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PubMed2001

Production of alpha-amylase with Aspergillus flavus on Amaranthus grains by solid-state fermentation.

The effects of the ingredients of the Rajgeera (Amaranthus paniculatas) medium designed for production by A. flavus was evaluated with the help of the fractional factorial method, 'The Plackett-Burman' design. Out of the fifteen medium components used in the design, four components, viz., corn steep liquor, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and calcium chloride were selected based on the contrast coefficient values and further used as independent variables in the 'Box-Behnken' design. A polynomial multiple regression model was generated using the SPSS/PC + (version 7.5) statistical analysis package. Corn steep liquor, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and calcium chloride contributed to the yield to the tune of 81.3% of which sodium chloride and calcium chloride affected the yield to the tune of 68.3%. The yield obtained from the optimized medium was 8 times that obtained from the original medium. Amaranthus paniculatas grains as a source of starch and carbon for production of alpha-amylase under solid-state fermentation has been studied for the first time.

Aspergillus flavus↗

PubMed2000

Absorbents differ enormously in their capacity to produce compound A and carbon monoxide.

UNLABELLED: Concern persists regarding the production of carbon monoxide (CO) and Compound A from the action of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) absorbents on desflurane and sevoflurane, respectively. We tested the capacity of eight different absorbents with various base compositions to produce CO and Compound A. We delivered desflurane through desiccated absorbents, and sevoflurane through desiccated and moist absorbents, then measured the resulting concentrations of CO from the former and Compound A from the latter. We also tested the CO(2) absorbing capacity of each absorbent by using a model anesthetic system. We found that the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) increased the production of CO from calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH](2)) but did not consistently affect production of Compound A. However, the effect of KOH versus NaOH was not consistent in its impact on CO production. Furthermore, the effect of KOH versus NaOH versus Ca(OH)(2) was inconsistent in its impact on Compound A production. Two absorbents (Amsorb) [Armstrong Medica, Ltd, Coleraine, Northern Ireland], composed of Ca(OH)(2) plus 0.7% polyvinylpyrrolidine, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate; and lithium hydroxide) produced dramatically lower concentrations of both CO and Compound A. Both produced minimal to no CO and only small concentrations of Compound A. The presence of polyvinylpyrrolidine, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate in Amsorb appears to have suppressed the production of toxic products. All absorbents had an adequate CO(2) absorbing capacity greatest with lithium hydroxide. IMPLICATIONS: Production of the toxic substances, carbon monoxide and Compound A, from anesthetic degradation by carbon dioxide absorbents, might be minimized by the use of one of two specific absorbents, Amsorb (Armstrong Medica, Ltd., Coleraine, Northern Ireland) (calcium hydroxide which also includes 0.7% polyvinylpyrrolidine, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate) or lithium hydroxide.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1984

Viscosity of xanthan gum solutions at low shear rates.

The viscosity of xanthan gum solutions in the low shear region was investigated with the aid of a Couette instrument. All solutions were highly pseudoplastic . Solutions containing 0.3-0.5% of the gum exhibited a highly ordered phase at very low shear. Viscosity, the degree of pseudoplasticity , and the value of the transition from soft gel to pseudoplastic behavior were directly related to gum concentration. The effect of the addition of a salt on viscosity depended on the xanthan gum concentration. The viscosity of a 0.3% xanthan gum solution was practically unaffected by the salts. Higher gum concentrations exhibited a viscosity increase when salt was present. Concentrations less than 0.3% exhibited a viscosity decrease in the presence of a salt. All viscosity effects seemed to reach limiting values at approximately 10(-3) to 3.3 X 10(-3) N salt. No major differences were observed between sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate in their influence on xanthan gum viscosity.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed1998

FgoI, a Type II restriction endonuclease from the thermoanaerobe Fervidobacterium gondwanense AB39(T).

