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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Behavioral alterations during prolonged low level continuous amphetamine administration in a monkey family group (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The continuous presence of endogenous psychotomimetic compounds has frequently been hypothesized in human psychopathology. In related drug-based animal models it would be necessary to demonstrate accumulating behavioral abnormalities despite a low constant drug-level. Using subcutaneously implanted slow-release capsules containing a d-amphetamine base, we studied behavioral effects during 11-weeks of low level but continuous release of this psychotomimetic drug in a socially housed family group of monkeys (drugged father and mother with undrugged infant). Following implantation, locomotion was only slightly affected throughout the drug period. Among visual behaviors, staring gradually increased and, after 5-7 weeks, peaked at a level ten-fold higher than pre-implant levels. Except for infant/female contact, social behaviors were decreased throughout the drug period. Sleep during nights declined by about one-third for the first 8 weeks. In vitro measurements of this capsule type confirmed amphetamine release at 1st-week levels for ca. 8 weeks. Low level prolonged amphetamine intoxication apparently can lead to increasing behavioral abnormalities despite relatively stable drug-release levels.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1996

Pathology of experimental pneumonic plague produced by fraction 1-positive and fraction 1-negative Yersinia pestis in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

OBJECTIVE: The protein capsule of Yersinia pestis, known as Fraction 1 or F1, is a protective immunogen and is an assumed, but not proven, virulence factor. Our objectives were to determine if inhaled F1-negative and/or F1-positive strains of Y pestis were virulent in the African green monkey and, if so, to differentiate F1-negative from F1-positive monkeys. Because F1-negative strains have been isolated from natural sources and have caused experimental fatal disease, we felt that this information was crucial to the development of future vaccines and diagnostic tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult African green monkeys were exposed by aerosol to F1-positive (CO92, n=15) or F1-negative (CO92-C12, n=6; Java-9, n=2) Y pestis strains. RESULTS: All monkeys died 4 to 10 days postexposure and had lesions consistent with primary pneumonic plague. Antibodies to F1 antigen and other Y pestis antigens allowed us to differentiate F1-positive from F1-negative Y pestis strains in fixed tissues. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, F1 antigen was not a required virulence factor. Therefore, there may be a need for vaccines and diagnostic assays that are not solely based on the F1 antigen.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Mutations in CCR5-coding sequences are not associated with SIV carrier status in African nonhuman primates.

African monkeys can be naturally infected with SIV but do not progress to AIDS. Since mutations in the human CCR5 gene have been shown to influence susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression, we have now investigated whether mutations in CCR5-coding sequences in African nonhuman primates can explain species-specific differences in susceptibility to lentiviral infection. The animals studied comprise chronically infected monkeys corresponding to four natural hosts of SIV (Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus pygerythrus, Cercopithecus sabaeus, and Cercopithecus tantalus), noninfected animals from three species that are known to be susceptible to SIV infection (Cercopithecus patas, Cercopithecus Ihoesti, and Pan troglodytes), and monkeys of six species that do not carry SIV in the wild (Cercocebus galeritus, Cercocebus aterrimus, Cercopithecus ascanius, Cercopithecus nictitans, Cercopithecus neglectus, and Cercopithecus cephus). We observed a high degree of genetic divergence among the species. The rate of accumulation of amino acid mutations was, however, not higher in SIV carriers than in other nonhuman primates. No homozygous premature stop codons, deletions, or frameshift mutations were detected. In at least two animals, one infected AGM (Cercopithecus tantalus) and one noninfected monkey (Cercocebus aterrimus), the CCR5 alleles identified encode functional proteins, as they were identical in terms of amino acid sequence to that of functional CCR5 reported in the literature. We found no other consistent differences in the genetic variability of CCR5-coding sequences between the nonhuman primates that are carriers of SIV and those that are not.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

[Molar size sequence in seven species of Cercopithecidae].

The size sequence of the molar teeth in three genera, including seven species, of the Cercopithecidae was examined on the basis of mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters, and rectangle measurements (mesiodistal d. X buccolingual d.). The determination of molar size order was estimated by the three methods of mean values, size sequences and reductive indices (M2/M1, M3/M1). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The molar size sequence of the seven species. The pattern of sequence in the molars of the Cercopithecidae was divided into six types: (I) M1 less than M2 less than M3 or (M1M2) less than M3, (II) M1 less than (M2M3), (III) M1 less than M3 less than M2, (IV) (M1M2M3), (V) (M3M1) less than M2, and (VI) M3 less than M1 less than M2 or M3 less than (M1M2). 2. The upper molars. i) The most frequent pattern of mean values found was type II for all the species of the Macaca and Colobus. The two species of Cercopithecus showed predominantly the characteristics of types III, IV and V. ii) The molar size sequence individual data revealed that in the mesiodistal crown diameter types I and II were distributed frequently in the Macaca, types IV and V in the Colobus, and type VI in the Cercopithecus. The reduction of the third molar, therefore, seemed to be more pronounced in the Cercopithecus when compared with the other two genus, Macaca and Colobus, because type VI is the type with more size reduction in the third molar. In the case of the buccolingual crown diameters, the most common size sequences were found in types II and III for the Macaca and Colobus. In the Cercopithecus, however, type V exceeded other types in frequence. iii) The results of the reductive indices showed that the second molars in the Colobus were greatly reduced compared to the first, followed by those of the Cercopithecus and Macaca. In the third molar reduction, the Cercopithecus had a relatively small third molar compared to the first, following the Colobus and Macaca. 3. The lower molars. i) The pattern in the mean values were frequently found to be type I for the Macaca and Colobus, and types III and II for the Cercopithecus. ii) The size sequence in the frequency of the mesiodistal crown diameter was well presented in type I for the Macaca and Colobus, while types IV and V were distributed frequently for Cercopithecus in which the reduction of the third molar was noticeable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western Africa: evidence for a new species-specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys.

