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PubMed1987

Immediate medical consequences of nuclear accidents. Lessons from Chernobyl.

The immediate medical response to the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station involved containment of the radioactivity and evacuation of the nearby population. The next step consisted of assessment of the radiation dose received by individuals, based on biological dosimetry, and treatment of those exposed. Medical care involved treatment of skin burns; measures to support bone marrow failure, gastrointestinal tract injury, and other organ damage (ie, infection prophylaxis and transfusions) for those with lower radiation dose exposure; and bone marrow transplantation for those exposed to a high dose of radiation. At Chernobyl, two victims died immediately and 29 died of radiation or thermal injuries in the next three months. The remaining victims of the accident are currently well. A nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhere. Prevention and cooperation in response to these accidents are essential goals.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

Iodine-131 thyroid uptake results in travelers returning from Europe after the Chernobyl accident.

Thyroid screening measurements for 131I were performed on 58 travelers returning from Eastern and Western Europe to Boston after the Chernobyl reactor accident on April 26, 1986. The travelers consisted of both Americans arriving home after business or vacation and European nationals visiting relatives in the Boston area. For purposes of dosimetry the population was divided into three subpopulations--adult (greater than 18 yr old), children (less than or equal to 18 yr old), and two individuals, 17 and 26 wk pregnant. Seventy-four percent of the population had detectable quantities of 131I thyroid burdens, ranging from 1 nCi (37 Bq) to 900 nCi (33,300 Bq). The highest adult radiation dose equivalent was 5.18 mrem (51.8 mSv). The children, however, had considerably higher dose equivalents with one infant receiving 37 rem (370 mSv). Several other children were above 1 rem (10 mSv). The fetal dose equivalents were less than 14 mrem (140 mu Sv). The presence of rain dominated those testing positive for 131I. Radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident contaminated a wide range of Europe and a large population subsequently ingested radioactivity. The children exhibited the highest thyroid radiation dose equivalents of the individuals monitored in the present study. The significance of this is presently unknown.

Accidents↗
PubMed1987

Radionuclide monitoring in Northern Ireland of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident.

Northern Ireland received higher radiation doses due to the radionuclide contamination from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident than did the south of England. Levels of radioactive iodine ((131)I) and caesium ((137)Cs) in cows' milk in Northern Ireland increased to 166 and 120 Bq/l respectively in May 1986, but had decreased by factors of one million, and of twenty-five, respectively, by 1 September 1986. The resultant radiation doses represent less than one per cent of those received by a Northern Ireland individual over a period of 40 years from natural background radiation sources. The added risk to any individual from the Chernobyl accident will therefore be very small and may best be judged in the context of the enormously greater risk of death due to potentially preventable diseases, such as smoking-related lung cancer, and coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cytogenetic examination of children in the Saint Petersburg region who suffered as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. The frequency of unstable chromosome aberrations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes].

Cytogenetic study of 90 children suffered from the Chernobyl accident was carried out. The rate of unstable chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes was higher in groups of children whose parents took part in amelioration work after the Chernobyl accident, children evacuated from the contaminated areas and children of patients received antitumor radio- and chemotherapy as compared to nonexposed children. The increase was due mainly to single fragments. In the group of children evacuated from contaminated areas the rate of exchanges was also increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The genetic effect in Pinus sylvestris L. populations of the eastern Urals radioactive trace from the control area of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station and from the region of the nuclear device tests at the Semipalatinsk proving grounds].

The method of isoenzyme electrophoresis was used for comparative evaluation of genetical effects in populations of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in Kyshtym region (east Urals), the Chernobyl accident zone and in the region of Semipalatinsk nuclear tests (Altai). It was shown that mutation frequencies for allozyme loci are ranged as follows: Ural > Altai > Chernobyl.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cytogenetic effects in Crepis tectorum populations growing in Bryansk Province observed in the 7th year after the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Cytogenetic analysis of seedlings from the seeds of four populations of Crepis tectorum plants grown during 7 years in localities of Bryansk Province contaminated with radioactive products was carried out. The frequency of chromosome aberrations in root meristematic cells was higher than at similar dose rates within 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP. At the same frequency of chromosome aberrations (induced at higher dose rates) karyotypes with pronounced frequency were observed in 30-km zone of the Chernobyl NPP. In Bryansk Province karyotypes were not found. This fact can be explained by the following: irradiation which induced the bulk of chromosome aberrations took place not at the stages of meiosis-early embryogenesis when the induction of chromosome aberrations leading to changed karyotype was more possible but after that.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The significance of the hypoxic factor in adaptation to the action of ionizing radiation as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Data are presented from cytochemical study of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase oxygen dependent enzymes and lymphocyte succinate dehydrogenase in the peripheral blood of 2169 persons subjected to follow-ups of many kinds, at year 7 and 8 after the Chernobyl accident. By comparison with early time periods, the process of normalization of the measured values has been found to be the case, with SDG returning to normal earlier than MPO. There was an increase in the number of individuals with reduced MPO activity and stable percentage of those demonstrating increased SDG activity (30-42% versus 12%). Significance of the adaptation process in the time course of changes of the values measured is discussed along with role of hypoxic factor in adaptation to the ionizing irradiation exposure after the Chernobyl accident.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The nondrug treatment of patients with autonomic vascular dystonia subjected to ionizing radiation exposure as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

