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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of conduct disorder.

1. There are few double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the drug treatment of conduct disorders in children and adolescents. 2. The diagnosis of conduct disorders involves a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and standards of society are violated. 3. There is frequent comorbidity associated with conduct disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders and substance abuse. 4. Childhood Conduct disorder is associated with a significant risk for adult psychopathology. 5. A variety of treatment approaches may be employed to combat conduct disorders. 6. The use of neuroleptics, lithium carbonate, stimulants and other agents is reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.

This meta-analysis synthesized the results from controlled, clinical trials of psychotherapeutic treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychotherapeutic modalities included behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic treatments, in group and individual settings. Participants in the studies included combat veterans from the Vietnam and Lebanon Wars, crime-related victims, and severe bereavement sufferers. The impact of psychotherapy on PTSD and psychiatric symptomatology was significant, d = .52, r = .25, when measured immediately after treatments were administered. Similarly, there was no decay in the effect of treatment at follow-up, d = .64, r = .31. Moreover, for target symptomes of PTSD and general psychological symptomes (intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, anxiety, and depression), effect sizes were significant, ranging from r's of .2-.49. Results suggest substantial promise for improving psychological health and decreasing related symptoms for those suffering from PTSD.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1981

Recent stressful life events and episodes of schizophrenia.

Most of the relatively firm evidence on the causal significance of recent stressful life events in episodes of schizophrenia comes from a handful of retrospective case-control studies of schizophrenic patients and from comparisons of schizophrenic patients with patients suffering from affective disorders. Some important additional evidence is available from studies of the occurrence of psychotic symptomatology in extreme situations such as combat during wartime and in nonwesternized societies. On the basis of our analyses of the case-control studies, the literature on extreme situations, and the cross-cultural findings, we conclude that the consensus that stressful life events play only a trivial role in causing schizophrenic episodes is premature.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Civilian-related post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment-related issues.

The psychological characteristics of civilians (N = 26) with a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were investigated in order to determine whether the assessment and diagnostic decision rules developed using the MMPI with combat-related PTSD apply to civilian-related PTSD. The results indicate that there are substantial differences between the two PTSD populations and that further research is warranted to delineate other qualitative and quantitative aspects.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1986

Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with relaxation and biofeedback training.

This study investigated the use of biofeedback and relaxation training on six patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) referred routinely for biofeedback treatment in a VA medical center. Subjects received between 8 and 14 sessions of training overall, as well as concurrent individual and group therapy. Measures used to assess treatment outcome include pre- and posttreatment MMPI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scores, as well as electromyographic and subjective measures of tension within each session. Additionally, an overall posttreatment clinical rating of change and 1- to 2-year follow-up data were obtained for each subject. Slight to marked improvements were demonstrated for each subject, as evidenced by improvements on the State Anxiety Inventory Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, a decrease in overall MMPI scores, and lowered EMG and subjective tension ratings for all participants. Possible alternative explanations for improvement (situational demand characteristics, regression toward the mean, lack of independent subject evaluation) are described, along with other study limitations. This preliminary investigation suggests that the use of relaxation training and biofeedback may be a particularly useful component within a comprehensive treatment program for this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory startle response during exposure to war stress.

This report describes the immediate effect of war stress on physiological measures of the auditory startle responses (ASRs). Ten healthy Israeli subjects were examined 4 months before the Gulf war, during a missile alert on the first day of the war, and 8 months after the war. The magnitude and rate of habituation of orbicularis oculi electromyogram (EMG), heart rate (HR), and skin conductance (SC) responses to 15 consecutive presentations of 95-dB, 0-rise time, 1,000-Hz pure tones were recorded on each occasion, along with self-reports of anxiety. The group's anxiety scores were significantly higher during the war. ASRs, in contrast, remained stable across exposure conditions. However, a decrease in SC habituation was observed in few individuals during the war, and may illustrate a distinctive vulnerability to stress. The results are discussed in light of recent findings of abnormal startle response in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Predicting high-risk behaviors in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

The present study sought to identify posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients at high risk for negative behavioral outcomes (violence, suicide attempts, and substance use). The Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD, the Beck Depression Inventory, and demographic and behavioral data from 409 male combat veterans who completed a VA residential rehabilitation program for PTSD were analyzed using signal detection methods (receiver operating characteristics). A validation sample (N = 221) was then used to test interactions identified in the signal detection analyses. The best predictors of behaviors at follow-up were those same behaviors shortly before intake, followed by depressive and PTSD symptoms. However, for each of the models other than that for hard drug use, cutoffs determined at the symptom level did not lend themselves to replication. Recent high-risk behaviors, rather than patients' history, appear to be more predictive of high-risk behaviors postdischarge.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Disability compensation and work among veterans with psychiatric and nonpsychiatric impairments.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship of Department of Veterans Affairs disability compensation payments and employment among veterans with psychiatric disorders and veterans whose impairments were nonpsychiatric. METHODS: Data from a 1987-1988 national survey of Vietnam-era veterans (N = 1,634) were used to evaluate the relationship between compensation payments and employment. The employment activity of veterans whose application for benefits was rejected was compared with that of veterans who were awarded benefits. Multivariate analytic techniques were used to control for health status and other factors that also influence an individual's decision to work. RESULTS: Veterans who received compensation of less than $500 a month were no less likely to work than were rejected applicants. Overall, the effect of compensation payment was significant but modest: each additional $100 a month was associated with a 2 percent decline in the number of veterans who worked, a decline of an hour a week in the number of hours worked, and a reduction of $1,000 a year in estimated employment income. No significant differences were observed in the relationship between disability payments and employment among veterans with psychiatric disorders and those with other functional impairments. CONCLUSIONS: The association of disability compensation with nonparticipation in the labor force is generally small, except at high levels of payment, and is no greater for veterans with psychiatric disorders than for those with nonpsychiatric impairments.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Premature treatment termination by angry patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

Angry patients with conjoined post-traumatic stress disorder often direct their anger at health care providers during the course of treatment. Such misplaced anger can interfere with treatment. Emerging treatments for trauma-related anger are effective. However, even in the course of psychotherapy for trauma-related anger, these patients direct anger at their therapists, compromising the treatment alliance and increasing the likelihood of premature termination. A case example is presented to illustrate the effect of anger on the treatment alliance. A therapeutic strategy is proposed to reduce the likelihood of premature treatment termination in these high-risk patients. This strategy may also be helpful in primary care contexts.

Adult↗