients) had been determined. Each subject reported on a record evacuations, collaterals symptoms, sense of satiation. RESULTS: 83% in the first group of patients and 90% in the second group showed defecation improvement. No changes were found in controlled parameters. MCC effect has been constipation correction. CONCLUSIONS: This fiber can be suggested in obese subjects when diet caused a slow bowel transit. Supplement can be protracted because it doesn't interfere with iron absorption.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1991

[The influence of various dietetic and hygienic changes on the epidemiology of infantile gastro-enteritis].

The high incidence of infantile gastro-enteritis in the "Arturo Eryies" Health Area, the infrequent identification of the casual agent, and the heavy costs incurred (greater than 2 million pesetas per year) were the factors which led to the establishment of an action plan intended to reduce the incidence of the disease, gain a better understanding of the causal agents involved and to reduce the level of hospital admittance and the ensuing costs. The first year's activity involved an individualised information campaing about preventive and therapeutic measures, modifications to the feeding programme during the first year, and systematic biological studies: although the frequency of gastroenteritis was reduced from 19.5 % to 16.6 %, and identification of the causal agent was increased from 8.9 % to 21.2 %, the level of hospitalisation did not significantly decrease (from 4 % to 3.2 %). Individualised health education concentrating on rules of hygiene for the preparation and conservation of food and preventive dietetic measure to be taken when the symptoms appeared, together with systematic biological study does reduce the incidence of infantile gastroenteritis and thus the cost, while also providing better epidemiological information.

Child↗
PubMed2005

[Dietetics and health by Pliny the younger].

In Rome, at the time of Pliny (whose writings about health were scarcely received in the history of medicine), the close relationship between health and life style had already become a commonplace, as well as the idea of mesótes, that is to say health intended as the balance of opposites: several documents prove it, as for example the works of Celsus, Cicero and Plutarch. In De sanitate tuenda, Plutarch emphasizes the importance of a metría díaita, and presents a list of suggestions concerning the periods of rest, diet, training exercises, hygiene. In the letters, Pliny goes back to facts of the past and to personal experiences, explaining the concept of cura sui by means of a precise valetudinis ratio: he suggests moderatio and temperantia as the only ways to reach a perfect life style, that is to say the results of a specific behaviour that he considers as fundamental: temperare. From the examples given by Pliny in his letters we can understand the principles of dietetics inspired by temperamentum, that has to be the basis of every part of our life: day planning, choice of an appropriate home, balance between otium and negotium, diet.

Diet↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional evaluation and dietetic care in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: prospective study.

Ninety-three cancer patients about to undergo radiotherapy were studied. These patients were affected by cancer of the head and neck, breast cancer, and abdominopelvic cancer. They were randomly distributed into control and experimental groups. The patients from the control group were allowed to eat ad libitum, whereas those from the experimental group followed a strict nutritional protocol that covered their needs while satisfying their particular tastes and habits. Data were collected the day before radiotherapy commenced and the day treatment ended. Anthropometric, analytical, and clinical parameters were determined. The results showed the benefit of dietetic treatment in experimental patients with head and neck or abdominopelvic cancer.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

Using thresholds to monitor dietetic services: the JCAHO 10-step process for quality assurance.

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) is the licensing and governing agency for the evaluation of health care services. The JCAHO has developed a 10-step process to assist health care organizations in establishing appropriate quality assurance programs. The 10-step process guides the practitioner through problem identification, monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and problem resolution. Dietitians at 20 hospitals ranging in size from 125 to 1,538 beds were surveyed to obtain threshold designations used to monitor 19 dietetic services indicators in their quality assurance program. A threshold, usually designated as a percentage, corresponds to a numeric measurement. For example, a threshold of 90% would indicate that one unacceptable finding in 10 findings would meet the threshold designation for a particular indicator. The survey designated five threshold ranges--100%, 99%-90%, 89%-80%, 79%-70%, and 69%-50%--as well as the responses "no threshold set" and "not monitoring." A cumulative analysis of responses revealed that use of the five threshold ranges was reported with the following frequency: 100% threshold--16% (60 of 380) of responses; 99%-90% threshold--40% (154 of 380) of responses; 89%-80% threshold--6% (21 of 380) of responses; 79%-70% threshold--2% (7 of 380) of responses; 69%-50% threshold--1% (6 of 380) of responses; and no threshold or not monitoring--35% (132 of 380).

Dietary Services↗
PubMed1990

Analysis of selenium content in commercial dietetic products.

Selenium (Se) is largely associated with the protein component of foods. The processing of elemental feeds and artificial formulations used in clinical dietetic practice can, therefore, result in significant losses of Se from these products and the Se status of patients consuming these feeds may be compromised. A selection of commercial formulas typically used for enteral feeding, and for patients with cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria and maple syrup urine disease were analysed for Se micro-fluorimetrically. Low Se contents were found in all food supplements except for Peptisorbon (0.09 mg Se/2000 kcal) and Clinifeed Protein Rich (0.08 mg Se/2000 kcal) which contained adequate daily Se levels according to the American RDI. The results show that a number of feeds are low in Se, especially those used for patients with cystic fibrosis and maple syrup urine disease. An investigation of the Se status of patients on these formulations may indicate the need for Se supplementation.

Cytophotometry↗
PubMed1990

[Validity of a short self-administered dietary questionnaire compared with a dietetic interview].

The dietary intakes of 250 men and women aged from 17 to 60 years were evaluated by means of a self-administered questionnaire. The purpose of this study was to develop and optimise a self-administered questionnaire deliberately reduced to 20 questions. The results were compared with those of a dietetic interview using the diet history method. The correlation coefficients for the main nutrients were determined by multivariate regression analysis and were found to fall in the 0.44-0.80 range (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that the self-administered questionnaire is satisfactory and valid as compared with the diet history method. The degree of validity reached is such that efficient epidemiological studies can be conducted at small cost, and the subjects at risk due to the main dietary errors listed in the contemporary French population can be detected.

Adolescent↗