The suggested mode of treatment combines the intravascular laser-light irradiation of blood with the visual analyzer exposure to light the brightness of which changes evenly and rhythmically with a frequency of 7-8 vibrations per minute (0.13 Hz). The combined use of the aforementioned exposures is justified due to the fact that exposure to both ionizing radiation and psychogenic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of vegetovascular dystonia developing in the liquidators of the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant breakdown. Change of lighting makes for the evolution of the inhibitory process in the cortex, has a sedative effect, attenuates the influence of psychotraumatizing factors. Intravascular laser-light irradiation of blood has a beneficial effect upon the organism's reactivity and immune system. Under the influence of the therapy adopted, all patients in present series (n = 67)--liquidators of the Chernobyl APP breakdown, suffering from VVD, demonstrated beneficial shifts both in the vegetovascular reactions and immune status, as evidenced by the analysis of the results of the presented mode of treatment in this patient population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the brain of persons who participated in the cleaning-up of the Chernobyl AES accident based on the data of radiodiagnosis (single-photon emission-computed radionuclide tomography, x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography)].

Presents the data of x-ray examinations of the brain in cleaner-ups of the consequences of the Chernobyl power plant accident who complained of headaches, ache in the bones, poor memory, giddiness, weakness, a drastic drop of performance ability, fits with loss of consciousness. Hypometabolic foci localized both in the white and gray matter of the brain were revealed. X-Ray computer-aided tomography and magnetic imaging showed dilatation of the ventricular system of the brain, dilatation of the subarachnoidal spaces, symmetrical reduction of the density of medullary tissue round the bodies and anterior and posterior horns of lateral ventricles, round the third ventricle, near semi-oval centers, as well as solitary or multiple focal reduction of medullary tissue density. Findings of x-ray methods of diagnosis permit a conclusion on a complex organic involvement of the brain in subjects who participated in liquidation of the consequences of the Chernobyl power plant accident. The most typical are signs of the hypertensive hydrocephalic syndrome with cerebrospinal fluid disturbances and of the vascular encephalic syndrome with development of focal postischemic malacia of the brain matter.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A microflora study of the gastrointestinal tract of mink housed within and outside of the area of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Quantitative differences in the content of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the content of the stomach, small and large intestine have been established when studying microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of minks kept in the 30-kilometer zone of the Chernobyl NPP (experimental animals) and at the Cherkassy fur farm (control animals). Obligate heterofermentative species of lactic acid bacteria related to Lactobacillus fermentum and L. reuteri prevailed in the stomach of experimental minks. Species composition of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the stomach of the Cherkassy minks is characterized by the availability of both obligate and facultative heterofermentative species of bacteria--L. bavaricus, L. coryniformis, L. reuteri and of obligate homofermentative bacteria--L. salivarius and L. jensenii. In limiting dilutions (10(-9)-10(-10)) of the content of small intestine of the control minks one could find bacteria of L. coryniformis species and representatives of obligate heterofermentative bacteria--L. confusus and L. fermentum that is 1-2 orders higher then in the experimental minks. Both lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria (the latter up to 10(+9) cells/g of the content) were isolated from the lower departments of small and large intestine of the Chernobyl and Cherkassy minks. Among the species of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the experimental animals homofermentative species (L. acidophilus, L. sharpeae) and, heterofermentative (L. confusus, L. fermentum) in the control were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The criteria for forming risk groups among the population exposed to ionizing radiation after the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

Studied were particular features of peripheral blood, certain immunological and biochemical indices under long-term exposure of human body to radiation after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The study comprised 5578 individuals. The examinees were liquidators of the Chernobyl accident sequels (n = 1052), inhabitants of Pripyat evacuated from the town (n = 850), the Kiev SSBT primary donors (n = 1738). Control group consisted of 936 Kievans who had been examined before the accident between 1982-1985 by the same methods. The results obtained allowed for the most informative indices to be found in order that risk groups might be formed.

Air Pollution, Radioactive↗
PubMed1995

Elevated frequency of glycophorin A mutations in erythrocytes from Chernobyl accident victims.

