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PubMed2000

Intrinsic choroidal neurons in the duck eye express galanin.

Recently, it has been shown that the choroid of the duck eye harbours approximately 1,000 intrinsic choroidal neurons positive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Their connections and functional significance are largely unknown. This study was performed to establish a typical chemical code for these neurons and to define their targets by using immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Almost all intrinsic choroidal neurons coexpressed galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)/NADPH-diaphorase. A few stained for GAL and/or nNOS only. Among extrinsic ganglia, GAL/VIP/nNOS coexpressing neurons were only found in the pterygopalatine ganglion where they accounted for approximately 30% of the neuronal population. Thus, GAL/VIP/nNOS-positive nerve fibres around branches of the ciliary artery and within the nonvascular smooth muscle stroma of the choroid may originate mainly from intrinsic neurons and to some extent in a subpopulation of pterygopalatine ganglionic neurons exhibiting the same chemical coding. Close contacts of GAL-positive fibres upon intrinsic choroidal neurons may indicate reciprocal connections between them. Thus, intrinsic choroidal neurons may represent peripherally displaced pterygopalatine ganglion neurons forming a local network for regulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle tone in the duck choroid. They may be integrated in the neuronal circuitry controlling intraocular pressure, choroidal thickness, accommodation, and axial bulbus length.

Actins↗
PubMed2001

Corrosion cast demonstration of choroidal vasculature in normal Wistar Kyoto rat.

No previous attempt has been made so to demonstrate the details of the choroid vascularization in the rat. This paper describes the choroidal vascular pattern of the normal Wistar Kyoto rat using the corrosion cast method. 6-month-old normal Wistar Kyoto rats were used. Vascular casts prepared by our previously described technique were observed with a Hitachi S-2360N scanning electron microscope. Corrosion casts of the entire choroidal vasculature showed that the ophthalmic artery branched into two main ciliary arteries: the nasal and temporal arteries, which extend forward to form the iridociliary circle. Further the inferior ciliary artery arises from the temporal ciliary artery. In the posterior eye segment these arteries form four to seven branches supplying the adjacent choriocapillaris. There are different arrangements of choriocapillaris. The larger veins formed four vortex veins, one in each quadrant, draining blood from the anterior region of the choroid or iris. Venous blood from the central region, peripapillary choroid and sometimes optic nerve head is drained by smaller veins, which run more or less directly into the posterior ciliary veins. In conclusion corrosion casts and SEM can show the details of the choroidal vascular architecture. These three-dimensional (3-D) findings of choroidal vessels of the rat are very useful for the study of choroid vascular abnormalities in various pathological conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[A case of posterior choroidal artery infarction].

The posterior choroidal artery supplies the lateral geniculate body, the posterior thalamus and the caudate body. Currently, a few cases of infarction in this arterial territory have been reported. This is a case of 59-year-old male, exhibiting left homonymous hemianopsia and left hemiparesis. Clinically it was impossible to make a diagnosis of infarction in this area. We were able to determine that it was a posterolateral choroidal artery infarction rather than an anterior choroidal artery infarction using 1.5 T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI scan clearly disclosed the areas of infarction, which included the lateral geniculate body, the posterior thalamus and the caudate nucleus body. Additionally, cerebral angiography revealed an occluded proximal portion of the right posterior cerebral artery (P2) and a patent right anterior choroidal artery. Anatomically, the areas surrounding the lateral geniculate body are supplied by both the anterior and the posterolateral choroidal arteries. However, the posterolateral choroidal artery infarctions are believed to be rare due to usual dominance of the anterior choroidal artery. Presently, with the use of MRI scanning, these areas can be easily visualized. Therefore, the posterolateral choroidal artery infarction can be diagnosed more easily. It is conceivable that more cases will be accurately diagnosed using this tool.

