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PubMed2006

The rete mirabile of the cranial base: a millenary legend.

The rete mirabile, a vascular network assumed to give origin to the intracranial segments of the internal carotid arteries, was interpreted by Galen as the key station for the conversion of the "vital spirit" into the "animal spirit." According to this interpretation, the rete was determinant either in sustaining the cerebral functions, or in controlling the reproductive process in humans. This belief was a firm point of the medical doctrine for centuries, accepted by the Islamic and Christian scholars of the Middle Ages. The new anatomy of Vesale, though having stated that the rete does not exist in humans, was unable to settle the discussion on its actual occurrence and function because it could not provide an alternative hypothesis on the mechanisms of support of the cerebral functions. Uncertainties still lasted in the late 17th century, when progress in knowledge on the circulation of blood and the minute anatomy marked the beginning of the new era in the medical science.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2006

Processing of facial identity and expression: a psychophysical, physiological, and computational perspective.

A deeper understanding of how the brain processes visual information can be obtained by comparing results from complementary fields such as psychophysics, physiology, and computer science. In this chapter, empirical findings are reviewed with regard to the proposed mechanisms and representations for processing identity and emotion in faces. Results from psychophysics clearly show that faces are processed by analyzing component information (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.) and their spatial relationship (configural information). Results from neuroscience indicate separate neural systems for recognition of identity and facial expression. Computer science offers a deeper understanding of the required algorithms and representations, and provides computational modeling of psychological and physiological accounts. An interdisciplinary approach taking these different perspectives into account provides a promising basis for better understanding and modeling of how the human brain processes visual information for recognition of identity and emotion in faces.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

[Phenomenology: a scientific approach to lived experiences].

Phenomenology is a philosophical current which intends to observe and describe the meaning attributed to an experience from the consciousness of the person who is living it. While it can be applied to different domains, especially to human care it describes subjective phenomenon such as suffering or quality of life. It constitutes as a real discipline, with its epistemology, its specific data (the individual's narration), its method of analysis to find the speech units of significance, and collaboration between researcher and participant (who becomes a co-researcher). Validity of the method is defined by the fact that the phenomenon becomes intelligible. In the representation of the disease and of the patient, the method is close to ethical principles like respect of autonomy and optimization of quality of life.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2007

Under the microscope: single molecule symposium at the University of Michigan, 2006.

In recent years, a revolution has occurred in the basic sciences, which exploits novel single molecule detection and manipulation tools to track and analyze biopolymers in unprecedented detail. A recent Gordon Research Conference style meeting, hosted by the University of Michigan, highlighted current status and future perspectives of this rising field as researchers begin to integrate it with mainstream biology and nanotechnology.

Biophysics↗
PubMed2003

Insecticide resistance versus antimicrobial resistance. Biological issues in historical perspective.

The developments of insecticide resistance in insects and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria seem to have not too many aspects in common, due to the diverse nature of eukaryotes and prokaryotes cells and organisms. However, there are several approaches, both in the history of ecological systems and in the History of Science, that can successfully be applied to explain aspects of developments shared by both phenomena of resistance. Looking back to a century of discoveries, scientific explanations, industrial, agricultural, and medical practice, the historian is especially well placed for investigating the lessons to be learned and to be exchanged at the boundaries of research on resistant insects and microbes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[The glaucoma theory of CF Heerfordt].

Based on numerous microscopical slides from two eyes from two patients suffering from "inflammatory" glaucoma Christian Frederik Heerfordt (1871-1953) put forward his very original theory in 1910-14: Some cases of intractable glaucoma are caused by occlusion of one (or two) vortex veins, sometimes with a flap, a sino- scleral plate into the sinus ( ampulla). Surgical treatment could be iridectomy in the sector with the occlusion, or perhaps better by blood- letting of the occluded vortex- vein. Heerfordts theory was damned by the Danish Ophthalmological Society as un-scientific and the messages in the danish newspapers un- etical. The consequences for science and for Heerfordt personally are discussed.

Denmark↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonality of vital events in a Pacific Island population.

