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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate in Italian teenagers: present levels and projections.

The intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate was assessed in 212 Italian teenagers aged 13-19 in 1996. Total daily intake of intense sweeteners was assessed on the basis of dietary records (14 consecutive days). The sweetener content of sugar-free products (soft drinks, candies, chewing gums, yoghurts, jam and table-top sweeteners) was provided by manufacturers. Sugar-free products were consumed by 77% of the subjects. Mean daily intake among consumers was 0.24 mg/kg body weight (bw) for cyclamate (13 subjects), 0.21 mg/kg bw for saccharin (9 subjects), 0.03 mg/kg bw for aspartame (162 subjects), and 0.02 mg/kg bw for acesulfame K (56 subjects). No subject exceeded the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) of an intense sweetener. Projections based on the present levels of use of intense sweeteners in sugar-free products and on the dietary pattern observed in the sample suggest that approaching the ADI could be possible only if subjects with high intakes of both soft drinks and table-top sugar substituted these items with respectively sugar-free beverages and table-top sweeteners containing either saccharin or cyclamate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient intake and food group consumption of 10-year-olds by sugar intake level: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of total sugar intake on nutrient intake and food group consumption was examined in children. METHODS: Twenty-four hour dietary recalls were collected on a sample of 568 ten-year-olds from two cross-sectional surveys. The population was stratified according to total sugar intake quartiles: < or = 25th (46 g/1000 kcal), 25-50th (67 g/1000 kcal), 50-75th (81 g/1000 kcal) and > or = 75th (106 g/1000 kcal). RESULTS: No significant difference was shown in energy intakes across the quartiles and no significant race or gender differences were observed in mean total sugar intakes. However, with increasing total sugar intake, there was a significant linear decrease in mean intakes of protein, fat, saturated fat, starch, cholesterol, sodium, vitamins B6 and E, thiamin, niacin, iron, and zinc; and a significant linear increase in mean intakes of carbohydrate, fructose, lactose, sucrose, vitamin D, and calcium. Eating patterns reflected the differing nutrient intakes, with high sugar consumers having significantly higher intakes of total g of candy, beverages and milk and lower intakes of total g of meats, and cheese than lower sugar consumers. The nutritional quality of children's diets high in total sugar appear to be adequate regarding vitamin and mineral intakes and are closer to meeting current dietary fat recommendations.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Eating patterns, dietary quality and obesity.

Obesity among children has reached epidemic proportions. Today, an estimated one in four children in the United States is overweight. while 11% arc obese. Children who are overweight tend to remain so up to 20 years of age; in general, they have a 1.5- to twofold higher risk for becoming overweight as adults. The prevalence of overweight has increased approximately twofold in the 20-year period from 1974 to 1994, with the largest increases observed among 19- to 24-year-olds. The annual increases in weight and obesity that occurred from 1983 to 1994 were 50% higher than those from 1973 to 1982. Overweight youth are 2.4 times as likely to have a high serum total cholesterol level, and 43.5 times as likely to have three cardiovascular risk factors. Although the total energy intake of children has remained the same, and the macronutrient density of the diet has changed, the percentage of energy from fat has decreased, while that from carbohydrates and protein has increased. Children have been consuming lower amounts of fats/oils, vegetables/soups, breads/grains, mixed meats, desserts, candy, and eggs. and increasing amounts of fruits/fruit juices, beverages. poultry, snacks, condiments, and cheese. Changes in specific eating patterns may explain the increase in adiposity among children; e.g., increases have occurred in the number of meals eaten at restaurants, food availability, portion sizes, snacking and meal-skipping. Successful prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood could reduce the adult incidence of cardiovascular disease. Because substantial weight loss is difficult to maintain, the prevention of obesity by promoting healthier lifestyles should be one of our highest priorities in the new millennium.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Operation storefront Hawaii: tobacco advertising and promotion in Hawaii stores.

Our objective was to explore the nature and location of tobacco product advertising and promotion in retail stores in Hawaii. We performed a cross-sectional study of tobacco product store-based advertisements, including the number, location (indoor/outdoor; proximity to candy, toys, school), size, and brand of the ads. Trained youth (ages 12-19 years) collected data on 3,151 advertisements and promotions among 184 stores. We found that most ads appeared indoors, and the most heavily advertised brand was Kool. Kool is also the most heavily smoked brand among youth in Hawaii. This study underscores the high visibility of retail store advertising and promotions (both indoor and outdoor) in places that attract the attention of youth.