Cerebral Angiography↗
PubMed2005

Choroidal detachment after filtering surgery.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to report the treatment and outcome of eight cases of choroidal detachment, which occurred several days to many years after trabeculectomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of eight cases of choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy with or without cataract extraction reviewed at CGMH, Keelung, from 2002 to 2004. One eye with idiopathic scleromalacia with chronic uveitis and secondary glaucoma, five eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and two eyes with chronic angle closure glaucoma after trabeculectomy were reported. Six of the eight cases developed acute onset choroidal detachment within two weeks after surgery. The other two cases suffered from choroidal detachment many years after trabeculectomy for different reasons. Regarding the types of operation, combined glaucoma and cataract surgery was performed in five cases and intraoperative application of adjunctive mitomycin C was used in two cases. Decrease in vision acuity and varying degrees of eye pain with a flat or shallow chamber were noted in all cases. Associated hypotony was found in six of the eight cases. The treatment included topical cycloplegic corticosteroid and oral corticosteroid. RESULTS: Choroidal detachments were improved or complete resolution obtained after medical treatment for about three weeks to one month in all cases. But persistent poor control of intraocular pressure was found in two cases. Ultrasonography was used as a reliable tool to confirm the diagnosis and resolution of choroidal etachment in cases of blurred fundus examination and synechiae miotic pupil. CONCLUSIONS: Choroidal detachment is one of the complications after trabeculectomy. The diagnosis of choroidal detachment can be confirmed most reliably by ultrasonography. Medical therapy is effective for resolution.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Pathogenesis of laser-induced choroidal subretinal neovascularization.

The early stages (1 day to 3 weeks) in the development of laser-induced choroidal subretinal neovascularization were studied in the monkey eye. Histopathology revealed that the intense laser beam disrupted the choroid/Bruch's membrane/retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex and initiated a repair process. Although all lesions received the same energy density, the initial choroidal wound varied among the lesions: in some, the necrotic choroid was surrounded by hemorrhagic retinal detachment with RPE denudation; in others, the necrotic choroid was surrounded only by minimal damage to the RPE monolayer. Formation of the choroidal wound was followed by an inflammatory response. Later, newly formed choroidal tissue filled the wound and continued to proliferate towards the subretinal space. RPE cells from the edges of the wound proliferated over the newly formed subretinal tissue and closed the wound. In lesions with a large area of damaged RPE, coverage of the wound was slow; fluid accumulated in the subretinal space, and the lesions demonstrated pooling of fluorescein on angiography (leaky lesions). In lesions with minimal damage to RPE monolayer, closure of the wound was rapid, and the proliferating choroidal tissue did not reach the subretinal space. There was no subretinal fluid accumulation and no pooling of fluorescein on angiography (nonleaky lesions). Our results indicate that both the amount of damage of the choroid/Bruch's membrane/RPE complex and the ability of RPE cells around the damaged area to proliferate and restore the continuity of the RPE layer determine the evolution of newly formed choroidal fibrovascular tissue into a subretinal membrane with or without pooling.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Glomus of the choroid plexus: the normal spin-echo appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.

The glomus of the choroid plexus is located within the trigone of the lateral ventricles. The magnetic resonance images of the choroid plexus in 624 patients of all ages were reviewed and graded to determine the variation of the appearance of the glomus of the choroid plexus as seen on T2-weighted spin echo (SE). With the moderately T2-weighted SE sequences the intensity of the choroid plexus signal was equal to, or less than, that from deep cerebral grey matter in 76% of patients and greater than that from deep cerebral grey matter in 23%; in 1% of patients the glomus of the choroid plexus was "cyst-like". In all 100 patients studied with the heavily T2-weighted SE sequence the intensity of the choroid plexus signal was greater than that from the deep cerebral grey matter. The variation in the normal appearance of the glomus of the choroid plexus is consistent with known histologic changes described in the literature. The importance of recognizing the glomus of the choroid plexus and not mistaking it for other normal anatomical structures or diseases is evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Control of choroidal blood flow by the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal in pigeons: a laser Doppler study.

