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The main principle and the characteristic of Predictive Functional Control (PFC) strategy are presented in this paper and the corresponding control system aid design software APC-PFC is also introduced. For a chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) process, a design scheme of cascade predictive functional control system is described and the control performance is improved obviously.
This review discusses new directions in the emerging field of carbohydrate engineering. Specifically, it describes substrate-based methodologies that are complementary to the recombinant DNA techniques that now dominate metabolic and cellular engineering endeavors. A substrate-based approach consists of intercepting a biosynthetic pathway with an unnatural analog of a metabolic intermediate. The unnatural compound competes with the endogenous substrate for biosynthetic incorporation into a cellular component by action of the natural enzymes of the cell. The incorporation of the unnatural compound into the cellular architecture can directly modulate cellular properties and biological processes. Alternatively, a molecular handle can be included in the design of the unnatural substrate that allows further elaboration upon reaction with an externally delivered reagent. The sialic acid biosynthetic pathway is presented as a model system to illustrate both the practical aspects and theoretical considerations of a substrate-based cellular engineering approach. Specific applications of carbohydrate-based cell surface engineering include chemical construction of new glycosylation patterns on cells, new approaches to targeting tumor cell with either diagnostic or therapeutic agents, and installation of novel receptors on cells for facilitating viral-mediated gene delivery.
Chemical genomics, which utilizes specially designed small chemical compounds early in the discovery phase of new drugs to explore the life science at various levels, can address biological questions that are not amenable to genetic manipulation or functional genomics/proteomics approaches. Following the development of HT phenotypic assays and DNA expression analysis, the integration of cell-based assays with activity / affinity-based approaches allows us to interrogate the cells by analyzing phenotypic alterations, changes of transcript signature or detecting the differences in protein expression levels. Furthermore, activity / affinity-based techniques directly provide a druggable subset of gene products, which interact with small molecules, greatly reducing the complexity of analyzing the proteome. In this paper, we give an account of the recent advances (approaches and strategies) in the field of chemical genomics, and discuss how these approaches enable the investigator to obtain a novel therapeutically relevant target as well as drug candidates acting on them in a target-specific manner. This novel post-genomic discovery strategy, where target identification/ validation is carried out by interactions with small molecules, could significantly reduce the time-scale for early drug discovery, and increase the success rate of finding novel, druggable targets, as well as more specific drug candidates.
The applicability of chemical protein synthesis over the last five years has been greatly expanded by significant increases in the size (up to 600 amino acids) and variety of accessible proteins, including new classes of proteins such as phosphoproteins, glycoproteins and integral membrane proteins. Chemical protein synthesis has also produced novel high-throughput screening and biosensor technology, and exciting lead compounds for the generation of powerful synthetic protein pharmaceuticals.
Menstrual function and gynecologic morbidity were studied in 4202 female students from medical, engineering, and chemical institutes. They were found to have algomenorrhea, ovary dysfunction, algo-hyper-polymenorrhea, hyper-polymenorrhea. Among genital inflammations there were predominant erosion of the cervix uteri, adnexitis, and colpitis. After therapeutical and conditioning measures the vast majority of girls convalesced.
The kinetics of cellulose hydrolysis under extremely low acid (ELA) conditions (0.07 wt%) and at temperatures >200 degrees C was investigated using batch reactors and bed-shrinking flow-through (BSFT) reactors. The maximum yield of glucose obtained from batch reactor experiments was about 60% for alpha-cellulose, which occurred at 205 and 220 degrees C. The maximum glucose yields from yellow poplar feedstocks were substantially lower, falling in the range of 26-50%. With yellow poplar feedstocks, a large amount of glucose was unaccounted for at the latter phase of the batch reactions. It appears that a substantial amount of released glucose condenses with nonglucosidic substances in liquid. The rate of glucan hydrolysis under ELA was relatively insensitive to temperature in batch experiments for all three substrates. This contradicts the traditional concept of cellulose hydrolysis and implies that additional factors influence the hydrolysis of glucan under ELA. In experiments using BSFT reactors, the glucose yields of 87.5, 90.3, and 90.8% were obtained for yellow poplar feedstocks at 205, 220, and 235 degrees C, respectively. The hydrolysis rate for glucan was about three times higher with the BSFT than with the batch reactors. The difference of observed kinetics and performance data between the BSFT and the batch reactors was far above that predicted by the reactor theory.
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The development of antitumor and antifungal drugs, compounds to treat obesity, urge incontinence, glaucoma and retinopathy were the focus of presentations, although details of biological activity and clinical performance were not reported. Gram-to-ton-scale preparation was discussed in chemical and engineering detail, with an emphasis on route development and optimization. General considerations included high-throughput optimization using statistical and automatic laboratory tools, downscaling, and the fruitful interaction between chemists and engineers to detect and prevent potential scale-up problems as early as possible, ie, the 'bottom-up approach' to design direct drop processes for the simple and economic isolation of reaction products, cost calculations as decisive instruments for route selection and second-generation processes and the various approaches to generate enantiomerically pure compounds.
In total 1,149 pupils of the III class of the mechanical, metallurgical, building, power engineering and chemical vocational schools were examined. Backache was diagnosed in 50 cases while the same ailment in parents or siblings were diagnosed in 148 cases, i.e. 17.2%. Percentage of persons with congenital spine disorders (low intervertebral disc, narrow spinal channel, segmentation disorders spondylolysis, and asymmetry of intervertebral joints) was estimated as 30%. Such disorders predispose to backache. A risk of backache in the group under study was estimated however as 50% of pupils preparing for professions producing significant overload to the spine. Possibilities and difficulties of the proper classifications of candidates to such vocations are discussed.
Conjugative plasmids control the ability of five Pseudomonas strains isolated from the rectifiers of chemical plants to grow on epsilon-caprolactam as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. All the plasmids have a high molecular mass of their DNA (ca. 300 MDa) and control epsilon-caprolactam degradation at least to succinate. One of the plasmids (pBS271) belongs to the incompatibility group P-2 and suppresses the growth of a broad spectrum of temperate and virulent P. aeruginosa bacteriophages as well as that of some P. putida bacteriophages.
The paper deals with problems involved in the formation of stable structures in a system, in which processes typical of bimolecular autocatalytical reactions occur when the respective components are directly influenced from the outside. Such systems can arise in biochemical, biological and ecological sphere (see, e.g. Glansdorff and Prigogine 1971; Nicolis and Prigogine 1977; Haken 1977; 1980). It has been shown that a regions of so-called subcritical and supercritical regulation exist, manifested by the fact that the given system component would either persist or disappear. The selection of processes consists in the fact that generally only one solution can be realized from N alternatives as a stable state having the nature of a stable node, or a stable focus. When one of the components is supplied to the system from the exterior in a supercritical amount, the system can be "forced" to produce only that single substance. Thus, the system studied can be considered as a model of a biological filter. The results can also be applied in ecology and biotechnology.
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Mass health screening dictates the necessity to expand the range and output of clinical laboratory devices in medical industrial production, to create and introduce devices for microanalysis in clinical practice. The successful realization of the above problems calls for an integrated approach to develop engineering methodological, chemical and metrologic provision of the clinical and diagnostic laboratory studies, to solve technological and organizational problems in developing and producing the new generation of clinical laboratory devices and sets.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.