Advertising↗
PubMed1999

Social forces and tobacco in society.

The continued widespread use of tobacco is one of the greatest paradoxes of the 20th century. The cigarette was introduced to society early in this century, received a broad public acceptance in response to massive marketing and distribution efforts, and survives--or, more accurately, thrives--in a complex and controversial social, medical, and legal environment. Today, over 50 million Americans continue to use tobacco regularly, despite the fact that it is almost universally known that use of the product as intended is likely to result in ultimate death and disability for one out of two regular users. The latest statistics tell us that over 400,000 Americans die each year, accounting for over 5 million years of lost life, $50 billion in medical expenditures, and another $50 billion in indirect costs. We estimate that 10 million Americans have died from smoking since the first Surgeon General's Report in 1964, and another 25 million Americans alive today will ultimately die, including 5 million children, as a result of a fundamentally adolescent decision. Clearly, a unique mix of social and political forces have combined to result in a deadly and addicting product being sold and marketed like candy, resulting in 90% of users acknowledging the addictive nature of the product, 70% of whom would like to quit and wish they had never started. But despite near-universal knowledge of the harm and addictive nature of the product and widespread public support for changes in the status quo, the status quo has not changed. Despite a consistent belief that tobacco should be treated commensurate with the harm that it causes, changes in public policy have been surprisingly recalcitrant. This introduction briefly examines the social, cultural, economic, and public policy forces that have contributed to maintaining the status quo for nearly 100 years, the barriers to meaningful change, and the research needs that could result in profound improvements in public health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Meals at medical specialty society annual meetings: a preliminary assessment.

Little isd known about how meals are chosen for medical meetings. We surveyed the annual meeting planners for 20 major specialty societies. Thirteen (65%) responded; all were currently planning their next meeting. Attendance in 2000 was reported at 113,477 physicians, with 2 million planned meals and snacks. No physician was named as responsible for food choices; the meeting planner and staff were primarily responsible for deciding what food to serve, excluding exhibit halls. Twelve (92%) respondents rated "available budget" as the most important factor. "Nutritional guidelines" were rated "very important" by eight of 13 (63%). However, no specific nutritional guidelines could be identified by any planner. All respondents indicated that members would attend a meeting if "healthy" food were the only option. For 2000, 100% of respondents indicated that for each lunch and for each dinner, a dessert had been included. No annual meeting and no planned 2001 meeting excluded potato chips, snack mixes, or candies at breaks; soda pop was offered at each break. Most respondents (89%) relied on a concluding questionnaire about the meeting facilities to evaluate the food. Respondents reported no difference in charges for "special meals," including vegetarian and kosher meals. Physicians may be unaware that some food served at medical meetings may impair learning, with excessive calorie, fat, and carbohydrate consumption. Small changes can improve the quality of food and beverages selected, without increased cost, and provide choices that conform to national nutritional guidelines. Medical meetings should serve flavorful, healthful food.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1998

A review of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: potent, rapid and noninvasive opioid analgesia.

The physiochemical characteristics of the potent synthetic opioid agonist fentanyl make it ideal for noninvasive transmucosal delivery. Studies of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC), a candied matrix formulation administered orally as a palatable lozenge on a stick, have investigated and determined this analgesic's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a number of clinical settings, including premedication before surgery, acute analgesia for painful medical procedures, and, most recently, for the control of breakthrough cancer pain. The onset to meaningful pain relief in patients with acute pain from surgery or breakthrough pain from cancer is between 5 and 10 minutes after initiating OTFC use, equivalent to intravenous morphine. Analgesic dose equivalency studies suggest that OTFC is, on average, about 10 times more potent than morphine, although, in randomized, controlled, and blinded studies, many patients who were using relatively high doses of opioid anlagesics on an around the- clock schedule for control of cancer pain reported that even a low dose of OTFC (i.e., 200 microg) provided adequate relief from breakthrough pain. Side effects from OTFC are similar in character and frequency to other opioids, including sedation, nausea, and pruritus. These effects appear to wane rapidly with repeated use of this medication. To date there have been no reported serious adverse events in any of the population groups studied or treated with OTFC.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy.