Anatomical studies in birds have suggested that choroidal blood flow may be regulated by a circuit involving the following serially-connected components: the retina-the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)-the medial subdivision of the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal (mEW)-the ciliary ganglion-the choroidal blood vessels. In order to better clarify the role of this circuit, we examined the effects of electrical stimulation of EW on choroidal blood flow in the ipsilateral eye, using laser Doppler velocimetry to monitor choroidal blood flow in the superior pole of the eye. Baseline choroidal blood flow values (144-311.3 mg/min per eye) were found to be comparable to those previously reported in rabbits, cats and primates. Stimulation of EW dramatically increased choroidal blood flow. The increases were current-related and the average maximal increases ranged between 300-700% above baseline values. In contrast, EW stimulation had little or no effect on overall bodily blood flow. All EW stimulation sites were later verified histologically. These results indicate that the SCN-mEW circuit in birds may be involved in mediating increases in choroidal blood flow, possibly in response to the levels of retinal illumination. Such adaptive neural regulation of choroidal blood flow may play an important role in mitigating the potentially deleterious effects of light on the retina.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

[Metastases of malignant extra-ocular tumors to the choroid. Diagnosis and fractionated radiotherapy].

A total of 161 cases of choroidal metastases are reviewed. Breast or bronchial carcinomas are the most frequent primary tumors. One-third of the patients develop bilateral choroidal metastases. In 67% of all cases metastatic choroidal lesions were found in the posterior pole. Eighty-nine percent of all patients had a history of malignant tumor, in 11% of all patients choroidal metastasis was the first sign of a primary carcinoma elsewhere in the body. Sixty percent of all patients with choroidal metastases had additional other distant metastases at the time of diagnosis of choroidal involvement. The survival rate is poor: 50% of all patients with choroidal metastasis had died 1 year later. In 35% of all patients, choroidal metastases occurred despite prior systemic therapy with cytotoxic drugs or hormone therapy. In many cases the spontaneously course leads to irreversible loss of central visual acuity due to tumor growth, tumor necrosis or the complications of an exudative retinal detachment. Early fractionated external beam in radiation may prevent this outcome. The clinical course in 71 eyes following irradiation is reported. In 80% radiation therapy led to regression or eradication of the tumor, and a vision of at least 0.4 was maintained in 61% of the treated eyes.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

An image processing approach to characterizing choroidal blood flow.

Indocyanine green (ICG) dye angiography has made possible routine visualization of choroidal blood flow in the human eye; however, to date, its clinical utility has been limited. An overlying layer of densely pigmented tissue and the complex, multilayered vascular structure of the choroid combine to produce angiographic images of low contrast which are difficult to interpret. Conventional image processing can enhance individual images of the blood vessels, but this approach contributes no information about the dynamics of blood flow. Using relatively inexpensive, commercially available personal computer hardware, angiographic image processing algorithms were developed which appear to characterize uniquely a subject choroid in terms of various blood flow parameters. We believe this to be the first successfully demonstrated approach to routinely characterizing the human choroidal circulation in a way that conserves spatial distribution of blood flow dynamics across the entire observed choroidal area. The computer system allows acquisition of digital images from photographic film negatives; alternatively, real-time direct digitization of images from a high-resolution video camera is possible. Once acquired, the digitized data are manipulated according to various algorithms that employ time-sequence analysis to generate two-dimensional curves or three-dimensional surfaces which characterize the choroidal circulation. The unique correspondence of each three-dimensional surface to the subject choroidal circulation from which it was derived is demonstrated. Grouping the characteristic three-dimensional surfaces according to various topographic features in common may provide a basis for discriminating between normal and abnormal choroidal circulations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Intermediate filament proteins in choroid plexus and ependyma and their tumors.

The intermediate filament protein types of normal choroid plexus and ependymal tissue and their putative tumors were investigated. In normal human choroid plexus tissue, but not in ependyma, keratin could be demonstrated immunohistochemically. By immunoblotting, keratins 8, 18, and 19 were found, but glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was absent. In mouse and rat, choroid plexus epithelium and ependymal lining cells were keratin-positive. In addition, many ependymal cells were vimentin-positive. Keratin was immunohistochemically found in three of four choroid plexus papillomas, two of two choroid plexus carcinomas, and the lining cells of three neuroepithelial cysts. GFAP-positive cells were present in some choroid plexus tumors. In contrast, none of the eight ependymomas contained keratin, but all were strongly positive for GFAP. The results show that choroid plexus lining cells and choroid plexus tumors have true epithelial characteristics in their cytoskeleton, in contrast to ependymomas, which do not show keratin positivity but show glial filaments, as would be seen in astrocytic tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Transferrin gene expression and synthesis by cultured choroid plexus epithelial cells. Regulation by serotonin and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.