In 1986, when an explosion accident occurred at the Chernobyl, Ukraine nuclear power plant, a large number of people were exposed to significant amounts of ionizing radiation. During the time between 1986 and 1992, peripheral blood samples were obtained from 102 people who either were on site during the emergency or were brought to Chernobyl shortly thereafter to assist in the cleanup of radioactive contaminants and isolate the damaged reactor from the environment. These blood samples plus samples from 13 unexposed Soviet individuals were analyzed by flow cytometry using the allele-loss somatic mutation assay for glycophorin A. Results of these assays show that the frequency of N/O variant red cells increased in proportion to the estimated radiation exposure of each individual. The radiation dose-response function derived from this population closely resembles that determined previously for atomic bomb survivors whose blood samples were obtained and analyzed 40 years after their exposure. This suggests comparable mutation induction per unit dose for these two populations and long-term persistence of the mutational damage. In addition, measurements on multiple blood samples from each of 10 donors taken over a 7-year period showed no significant changes in N/O variant cell frequencies, confirming the persistence of radiation-induced somatic mutations in long-lived bone marrow stem cells.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinico-immunological characteristics of people who worked within the 30-kilometer zone of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Plant 4 years after the accident].

Clinical examination with immune status assessment of more than 300 healthy persons, who worked in 30-km Chernobyl NPP zone four years after the accident was carried out. The clinical characters of immune deficiency were detected in 6.67% of examined persons and appeared as repeated respiratory diseases. Significant increase in mean level of leukocytes and lymphocytes was revealed. Activation of T-helper link of cell immunity was determined by increase of CD4+ cells in 35.2% of examined persons, that were lower than in people who took part in Chernobyl accident amelioration in 1986. Decrease in content of T-cells and B-cells was observed in 1/4 and 3/4 of persons correspondingly by rosette assays. No changes in serum immunoglobulins level was observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Characteristics of thanatogenesis and pathomorphology of tuberculosis in the Gomel region in relation to the Chernobyl AES accident].

On the basis of 750 autopsy records fatal outcomes were studied in Gomel and Gomel region for the period of 5 years after the Chernobyl accident and for the same period in Minsk and Minsk region. A stereomorphometric method was used for studying thymus morphostructure in 20 fatal cases of tuberculosis among the population of Gomel. Certain specific features of tuberculous thanatogenesis and pathomorphology have been revealed which were most pronounced on the monitored territories of the Gomel region and which manifested themselves in the more remote terms (4-5 years) after the Chernobyl accident. Mortality from fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis with massive destructive components and copious bacilli excretion increased to 63.2% and that from disseminated forms of tuberculosis to 22.5%. In regions under the strict control the frequency of tuberculosis progress among the principal causes of death with the development of caseous pneumonia has grown to 55.5% as against 31.8% on the less contaminated territories (to 1 Ci/km2). The thymus underwent deep reorganization which was inadequate to the severity of the principal disease and age. The evidence of this was overstrain of adaptational-compensatory mechanisms of the immune system that finally led to the development of T-immunodeficiency in 55.3% of the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Incidence of developmental defects in human embryos in the territory of Byelarus after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station].

The incidence of developmental abnormalities (DA) among 5 to 12-week human embryos collected in Minsk during abortions before the Chernobyl' accident was compared to that in Minsk, Mogilev, and southeastern districts of Gomel' and Mogilev regions before and after the accident. The incidence of DA among human embryos from the most radionuclide-contaminated rural regions of Byelarus exceeds that of the control group and of the urban population after the Chernobyl' accident by a factor of 1.5-2. The mutagenic effect of irradiation is the most probable cause of the increased DA frequency. These data suggest that recording of DA in embryos obtained by medical abortions is a new promising approach to the monitoring of genetic consequences of irradiation in human populations.

Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced↗
PubMed1993

[State of the reproductive system of men who participated in the cleaning-up of aftereffects of the Chernobyl AES accident].

A total of 164 males aged from 22 to 50, who had taken part in liquidating the consequences of Chernobyl power station accident, was examined. According to the military cards irradiation dose did not exceed 25 cGy. Semen of 125 examinees was studied. One third of examinees showed sexual dysfunction, which did not appear to depend on the irradiation dose. Analyses revealed pathologic changes in semen and ultrasound demonstrated alterations in prostate and seminal vesicles similar to chronic prostatitis and vesiculitis. No typical radiation-induced lesions were discovered. The author suggest assigning infertility and impotence to the list of entitles, which occurred and exacerbated due to liquidating the consequences of Chernobyl power station accident.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hydration and structural state of liver DNA of rats exposed to radiation in the Chernobyl AES zone].

By methods of IR-spectroscopy, electrophoresis and piezomicrobalance the comparative study on hydration and structural state of liver DNA from rats both intact and exposed within the Chernobyl accident zone was conducted. Modification of primary and secondary DNA structure in irradiated animals demonstrate serious disturbance of hepatocyte genetic apparatus. This is responsible for previously found considerable morphologic and ultra-structural changes in rat liver tissue after prolonged exposure to low-level ionizing radiation in the Chernobyl accident zone.

Accidents↗