Interviews of 250 women concerning dietary changes during pregnancy were undertaken immediately after delivery. With regard to beverages, of women who regularly drank coffee or alcoholic items prior to conception, almost 30% reported a significant drop in ingestion during pregnancy. For coffee this change was attributed primarily to "endogenous" factors e.g., provocation of nausea or a loss of taste for the beverage. Concern regarding maternal or infant health was the most frequent reason for decrease in alcoholic beverages, although endogenous factors were also mentioned. Soda beverages were also ingested less frequently, predominantly because of dieting. The main increase was in milk consumption, primarily attributed to concern for the infant, but many mothers cited only a craving for the beverage. Other foods for which specific cravings were frequently cited were ice cream, sweets, and candy (particularly chocolate), fruits, and fish. Foods for which aversions outnumbered cravings were meats, poultry, and sauces flavored with oregano. Possible explanations for these changes associated with pregnancy are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Red cell transketolase as an indicator of nutritional deficiency.

Twenty patients who had symptoms that were apparently neurotically functional are reported because they proved to have abnormal red cell transketolase activity. Although in many of the cases the etiology appeared to be associated with heavy consumption of "junk" foods, carbonated or sweet beverages, and candy, this was not so in all of them and the etiology in these cases remains obscure. The symptoms in all 20 patients could be correlated with those well documented in early beriberi and all were clinically improved by the administration of thiamin. In only two cases were other vitamins administered. Such improvement was slow and there were no dramatic recoveries. In 10 patients improved transketolase activity was correlated with clinical well-being. The other 10 patients did not keep their return appointments. Telephone contract revealed that they were asymptomatic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Food-consumption trends between adolescent and adult years and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.

A population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer in Utah was used to assess reported food-consumption patterns for the adolescent and adult years. Men reported eating eggs, whole milk, butter, white bread, cereals, and candy less frequently and red meat, fish, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, margarine, fruits and vegetables, and whole-wheat bread more frequently as adults, indicating that diets changed in the hypothesized direction to correspond to national changes in food-consumption practices. Men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults were at a slightly increased risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer after adjusting for adolescent diet (odds ratio 1.8 comparing high with low intakes), whereas men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adolescents were not at increased risk of developing these tumors after controlling for a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults (odds ratio 1.1).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Fructose in the diabetic diet.

Fructose is an energy-yielding sweetener coming from different natural sources (fruit, berries, and vegetables) or is added to soft drinks, bakery products, and candies. The current content of fructose in the diabetic diet seems to be within recommendations. Because of the low glycemic index of fructose, fructose may be an alternative as a sweetener for those diabetic patients who like sweet foods but are liable to high postprandial glucose concentrations. In patients with mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, fructose may result in lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses than will most other carbohydrate sources. In clinical studies, fructose has either improved metabolic control of diabetic patients or caused no significant changes. In patients susceptible to hypertriglyceridemia high doses of fructose should be avoided because of a potential hypertriglyceridemic effect. Long-term experiences about the use of fructose from large scale controlled studies on diabetic patients are lacking.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1↗
PubMed2002

Dietary intake and nutritional status of young vegans and omnivores in Sweden.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents sometimes become vegetarian for ethical rather than health reasons. This may result in health problems caused by lack of interest in and knowledge of nutrition. OBJECTIVE: We compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of young Swedish vegans and omnivores. DESIGN: The dietary intakes of 30 vegans (15 males and 15 females; mean age: 17.5 +/- 1.0 y) and 30 sex-, age-, and height-matched omnivores were assessed with the use of a diet-history interview and validated by the doubly labeled water method and by measuring nitrogen, sodium, and potassium excretion in urine. Iron status and serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations were measured in blood samples. RESULTS: The diet-history method underestimated energy intake by 13% and potassium intake by 7% compared with the doubly labeled water method and 24-h urine excretion, respectively. Reported dietary nitrogen and sodium intakes agreed with the 24-h urinary excretion measure. Vegans had higher intakes of vegetables, legumes, and dietary supplements and lower intakes of cake and cookies and candy and chocolate than did omnivores. Vegans had dietary intakes lower than the average requirements of riboflavin, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, calcium, and selenium. Intakes of calcium and selenium remained low even with the inclusion of dietary supplements. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of low iron status among vegans (20%) and omnivores (23%). Two vegans with low intakes of vitamin B-12 had low serum concentrations. CONCLUSION: The dietary habits of the vegans varied considerably and did not comply with the average requirements for some essential nutrients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Stent development and local drug delivery.