Primary cultures of rat choroid plexus epithelial cells were established and used to investigate the role of the choroid plexus in the synthesis and secretion of transferrin. Transferrin gene expression was determined by a Northern blot analysis with a transferrin cRNA probe. A single transferrin mRNA species was detected and found to be the same size as the transcripts in the liver and Sertoli cells. Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled secreted proteins with an antiserum transferrin antibody demonstrated that cultured choroid plexus epithelial cells synthesize and secrete a 70-kDa species of transferrin. Levels of transferrin secretion by rat choroid plexus epithelial cells in culture were measured by radioimmunoassay. Treatment of the choroid plexus epithelial cells in culture with cell-permeable cAMP analogs or serotonin led to time- and concentration-dependent changes in the levels of transferrin in the medium. Dibutyryl-cAMP and 8-bromo-cAMP decreased the levels of transferrin synthesized and secreted by choroid plexus epithelial cells with an EC50 value of 30 nM. Serotonin, however, increased the levels of transferrin with an EC50 value of 100 nM. A concomitant change in transferrin mRNA concentrations was observed in response to serotonin. These data suggest that the synthesis of transferrin by the choroid plexus is reciprocally regulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin and by regulatory agents coupled to adenylate cyclase. Regulatory agents such as serotonin may have a critical role in modulating the proteins synthesized by the choroid plexus, thereby influencing the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Cholinergic innervation of the smooth muscle cells in the choroid coat of the chick eye and its development.

The mechanical and pharmacological characteristics of the cholinergic activation of the smooth muscle in the choroidal coat of the chick eye have been assessed in tissues isolated from birds 1 d posthatching using histological, electrophysiological, and immunological techniques. The choroidal coat is innervated by a dense network of cholinergic nerves that make en passant synapses with smooth muscle. Thirty-hertz stimulation of these nerves initiates red blood cell (RBC) movement in the vessels of the choroidal coat, and this activation is blocked by muscarinic ACh receptor (AChR) antagonists. Force-transducer recordings of nerve-induced contractions of this tissue have a slow onset and relaxation time course similar to those of smooth muscle contractions. Furthermore, since nearly half the cholinergic neurons innervating the choroid die within a defined period during development, the onset and pharmacology of this innervation were studied during embryogenesis. With a neural cytoskeletal-like immunostain, we demonstrated that choroid axons are present in peripheral tissue by stage (St) 29. Extracellular electrical recordings made after choroid nerve stimulation allowed us to distinguish axon from muscle responses. These procedures permitted us to examine the time course of the innervation of the smooth muscle. However, to visualize the postsynaptic smooth muscle response, it was necessary to treat the isolated preparation with tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA). Accordingly, TEA-enhanced electrical smooth muscle responses to single-nerve stimuli could be recorded only after St 39. Treatment of the nerve-muscle preparation with prostigmine allowed the recording of TEA-enhanced electrical activity as early as St 36 (1 d after the beginning of the normal choroid neuron death period). This synaptic activation was completely blocked by atropine or quinuclidinyl benzylate (QNB), and was not affected by alpha bungarotoxin (alpha BTX), indicating that, as in the posthatching tissue, neuromuscular transmission is mediated by muscarinic receptors. These results show that cholinergic muscarinic activation of the choroidal coat can occur as early as St 36, but that it is not as efficient as transmission later in embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Response of epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in the ferret model for Reye's syndrome.

The structural integrity of epithelial cells of the lateral choroid plexus tissues from the ferret model for Reye's syndrome was examined by transmission electron microscopy after the animals were inoculated intranasally with influenza B, were administered aspirin, and/or were fed an arginine deficient diet singly and in combination. No cellular alteration in the choroidal epithelium was caused by influenza B nor by aspirin, however, the synthetic diet produced random intercellular edema. The structural integrity of choroidal epithelial cells appeared intact after ferrets were infected with influenza B and were given aspirin in combination. Cellular changes were seen, however, after each of these agents was combined with the presentation of the arginine-deficient diet. Intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in tissues of the choroid plexus from animals inoculated with influenza B and fed the arginine-deficient diet. Both intercellular vacuolization and intercellular edema were seen in the choroidal epithelia after ferrets were administered aspirin and were fed the synthetic diet. Such cellular changes observed in the choroidal epithelia in response to the paired presentation of these agents were not as severe as those seen in the choroid plexuses of animals in which all three agents were given in combination. These results support the hypothesis that metabolic events that occur after the administration of these agents collectively impact on epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Differential effects of acetazolamide, benzolamide and systemic acidosis on hydrogen and bicarbonate gradients across the apical and basolateral membranes of the choroid plexus.