Restriction endonuclease activity was detected in 11 out of 13 Fervidobacterium isolates, including F. islandicum H21(T), F. gondwanense AB39(T), and nine other Fervidobacterium-like strains isolated from the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. The restriction endonuclease from F. gondwanense AB39(T) was partially purified and designated FgoI. FgoI recognized a 4 nucleotide sequence 5'-CTAG-3' and cleaved between nucleotides C and T to produce a 2 base 5' overhang (5'-C/TAG-3'). As predicted from the enzyme recognition and cleavage specificity, FgoI was found to cleave delta DNA 13 times, phiX174 three times, pBR322 five times, pUC18 four times, and pSK six times. FgoI exhibited a broad temperature optimum range (between 60 to 70 degrees C) and was active at pH 6.5 to 8.5, but not at pH 9.0. Manganese could replace magnesium as a cofactor for activity, but not cobalt chloride, calcium chloride, cupric chloride, or zinc chloride. The restriction endonuclease was completely inactivated by phenol/chloroform extraction and was heat inactivated at 80 degrees C for 60 min or at 100 degrees C for 15 min. FgoI has been identified as a heat stable isoschizomer of the Type II restriction endonucleases, MaeI and BfaI.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Release of hyaluronidase during in vitro development of Ascaris suum from the third to fourth larval stage.

An enzyme that degraded glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid was released during in vitro development of Ascaris suum L3 to L4. The enzyme did not hydrolyze glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate A. One molecular form of hyaluronidase was detected, with a molecular weight estimated at 47.8 +/- 8.6 kDa by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and at 55.0 +/- 1.3 kDa by substrate SDS-PAGE zymography. Activity of the enzyme was optimal between pH 5.0 and 6.0, and was present at neutral pH. Hyaluronidase activity was not affected by 5 mM concentrations of cupric sulfate, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, manganese chloride or EDTA. In addition, NaCl had no effect on enzyme activity at concentrations of 0.2-1.0 M. The highest level of hyaluronidase was present in culture fluid collected between days 4 and 6 of in vitro culture, and this period corresponded with that of the highest rate of increase in the percentage of L4. The presence or absence of hyaluronic acid plays a key role in basic developmental processes of vertebrates and is regulated, in part, by hyaluronidases. Developmental processes occurring during the transition of A. suum L3 to L4 may likewise depend on hyaluronidase. In addition, the infection process of a number of organisms, including some nematodes, depends on hyaluronidase. A. suum may likewise utilize hyaluronidase to facilitate larval migration within the host.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Acid lipase activity of human lymphocytes.

Acid lipase activity was examined in human leukocytes using 4-methylumbelliferyl esters in a fluorimetric assay. Mononuclear leukocytes had 10--15 times the acid lipase activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The enzyme activity was highest using the oleate ester of 4-methylumbelliferone at pH 4.0, in the presence of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium salt). Acid lipase activity was inhibited by diethylaminoethoxyhexestrol, sodium chloride and fluoride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and albumin, but was unaffected by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate or sulphydryl reagents. There were at least two forms of acid lipase activity: one (A form) was sensitive to heart inactivation (56 degrees C) and corresponded to the enzyme deficient in patients with Wolman's disease; the other (B form) was resistant to heat inactivation and corresponded to the residual enzyme activity found in Wolman's disease.

Bile Acids and Salts↗

PubMed1979

The role of common urinary constituents in the precipitation of ammonium acid urate.

A high proportion of the inhibitory activity shown by urine toward precipitation of ammonium acid urate is ultrafilterable and most of this can be accounted for by the common, low molecular weight components of urine. The individual inhibitory effects of sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, citric acid, hippuric acid, creatinine and urea upon the precipitation of ammonium acid urate have been quantified in an aqueous test system.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1996

Are the tastes of polycose and monosodium glutamate unique?

To study whether Polycose and monosodium L-glutamate (L-MSG) have unique tastes differing from the traditional four basic tastes, chemosensory profiles were established for Polycose, L-MSG and a group of related compounds (sucrose, maltose, monosodium D-glutamate (D-MSG), sodium chloride, calcium chloride). Flavors were assessed using whole-mouth tests in human subjects with nose open or clamped to reduce olfactory input. Polycose (a mixture of glucose-based oligosaccharides) had a flavor consisting of an olfactory component and a maltose-like taste. L-MSG and D-MSG profiles differed from each other, and from NaCl and CaCl2. L-MSG had a lower threshold and a higher frequency of 'other' tastes than the D form. The data do not support a 'polysaccharide' taste, but suggest a chiral receptor site for 'umami' taste.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Chemotransduction properties of nodose ganglion cardiac afferent neurons in guinea pigs.