Stent implantation has become the new standard angioplasty procedure. In-stent re-stenosis remains the major limitation of coronary stenting. Re-stenosis is related to patient-, lesion- and procedure-specific factors. Patient-specific factors can not be influenced to any extent. Procedure-specific factors are affected by implantation technique and stent characteristics. Design and material influence vascular injury and humoral and cellular response. Radiation has been shown to have inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cell growth and neo-intima formation, but in clinical trials the outcome has been hampered by re-stenosis at the edges of the radioactive stent ('candy wrapper'). New approaches target pharmacological modulation of local vascular biology by local administration of drugs. This allows for drug application at the precise site and time of vessel injury. Systemic release is minimal and this may reduce the risk of toxicity. The drug and the delivery vehicle must fulfil pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and mechanical requirements and the application of eluting degradable matrices seems to be a possible solution. Numerous pharmacological agents with antiproliferative properties are currently under clinical investigation, e.g. actinomycin D, rapamycin or paclitaxel. Another approach is for stents to be made of biodegradable materials as an alternative to metallic stents. Their potential long-term complications, such as in-stent re-stenosis and the inaccessibility of the lesion site for surgical revascularization, needs to be assessed. Current investigational devices and the line of (pre)clinical investigation are discussed in detail. Currently, there is little experimental, and only preliminary clinical, understanding of the acute and long-term effects of drug-eluting or biodegradable stents in coronary arteries. The clinical benefit of these approaches still has to be proven.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed1999

Selective inhibition of sweetness by the sodium salt of +/-2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which the sodium salt of +/-2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid (Na-PMP) reduced sweet intensity ratings of 15 sweeteners in mixtures. Na-PMP has been approved for use in confectionary/frostings, soft candy and snack products in the USA at concentrations up to 150 p.p.m. A trained panel evaluated the effect of Na-PMP on the intensity of the following 15 sweeteners: three sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), three terpenoid glycosides (monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, rebaudioside-A, stevioside), two dipeptide derivatives (alitame, aspartame), two N-sulfonylamides (acesulfame-K, sodium saccharin), two polyhydric alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol), 1 dihydrochalcone (neohesperidin dihydrochalcone), one protein (thaumatin) and one sulfamate (sodium cyclamate). Sweeteners were tested at concentrations isosweet with 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% sucrose in mixtures with two levels of Na-PMP: 250 and 500 p.p.m. In addition, the 15 sweeteners were tested either immediately or 30 s after a pre-rinse with 500 p.p.m. Na-PMP. In mixtures, Na-PMP at both the 250 and 500 p.p.m. levels significantly blocked sweetness intensity for 12 of the 15 sweeteners. However, when Na-PMP was mixed with three of the 15 sweeteners (monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and thaumatin), there was little reduction in sweetness intensity. Pre-rinsing with Na-PMP both inhibited and enhanced sweetness with the greatest enhancements found for monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone and thaumatin, which were not suppressed by Na-PMP in mixtures. The mixture data suggest that Na-PMP is a selective competitive inhibitor of sweet taste. The finding that pre-treatment can produce enhancement may be due to sensitization of sweetener receptors by Na-PMP.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cocaine and metabolite excretion in saliva under stimulated and nonstimulated conditions.

The accessibility of saliva for rapid, noninvasive sampling makes it an attractive biological fluid for detecting drug use. However, little is known about salivary excretion patterns of the major cocaine metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME). Additionally, there is a general lack of information on the effects of salivary collection conditions on cocaine excretion in saliva. This study documents the profile of cocaine and metabolites in human saliva under stimulated and nonstimulated saliva flow conditions. Saliva samples were obtained periodically from six healthy volunteers who were administered three, equally spaced, single intravenous doses of 25 mg of cocaine during a 6-h test session. On different days, whole saliva was obtained either under nonstimulated or stimulated (sour candy) conditions. The samples were analyzed for cocaine and metabolites by GC/MS. Cocaine, BE, and EME were detected and quantitated in the saliva of all subjects. Cocaine was the predominant analyte identified in all samples. Nonstimulated saliva contained substantially more drug than stimulated samples. The ratio of the area under the curve (AUC) of cocaine in nonstimulated saliva to that of stimulated saliva was variable and ranged from 3.0 to 9.5. The AUC ratios of BE and EME were similar to those observed for cocaine. The lowering of cocaine concentration in saliva in the stimulated flow condition was likely due to an increase in saliva pH associated with increased saliva flow rate; it is known that an increase in saliva pH retards cocaine partitioning into this biological fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Nutritional quality of a high carbohydrate diet as consumed by children: The Bogalusa Heart Study.