The effect after 1 hr of sulfonamide agents and systemic acidosis on pH (dimethyloxazolidinedione method) and [HCO3-] (calculated from pH and estimated cell pCO2) of choroid plexus epithelium was analyzed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with ether. Acetazolamide (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused a striking increase in choroid cell pH (7.0-7.45) and a substantial elevation in [HCO3-]i, and an alkalinization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); effects of benzolamide (3 mg/kg i.v.) were less marked. Acetazolamide-induced augmentation of steady-state pH was found in choroid plexus (0.45 pH unit) but not in submaxillary salivary gland, skeletal muscle, erythrocytes and cerebral cortex. Respiratory acidosis (blood pH 6.94) caused choroid cell pH to decrease less extensively than in the other tissues analyzed; metabolic acidosis (blood pH 7.23) did not significantly alter choroid plexus pH. Both sulfonamide agents and systemic acidoses significantly decreased the pH gradient between arterial blood and cisternal CSF. The sulfonamide-induced increase in choroid cell pH is attributed to suppression of buffering of OH- by CO2, leading to elevated [OH]i; and to a build-up in [HCO3-]i. Acetazolamide caused a reversal of the H+ and HCO3- gradients across the basolateral (plasma-facing) membrane of the choroid plexus. It is postulated that carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease CSF formation primarily by reducing Na+-H+ exchange at the basolateral membrane of the choroidal epithelium, and secondarily by slowing down HCO3- and Cl- exit across the CSF-facing membrane.

Acetazolamide↗
PubMed1995

Enhanced expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin in the diabetic human retina and choroid.

Elevated expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as well as E- and P-selectin occurs on the vascular endothelium in a number of disease states and is thought to play an early critical role in the adhesion of circulating leukocytes to the endothelium. The goal of the present study was to investigate the immunolocalization of these molecules in the retina and choroid of postmortem human tissue sections from nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. Whereas ICAM-1 was localized primarily within the choriocapillaris of nondiabetic subjects, immunoreactivity in diabetics was significantly elevated throughout the choroidal vasculature and within retinal blood vessels (P < 0.05). In the choroid, P-selectin was most prominent in veins of the nondiabetic, whereas in diabetics, P-selectin was significantly elevated in arteries (P < 0.001) and veins (P < 0.05) and, in some cases, was also observed in choriocapillaris. P-selectin immunoreactivity was not observed in the retina of any subject. E-selectin immunoreactivity was not observed in choroid or retina in any subjects. Neutrophil numbers per square millimeter of tissue were significantly elevated in diabetic choroid (P < 0.05) and retina (P < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that ICAM-1 and P-selectin are constitutively expressed in the normal choroid and are upregulated in the choroidal vasculature in diabetes, but only ICAM-1 was upregulated in the retina of diabetic subjects. Increased cell adhesion molecule expression may contribute to the retinal and choroidal microangiopathy observed in diabetics by enhancing leukocyte adhesion and consequently the incidence of capillary obstruction and endothelial cell injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Characterization and regulation of prostaglandin E2 receptor and receptor-coupled functions in the choroidal vasculature of the pig during development.