Analyses of vital data derived from a family record register for the native population of Guam reveal significant variations in births, deaths, and marriages over the period 1901-41. Although lacking marked photoperiod or temperature changes of temperate zones, the tropical island is subject to marked seasonal differences in rainfall characteristic of western Pacific islands. Marital patterns exhibit troughs associated respectively with the Lenten period and with Christmas celebrations. Infant and childhood deaths show close correspondence with rainfall patterns, consistently exceeding expected values during the rainy season (July-November) when conditions are optimal for the spread of communicable and gastrointestinal diseases. Births attain a peak in November, or at the beginning of the more advantageous season for infant health and survival. Seasonality in vital events, reported for many Euroamerican and some African and Asian populations of modern and historical periods, has rarely been documented for native populations of the tropical Pacific. Comparisons of differences in these patterns among different populations in varied environments provide unique opportunities to evaluate causal models of interactions among biological, sociocultural, and physioenvironmental factors.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed2003

Sacrifice: an ethical dimension of caring that makes suffering meaningful.

This article is intended to raise the question of whether sacrifice can be regarded stituting a deep ethical structure in the relationship between patient and carer. The significance of sacrifice in a patient-carer relationship cannot, however, be fully understood from the standpoint of the consistently utilitarian ethic that characterizes today's ethical discourse. Deontological ethics, with its universal principles, also does not provide a suitable point of departure. Ethical recommendations and codices are important and serve as general sources of knowledge when making decisions, but they should be supplemented by an ethic that takes into consideration contextual and situational factors that make every encounter between patient and carer unique. Caring science research literature presents, on the whole, general agreement on the importance of responsibility and devotian with regard to sense of duty, warmth and genuine engagement in caring. That sacrifice may also constitute an important ethical element in the patient-carer relationship is, however, a contradictory and little considered theme. Caring literature that deals with sacrifice/self-sacrifice indicates contradictory import. It is nevertheless interesting to notice that both the negative and the positive aspects bring out importance of the concept for the professional character of caring. The tradition of ideas in medieval Christian mysticism with reference to Lévinas' ethic of responsibility offers a deeper perspective in which the meaningfulness of sacrifice in the caring relationship can be sought. The theme of sacrifice is not of interest merely as a carer's ethical outlook, but sacrifice can also be understood as a potential process of transformation health. The instinctive or conscious experience of sacrifice on the part of the individual patient can, on a symbolic level, be regarded as analogous to the cultic or religious sacrifice aiming at atonement. Sacrifice appears to the patient as an act of transformation to achieve atonement and healing. Atonement then implies finding meaningfulness in one's suffering. The concept of sacrifice, understood in a novel way, opens up a deeper dimension in the understanding of suffering and makes caring in 'the patient's world' possible.

Altruism↗
PubMed2004

Comparative sequence analysis of Sordaria macrospora and Neurospora crassa as a means to improve genome annotation.

One of the most challenging parts of large scale sequencing projects is the identification of functional elements encoded in a genome. Recently, studies of genomes of up to six different Saccharomyces species have demonstrated that a comparative analysis of genome sequences from closely related species is a powerful approach to identify open reading frames and other functional regions within genomes [Science 301 (2003) 71, Nature 423 (2003) 241]. Here, we present a comparison of selected sequences from Sordaria macrospora to their corresponding Neurospora crassa orthologous regions. Our analysis indicates that due to the high degree of sequence similarity and conservation of overall genomic organization, S. macrospora sequence information can be used to simplify the annotation of the N. crassa genome.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Threads of cultural nutrition: arts and humanities.

Cultural nutrition encompasses a wide sweep of food-related themes within three major categories: arts and humanities, social sciences, and biological-natural sciences. The paper, first of three, considers the arts and humanities. Topics include food and diet expressed through art, film, music, and dance. The essay then examines food and diet in representative works of literature, both ancient and modern. The place of food and diet within folklore, mythology, and religion is treated, with consideration of symbolic roles played by food throughout the human life cycle, especially with birth and infancy, coming-of-age, marriage, and death. Religion, a major theme in cultural nutrition, is explored and the food-dietary patterns of Jews, Christians, Moslems, Hindus, and Shintos are treated. Ethics and philosophy are examined as both relate to programs of international food relief and vegetarianism. The essay concludes with a review of work by historians, especially themes of famine and approaches taken to refeed populations during combat and hostilities.

Culture↗
PubMed1994

Wizards and scientists: the pharmacologic experience in the Middle Ages.