To determine the chemotransduction characteristics of ventricular sensory neurites associated with nodose ganglion afferent neurons, various chemicals were applied individually to epicardial sensory neurites associated with individual afferent neurons in anesthetized guinea pigs. The following ion channel-modifying agents were tested: barium chloride, cadmium chloride, calcium chloride, the chelating agent EGTA, nickel chloride, potassium chloride, tetraethylammonium chloride, and veratridine. An acidic solution (pH 6.0) and oxygen-derived free radicals (H(2)O(2)) were tested. The following chemicals were also tested: adenosine, alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists, angiotensin II, bradykinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), histamine, nicotine, the nitric oxide donor nitroprusside, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide. A total of 102 cardiac afferent neurons was identified, of which approximately 66% were sensitive to mechanical stimuli applied to their epicardial sensory fields. Application of individual ion channel-modifying agents to epicardial sensory fields modified most associated afferent neurons, with barium chloride affecting each neuron studied. Ventricular sensory neurites associated with most identified neurons were also responsive to the other tested chemicals, with hydrogen peroxide, adenosine, angiotensin II, bradykinin, CGRP, clonidine, and nicotine inducing responses from at least 75% of the neurons studied. It is concluded that 1) the ventricular sensory neurites associated with nodose ganglion afferent neurons transduce a much wider variety of chemical stimuli than considered previously, 2) these sensory neurites employ a variety of membrane ion channels in their transduction processes in situ, and 3) adrenergic agents influence on sensory neurites associated with cardiac afferent neurons suggests the presence of a cardiac feedback mechanism involving local catecholamine release by adjacent sympathetic efferent postganglionic nerve terminals.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Influence of the needle bore size used for collecting venous blood samples on routine clinical chemistry testing.

BACKGROUND: Despite remarkable advances in technology and laboratory automation, results of laboratory testing still suffer from a high degree of preanalytical variability. Although there is no definitive evidence, the use of small-gauge needles for venipuncture is usually discouraged to reduce the chance of producing unsuitable specimens. METHODS: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of the needle size used to collect venous blood on the measurement of 14 common analytes, including free hemoglobin, the most representative enzymes, protein-bound substances and electrolytes. Results for venous blood samples collected from 20 fasting voluntary physicians using either a 23- (0.60 mmx19 mm) or 25-gauge-needle (0.50 mmx19 mm) butterfly devices with polyvinyl chloride tubing (1.40 mmx300 mm) were compared with reference specimens collected using a 21-gauge-needle (0.80 mmx19 mm) butterfly device with polyvinyl chloride tubing (1.40 mmx300 mm). RESULTS: All means for paired samples collected using the smaller needles did not differ significantly from the reference specimen by paired Student's t-test analysis. Passing-Bablok regression analysis and Pearson's or Spearman (creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and chloride) correlation were acceptable for most of the analyses, although a lower correlation coefficient was observed for electrolytes. In addition, when expressed as a percentage of the mean for paired samples, the s(y,x) value exceeded the desirable bias for free hemoglobin, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, sodium, chloride, calcium and magnesium (in samples collected using both 23 G and 25 G needles) and potassium (in samples collected using a 25 G needle). Although Bland-Altman plot analysis and +/-1.96 SD agreement intervals for the set of differences between values was acceptable overall, the bias was rather broad for free hemoglobin and several critical electrolytes (calcium, chloride, potassium, sodium), exceeding the respective limits for desirable bias. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our investigation indicate that 23 G needles, if handled correctly, will not introduce any statistically or clinically significant error to the measurement results compared to a 21 G needle. For the 25 G needle, we observed increased variability for potassium compared to a 23 G needle. Small-bore needles of 25 G or less cannot be universally recommended when collecting venous blood for clinical chemistry testing and should be reserved for selected circumstances, such as in patients with problematical venous accesses and newborns. In such cases, however, the bias introduced by the use of smaller needles should always be taken into consideration when interpreting test results.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Cholesterol solubility in mixed micellar solutions of ionic and non-ionic surfactants.