Ontogenic changes in choroidal vascular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4), changes in receptor-coupled functions, and the possible role of high perinatal prostaglandin levels in regulating expression and function of these receptors were studied. PGE2 receptors and their functions on choroidal tissues were characterized by radioligand binding; by measurements of second messengers to receptor stimulation; and by vasomotor response to EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 ligands on perfused choroidal vascular beds from saline- and ibuprofen-treated (40 mg/kg every 4 every 4 hours for 48 hours) newborn pigs and from adult animals. PGE2 as well as EP2- and EP4-attributed choroidal stimulation elicited greater vasorelaxation in the saline-treated newborn and was associated with higher nitrite (oxidation product of NO, N omega-nitro-L-arginine inhibitable) production than in adult tissues. In contrast, EP1 and EP3 stimulation caused significantly more constriction in the adult than in the newborn, and this was associated with increased production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and greater reduction of cAMP synthesis in the adult. Maximum [3H]PGE2 binding was also higher (3-fold) in adult than in newborn tissues. Competition binding studies revealed that of the PGE2 receptors in the adult choroid, approximately 55% were of the EP1 subtype, 8% were EP2, 22% were EP3, and 15% were EP4. Newborn choroid contained approximately 33% each of EP1 and EP2 receptors, 20% of EP3, and 15% of EP4. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis for 48 hours with ibuprofen in newborns to attain levels found in the adult resulted in an upregulation of [3H]PGE2 binding, EP1- and EP3-mediated vasoconstriction, and increases and decreases in IP3 and cAMP production, respectively, in newborn tissues compared with adult tissues. On the other hand, ibuprofen treatment of newborns led to a decrease in PGE2- and EP4-mediated vasorelaxation and nitrite synthesis (associated with decreased expression of endothelial NO synthase) to levels observed in adults: EP2-elicited responses in newborns were not affected by ibuprofen. In conclusion, fewer EP1 receptors (associated with vasoconstriction), more EP2 receptors, and greater EP4-coupled NO production (coupled to vasorelaxation) seem to be responsible for the increased vasodilation to PGE2 in the newborn. The decrease in prostaglandin levels with age appears to cause, on one hand, upregulation of EP1 and EP3 receptors and receptor-coupled vasoconstriction and, on the other hand, decreased EP4-coupled NO synthesis and choroidal vasodilation. Altogether, these factors result in increased vasorelaxation to PGE2 in the newborn compared with the adult. These findings may help to explain the inability of the newborn to autoregulate choroidal blood flow.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Choroidal metastases resulting from carcinoma of the lung.

BACKGROUND: Choroidal metastases, the most commonly observed tumors of the choroid, are a frequent sequela of lung cancer. Carcinoma of the lung is the most common cancer. Choroidal metastatic tumors can be observed before or after the definitive diagnosis of a lung carcinoma. METHODS: A 42-year-old man, examined 1 month after reporting an ache and blurry vision in his left eye, was found to have an elevated, irregular-shaped choroidal lesion in the eye. The second patient, a 53-year-old man, was examined 1 week after reporting dim vision in the left eye. Diagnosed with non-small-cell lung carcinoma 5 months earlier, he was found to have bilateral choroidal lesions. RESULTS: The first patient was diagnosed with choroidal metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the lung 8 months after the initial presentation, confirmed after a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The second patient had bilateral choroidal metastases from disseminated lung carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Metastases to the eye or orbit develop in approximately 0.7% to 12% of patients with lung cancer. Treatment regimens depend on the size and extent of the choroidal tumor, number of tumors, laterality, the visual status of the affected or nonaffected eye, the stage of cancer, and the age and general health of the patient. Prognosis is contingent on vital organ involvement and response to therapy. Preserving the patient's visual status may enhance the quality of remaining life.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1998

[Choroidal venous dilatation in serous retinal detachment].

We studied the correlation between choroidal venous dilatation, intrachoroidal leakage of dye, and subretinal leakage from the choroid in patients with serous retinal detachment unaccompanied by choroidal neovascularization. We reviewed 13 eyes with anamnesis of serous retinal detachment, 23 eyes without anamnesis, and one eye of unknown status of a total of 37 eyes. Regarding the relationship between subretinal dye leakage from the choroid in fluorescein angiography (FAG) and choroidal venous dilatation in indocyanine green angiography (ICG), the point of subretinal leakage (31 points) was on and/or in the neighborhood of the site of choroidal venous dilatation in 87.1% of the 27 eyes, except for eyes of unknown site of leakage in FAG. The point of subretinal leakage was within and/or in the neighborhood of the intrachoroidal leakage of dye in ICG in 92% of the eyes. In serous retinal detachment without choroidal neovascular membranes, serous retinal detachment may be caused by breakdown of the outer retinal barrier due to choroidal venous congestion and intrachoroidal diffusion.

Choroid↗