During the Dark ages, Greco-Roman science survived in the eastern Roman Empire and the most important advances in pharmacology and pharmacy were made in Byzantium. As the Arab empires spread in the 7th and 8th centuries, they incorporated earlier learning, and the most important contribution of Arabic medical writers was probably the introduction of formularies to aid in the preparation of medicines. In turn, the later spread of Arabic knowledge to the West introduced little-known plants and fostered an interest in collecting and cultivating them, and also introduced the palatable dose forms preferred by the Arabic doctors. In the West, however, the Christian Church taught a doctrine of unquestioning faith, and despite the centers of learning, e.g. at Salerno, most ordinary people depended on the healing power of faith, religious relics and traditional folk medicine. Hydrology was also well developed in the Middle Ages. The formularia that survive describe many indigenous plants, but with few illustrations. Their gathering and preparation is generally guided by magic ceremonies and ritual, and plants often took their properties from their habitat, e.g. the wayside plantain was thought good for tired or wounded feet. Concepts of therapeutic plants were also influenced by alchemy and were linked to related metals and planets.

Byzantium↗
PubMed2005

Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis.

Understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis can provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of patients with this common disease. Clinical, epidemiologic, and basic molecular science studies have identified oxidative stress as a factor contributing to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress also participates in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, two important factors in many patients with atherosclerosis. Further, it contributes to mechanisms of disease progression such as lipid oxidation and vascular remodeling. This article reviews the role of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed2002

[Boulduc's dynasty, apothecaries in Paris in XVIIth an XVIIIth centuries (following the article published in Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 2001, no. 331, p. 339-354)].

Like his father Simon Boulduc, Gilles-François Boulduc worked as a demonstrator in chemistry at the Jardin Royal. He was the apothecary of King Louis XIV and King Louis XV, a member of the Académie Royale des Sciences. In addition he was appointed alderman of the town of Paris. He worked in Paris rue des Boucheries and went into partnership with another apothecary, Claude Pia. He was also the drug supplier of the Duke de Saint-Simon who quoted him several times as a Royal apothecary in his Mémoires. Gilles-François Boulduc's main chemistry research work is presented in this article.

France↗
PubMed2002

Discriminant analysis to evaluate clustering of gene expression data.

In this work we present a procedure that combines classical statistical methods to assess the confidence of gene clusters identified by hierarchical clustering of expression data. This approach was applied to a publicly released Drosophila metamorphosis data set [White et al., Science 286 (1999) 2179-2184]. We have been able to produce reliable classifications of gene groups and genes within the groups by applying unsupervised (cluster analysis), dimension reduction (principal component analysis) and supervised methods (linear discriminant analysis) in a sequential form. This procedure provides a means to select relevant information from microarray data, reducing the number of genes and clusters that require further biological analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The world studies of abuse in the family environment (WorldSAFE): a model of a multi-national study of family violence.

The World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment (WorldSAFE) designed and implemented a study of family violence--intimate partner violence and child abuse and neglect--using standardized methods to cover over 12,000 women in eighteen communities within five lesser-developed countries. The rationale, process and methods for developing the population-based survey are described. Standardized methods included common training of investigators and field staff, sampling strategies, eligibility criteria, instruments, data collection methods, operational definitions, analysis strategies and data management. Special features of the WorldSAFE model are described--namely an ecological conceptual framework, an extensive and broad-based dissemination strategy, and community advisory boards. The World Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment (WorldSAFE) Steering Committee and principal investigators are as follows: Bhopal (India): Gandhi Medical College, S.S. Bhambal (MD) and A.K. Upadhyaya (MD). Chapel Hill (USA): University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Shrikant Bangdiwala (PhD); Wanda Hunter (MPH); Desmond K. Runyan (MD, DrPH); and Laura S. Sadowski (MD, MPH). Chennai (India): Chennai Medical College, Saradha Suresh (MD) and Shuba Kumar (PhD). Delhi (India): All India Institute of Medical Sciences, R.M. Pandey (PhD). Ismailia (Egypt): Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Fatma Hassan (MD, PhD). Lucknow (India): King George's Medical College, M.K. Mitra (MD) and R.C. Ahuja (MD). Manila (the Philippines): University of the Philippines School of Medicine, Laurie Ramiro (PhD); M. Lourdes Amarillo (MS); Bernadette Madrid (MD). Nagpur (India): Government Medical College, Dipty Jain (MD). São Paulo (Brazil): Escola Paulista de Medicina, Isabel Bordin (MD) and Christine Silvestre De Paula. Temuco (Chile): Universidad de La Frontera, Sergio R. Muñoz (PhD) and Beatriz Vizcarra. Thiruvananthapuram (India) formerly Trivandrum: Government Medical College, M.K.C. Nair (MD) and Rajamohanan Pillai (MD). Vellore (India): Christian Medical College, L. Jeyaseelan (PhD) and Abraham Peedicayil (MD).

Brazil↗