The solubility of cholesterol in mixed aqueous ionic and non-ionic micellar systems in the presence and absence of salts and ionic dyes has been studied. The mixed micellar system of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and Triton X-100 solubilized more cholesterol than a system consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100. The influence of salts and dyes on these systems was moderate but different for each system. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate had mild effects on both the systems, whereas the effects of potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium salicylate, and sodium acetyl salicylate were dramatic. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were determined. On the basis of the energetics, the nature of the mixed systems is discussed. Solubility of cholesterol was found to bear a direct correlation with the total lipid content.

Cetrimonium↗

PubMed1976

[Induced filament formation in S. enteritidis by means of different sodium and chloride salts and different carbohydrates].

We have previously observed filament formation in S. enteritidis which grew on media containing different salts and carbohydrates. In this study, sodium citrate, sod. carbonate, sod. molybdate, sod. acetate, sod. sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, saccharose and glucose were used as inducing agents. Different concentrations of most of the above substances were effective in filament formation in S. enteritidis. Temperature (37 degrees C and room temperature), pH of media and state of media (liquid and solid) are also found to be effective in filament formation in some levels.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1997

Physicochemical characterization and differentiation of the components of the cutaneous basement membrane zone.

Many of the techniques used in the diagnosis and characterization of the acquired blistering diseases of the skin and of their target antigens require the use of tissue that has been modified by heat, chemicals, or by proteolytic digestion. The effect these treatments may have on the blistering disease antigens is poorly understood and has seldom been taken into account in the interpretation of the results. Likewise, their effect on the immunodetection and expression of the ubiquitous proteins of the basement membrane zone and extracellular matrix has rarely been investigated. We have addressed this problem by probing tissue split after heat, chemical treatment and proteolytic digestion with an extensive panel of antibodies to the hemidesmosome-plasma membrane-anchoring filament complex, the extracellular matrix and the anchoring fibrils. The results showed that chemical modification by sodium chloride, calcium chloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and incubation in 0.15 mol/L NaCl at 56 degrees C for 1 min did not adversely affect the expression of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin, laminin-5, the LH39 antigen, laminin-1, collagen type IV or collagen type VII. The methods that involved proteolytic digestion had the greatest detrimental effect on these basement membrane components, with pepsin having a damaging effect on the greatest number of antigens, and the LH39 antigen being the most sensitive to proteolytic degradation. This project has highlighted the susceptibility of the basement membrane zone and extracellular matrix proteins to proteolytic hydrolysis. It has demonstrated a way of differentiating between specific proteins, and has shown its potential for the differential diagnosis of the autoimmune blistering disease antigens.

Antigens, Surface↗

PubMed1986

Calcium appetite, blood pressure and electrolytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Appetite for solutions of 0.01 M-0.1 M calcium chloride or calcium lactate were assessed using the two-bottle choice technique in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats fed calcium replete diets. SHR exhibited a marginally increased preference for calcium chloride and a significantly increased preference for calcium lactate (p less than 0.02). In SHR, but not in WKY, 28 days of calcium exposure via the preference test solutions significantly affected systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.03). The group of SHR ingesting calcium chloride had a lower mean systolic blood pressure, and that ingesting calcium lactate had a higher mean systolic blood pressure than the control group receiving no exposure to calcium in preference tests. Blood pressures of individual rats, however, were not related to cumulative milliequivalents of Ca consumed, body weight, whole blood or serum ionized Ca, K or Na concentrations, or total serum calcium. Strain differences in chemosensory sensitivity might play a role in mediating the enhanced self-selection of calcium by SHR.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Calcium neutralizes fluoride bioavailability in a lethal model of fluoride poisoning.