Although up to 50% of African green monkeys (AGMs) are infected by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in their natural habitat, they remain asymptomatic carriers of these lentiviruses. They provide an attractive model to study not only the origin but also the link among genetic variation, host-virus adaptation, and pathogenicity of primate lentiviruses. SIVagm have been isolated from three species of AGM: the vervet (Cercopithecus pygerythrus), the grivet (Cercopithecus aethiops), and the sabaeus (Cercopithecus sabaeus) monkey. We studied four new SIVagm isolates from a fourth AGM species, the tantalus monkey (Cercopithecus tantalus), caught in the Central African Republic, and four new isolates from feral sabaeus monkeys from Senegal. Antigenic properties and partial env sequences were used to evaluate the diversity among these isolates. Alignment of env sequences in SIVagm isolated from tantalus and sabaeus monkeys permitted detailed mapping of the variable and conserved domains in the external glycoprotein. Genetic distances indicated that SIVagm isolates from tantalus monkeys are the most divergent among SIVagm in feral AGMs in Africa. The fact that AGMs are infected by four distinct lentiviruses, each specific for a single AGM species, supports the hypothesis of a coevolution of these viruses and their natural hosts and suggests that SIV transmission is a rare event among separated AGM species in the wild.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1976

Odontometric study of African monkey teeth.

Univariate analysis of the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of Cercocebus albigena, Cercopithecus aethiops and Cercopithecus ascanius revealed a complex pattern of contrasts depending upon which tooth dimension was compared. By contrast, multivariate analysis discriminated between the dentitions of Cercocebus albigena on the one hand and Cercopithecus aethiops and Cercopithecus ascanius on the other hand, but whether these differences reflected genetic or environmental factors requires further data.

Anatomy, Comparative↗
PubMed1998

Some gastro-intestinal parasites of zoonotic (public health) importance commonly observed in old world non-human primates in Kenya.

A study was undertaken to categorise some gastro-intestinal (GIT) parasites commonly observed in Kenyan non-human primates (NHPs) on the basis of their health implications for humans. Six species of locally available non-human primates, namely olive baboons (Papio cyanocephalus anubis), Vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops), Sykes monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), Black and white colobus (Colobus abyssinicus), Debrazzas monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus) and Grey and Black mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus and Cercocebus albigena) which were imported from Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) were sampled. Simple laboratory methods involving microscopic examination of stained faecal smears were used. Wet faecal smears stained with iodine and unstained controls were used for conventional parasites while acid fast staining was employed to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. Both helminths and protozoan parasites were detected in varying rates in all primate species. Trichuris sp. was the most frequent helminth followed by Strongyloides fulleborni, Strongyles sp. and Schistosoma mansoni in that order. Entamoeba coli was the most common protozoan followed, respectively, by Balantidiun coli and Entamoeba histolytica. All primate species examined were infected with all the parasites listed except the black and white colobus. Cryptosporidium was found in both clinically normal and diarrhoeic baboons and vervets. Most taxa of parasites observed could prejudice human welfare directly through infection and causation of illness and indirectly through increased cost of livestock production and decreased availability of animal proteins. The potential of some of the agents to cause opportunistic infections in immuno-compromised persons was suggested as a likely threat to man's well-being. This would warrant such person's exemption from high risk operations at primate and other animal facilities in developing countries. Further, specific studies are needed to provide data on the epidemiology, socio-economic impact and pathogenicity of the primate parasites to other species of animals and man.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

[Vocal behavior of adult males and superspecific organization in polyspecific troops of monkeys].

Analysis of the vocal behaviour of adult males from different species of Cercopithecus monkeys in a polyspecific troop shows important species differences, which suggest a superspecific organization upon which the extraordinary stability of certain polyspecific associations can depend. In the community studied, the male Cercopithecus pogonias generally controlled the formation and disbanding of polyspecific troops, coordinated their movements and the spacing between troops, while Cercopithecus cephus seemed to be the 'follower' species. However, the roles were divided for defence against predators: male C. pogonias gave warning of aerial predators, while male C. cephus generally gave the alarm against terrestrial predators.

Animals↗