To study the nutritional adequacy of a high carbohydrate diet as consumed by children in a 24-h period, a sample of 568 10-y-old children was stratified into four levels of carbohydrate intake: < 45% of total energy (kJ), 45%-50% energy, 50%-55% energy, and >55% energy. Composition of the diet for those consuming >55% energy from carbohydrates was adequate in total energy, with 29% energy from fat, 11 % energy from saturated fatty acid, an average of 88 mg dietary cholesterol/4200 kJ and less than 10% energy from sucrose. Increased carbohydrate intake was attributed to an increased consumption of total sugars, starch and fiber. The percentage of children meeting two thirds or more of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for niacin and zinc was lower in the high carbohydrate intake group than in any of the low carbohydrate intake groups. Children with a high carbohydrate intake consumed more fruits, breads, grains, milk, desserts, candy and non-dairy beverages than those with a lower carbohydrate intake who consumed more meats. To meet current dietary recommendations for increased carbohydrate intake when meal patterns are designed, it is necessary to incorporate adequate amounts of foods from all of the food groups to maximize nutritional quality.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2002

QTL analysis of fruit quality in fresh market tomato: a few chromosome regions control the variation of sensory and instrumental traits.

The organoleptic quality of tomato fruit involves a set of attributes (flavour, aroma, texture) that can be evaluated either by sensory analyses or by instrumental measures. In order to study the genetic control of this characteristic, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from an intraspecific cross between a cherry tomato line with a good overall aroma intensity and an inbred line with medium flavour but bigger fruits. A total of 38 traits involved in organoleptic quality were evaluated. Physical traits included fruit weight, diameter, colour, firmness, and elasticity. Chemical traits were dry matter weight, titratable acidity, pH, and the contents of soluble solids, sugars, lycopene, carotene, and 12 aroma volatiles. A panel of trained assessors quantified sensory attributes: flavour (sweetness and sourness), aroma (overall aroma intensity, together with candy, lemon, citrus fruit, and pharmaceutical aromas) and texture (firmness, meltiness, mealiness, juiciness, and skin difficult to swallow). RILs showed a large range of variation. Molecular markers were used to map a total of 130 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the 38 traits. They were mainly distributed in a few chromosome regions. Major QTLs (R(2) >30%) were detected for fruit weight, diameter, colour, firmness, meltiness, and for six aroma volatiles. The relationships between instrumental measures and sensory traits were analysed with regard to the QTL map. A special insight was provided about the few regions where QTLs are related to multiple traits. A few examples are shown to illustrate how the simultaneous analysis of QTL segregation for related traits may aid in understanding the genetic control of quality traits and pave the way towards QTL characterization.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Risk factors for horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus in a rural district in Ghana.

Most hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in sub-Saharan African infants and children are acquired through horizontal transmission, but the exact mechanisms of spread have not been documented. The authors conducted a study in rural Ghana which determined seroprevalence in a probability sample of 1,385 individuals of all ages, and evaluated risk factors for horizontal transmission of HBV in a subsample of 547 children aged 1-16 years who were not hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Most residents in this district live in compounds which typically contain 2-4 households each. Overall prevalence of HBV seropositives (any HBV marker) was 74.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72.5%-76.9%). Prevalence of HBsAg was 20.9% (95% CI 18.8%-23.1%). The data suggest a continuous nonuniform acquisition of HBV infection with advancing age predominantly through horizontal transmission in childhood, with the household, rather than the domestic compound, being the primary place for transmission. The behaviors most strongly associated with prevalence of HBV were sharing of bath towels (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 2.1-4.5), sharing of chewing gum or partially eaten candies (OR = 3.4, 95% CI 2.3-5.0), sharing of dental cleaning materials (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.3-4.6), and biting of fingernails in conjunction with scratching the backs of carriers (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-4.3).

Adolescent↗