OBJECTIVES: Acute systemic fluoride poisoning can result in systemic hypocalcemia, cardiac dysrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse. Topical and intraarterial therapy with calcium or magnesium salts reduces dermal injury from fluoride burns. The mechanism of these therapies is to bind and inactivate the fluoride ion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium and magnesium to decrease the bioavailability of fluoride in a lethal model of fluoride poisoning. METHODS: In preliminary studies, we determined that fluoride 3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally in the form of sodium fluoride was uniformly and rapidly fatal in a mouse model. Using this fluoride dose, we performed a controlled, randomized, blinded study of low- and high-dose calcium chloride (1.8 and 3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally, respectively) and magnesium sulfate (3.6 mM/kg intraperitoneally) to decrease the bioavailability of the fluoride ion. After injection with sodium fluoride, animals were immediately treated with injections of sodium chloride (control), calcium chloride (low- or high-dose), or magnesium sulfate. The major outcome was 6-hour survival using a Cox Proportional Hazard model. RESULTS: All untreated animals died within 60 minutes. Using a Cox Proportional Hazard model, each 1.8 mM/kg dose of calcium chloride administered reduced the risk of death by 33%. Magnesium sulfate treatment was not associated with a hazard reduction. CONCLUSION: Calcium chloride administered simultaneously with sodium fluoride reduces the bioavailability of fluoride poisoning in a mouse model. The equivalent dose of magnesium sulfate does not significantly decrease fluoride bioavailability.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effects of calcium and its antagonists on the canine mesenteric circulation.

We studied circulatory and metabolic responses of the intestinal circulation to intraarterial infusions of solutions containing calcium chloride or calcium antagonists in anesthetized dogs. Measurements included blood flow to the terminal ileum, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, distribution of radiolabeled microspheres to the mucosal-submucosal compartment and intraluminal pressure. Calculated parameters included oxygen consumption and fractional mucosal-submucosal blood flow. Both calcium antagonists, nifedipine and diltiazem, increased intestinal blood flow, mainly to the mucosa-submucosa, depressed intestinal motility, and did not change oxygen consumption. Thus, both agents appear to act mainly on resistance vessels without increasing the nutrient circulation. Calcium chloride (1.0-500.0 microgram/kg per min) had a mild constrictor effect; at a dose of 1000.0 microgram/kg per min, calcium chloride became a dilator agent in the mesenteric circulation. The dilator effect of the highest dose of calcium was reversed by digoxin, suggesting the involvement of Na+,K+-ATPase. Nifedipine completely blocked calcium-induced constriction of the intestinal circulation and partly inhibited norepinephrine-induced constriction. Studies on isolated mesenteric arterial smooth muscle revealed that nifedipine relaxed KCl-contracted strips in the presence of external calcium and relaxed norepinephrine-contracted strips in both the presence and absence of external calcium. These in vitro findings suggest that calcium antagonists interfere with the release of calcium from intracellular sites as well as with the slow inward current of calcium.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Calcium-activated chloride channels.

Calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) play important roles in cellular physiology, including epithelial secretion of electrolytes and water, sensory transduction, regulation of neuronal and cardiac excitability, and regulation of vascular tone. This review discusses the physiological roles of these channels, their mechanisms of regulation and activation, and the mechanisms of anion selectivity and conduction. Despite the fact that CaCCs are so broadly expressed in cells and play such important functions, understanding these channels has been limited by the absence of specific blockers and the fact that the molecular identities of CaCCs remains in question. Recent status of the pharmacology and molecular identification of CaCCs is evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Absorbability of calcium from calcium-bound phosphoryl oligosaccharides in comparison with that from various calcium compounds in the rat ligated jejunum loop.

Calcium-bound phosphoryl oligosaccharides (POs-Ca) were prepared from potato starch. Their solubility and in situ absorbability as a calcium source were investigated by comparing with the soluble calcium compounds, calcium chloride and calcium lactate, or insoluble calcium compounds, calcium carbonate and dibasic calcium phosphate. The solubility of POs-Ca was as high as that of calcium chloride and about 3-fold higher than that of calcium lactate. An in situ experiment showed that the intestinal calcium absorption rate of POs-Ca was almost comparable with that of the soluble calcium compounds, and was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the insoluble calcium groups. Moreover, the total absorption rate of a 1:1 mixture of the calcium from POs-Ca and a whey mineral complex (WMC) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of WMC alone. These results suggest that POs-Ca would be a useful soluble calcium source with relatively high absorption in the intestinal tract.

Animals↗