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PubMed2004

A morphological study on the classification of maxillary dental arches.

To evaluate the morphology of dental arches, 62 (male: 36, female: 26) paired casts having normal dentitions and occlusion were selected from 396 (age: 18 to 26 years old; male: 257, female: 139) sets of dental study models. The maxillary dentitions were preliminarily classified as square, round-square, round and round V-shaped arches based on the conventional morphological descriptions. Midpoints of the incisor edge (I1(R), I1(L), I2(R), & I2(L), summits of the cuspids (CR & CL), buccal cusps of the premolars (P1(R), P1(L), P2(R), & P2L), mesial buccal cusps of the first and second molars (M1(R), M1(L), M2(R), & M2(L)), and the midpoint (A) of line I1(R)-I1(L) were designated as reference points. From A, let a vertical line intersected line M2(R)-M2(L) at reference point B. The line A-B intersected C(R)-C(L) at reference point E. We evaluated 1) the protrusion of the cuspids by (1) angle I2(R)-C(R)-P1(R) (angle R) + angle I2(L)-C(L)-P1(L) (angle L); 2) the curvature of the anterior teeth by (2) A-B/C(R)-C(L), (3) 180 degrees - angle C(R)-A-C(L), and (4) A-E/C(R)-C(L); 3) the length to width ratio of the dental arch by (5) A-B/M2(R)-M2(L); 4) the degree of roundness of the maxillary arch by estimation of (6) (rtheta5 - rtheta4)R + (rtheta5 - rtheta4)L; and 5) an item (7) for the differentiation of type I and type II round-square arches by relating the bilateral contour and position of break line P1-P2-M1-M2 (i) to line P1-M2 (ii). The data of items (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) were further standardized and summarized into three essential principal components: 1) the curvature of the anterior teeth, 2) the curvilinear contour of the dental arch, and 3) the length-to-width ratio of the dental arch. The results indicated that: 1) 60% of the maxillary dentitions were round-square arches which showed no prominent principal component; 2) square maxillary arches distinctly showed a small (1) angle R + angle L; 3) round arches were characteristic by small (6) (rtheta5 - rtheta4)R + (rtheta5 - rtheta4)L values; and 4) round V-shaped arches had large (1), (3) and (4) values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Morphological classification of mandibular dental arch forms by correlation and principal component analyses.

To evaluate the morphology of dental arches, 53 (male: 29, female: 24) paired casts having normal dentitions and occlusion were selected from 396 (age: 18 to 26 years old; male: 257, female: 139) sets of dental study models. The mandibular dentitions were preliminarily classified as square, round-square, round and round V-shaped arches based on the conventional morphological descriptions. Midpoints of the incisor edge (I1R, I1L, I2R, & I2L), summits of the cuspids (CR & CL), buccal cusps of the premolars (P1R, P1L, P2R, & P2L), mesial buccal cusps of the first and second molars (M1R, M1L, M2R, & M2L), and the midpoint (A) of line I1R-I1L were designated as reference points. From A, let a vertical line intersected line M2R-M2L at reference point B. The line A-B intersected CR-CL at reference point E. We evaluated 1) the protrusion of the cuspids by 1. angle I2R-CR-P1R (angle R) + angle I2L-CL-P1L (angle L); 2) the curvature of the anterior teeth by 2. (A-B)/(CR-CL), 3. (180 degrees-angle(CR-A-CL), and 4. (A-E)/(CR-CL); 3) the length to width ratio of the dental arch by 5. (A-B)/(M2R-M2L); 4) the degree of roundness of the mandibular arch by estimation of 6. (rtheta5 - rtheta4)R + (rtheta5 - rtheta4)L; and 5) an item 7. for the differentiation of type I and type II round-square arches by relating the bilateral contour and position of break line P1-P2-M1-M2 (i) to line P1-M2 (ii). The data of items 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., and 6. were further standardized and summarized into three essential principal components: 1) the curvature of the anterior teeth, 2) the curvilinear contour of the dental arch, and 3) the length-to-width ratio of the dental arch. The results indicated that: 1) 36 cases (67.9%) of the mandibular dentitions were round-square arches which showed no prominent principal component. 11 cases (20.8%) were square arches and 6 cases (11.3%) were round V-shaped arches; no round arches was found in mandibular dentitions. 2) Statistical analysis indicated significant differences of items 3., 4. and 6. in various mandibular arches (Student's t-test). 3) By examination of the three principal components, significant differences of item 5. between the round V-shaped arches and square and round-square mandibular arches were evident (Student's t-test). The present study elucidated that morphology of the mandibular arch was determined by a parameters representing the curvature of anterior teeth (composed of items 2., 3. and 4., and another parameter (item 6.) representing roundness of the mandibular arch.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Description of dental arch form using the Fourier series.

The aim of this study was to describe the form of the human superior dental arch using Fourier transformations. Forty models made in dental stone from impressions of the maxillary dental arch were used to obtain the reference data, which were expressed in Cartesian coordinates, from the mesovestibular cuspid vertices of molar teeth, vestibular cuspid of premolars, and incisal edge. Fourth-grade equations and Fourier series were calculated from these data. The results indicate that Fourier series more precisely express the form and size of different dental arches, with mixed or permanent dentition, than fourth-grade equations. Details of the mathematical procedure and the precision obtained were provided.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

[A study on central zone contour of tooth-crown vesticular surface among young people with normal occlusion].

UNLABELLED: To evaluate the effects of preadjusted bracket base shape, the morphology of tooth surface where bracket locates, and the suitability relevant to location of bracket on the preadjusted edgewise appliance technique. 1 vertical curve and 3 horizontal curves of the clinical crown surface of anterior teeth and bicuspid teeth were measured with the precise contour instrument on the 60 plaster models of the subjects who have normal occlusion in Sichuan province. It was found that variation of identical curve exists at the different heights between the teeth and between the individuals; the surface of the central zone of tooth-crown gradually protrudes from incisors to bicuspid teeth in the vertical direction, and the mesial contour of cuspid is more prominent than the distal in the horizontal direction. CONCLUSION: The 4 mm X 3 mm contour of the vestibular central zone of identical tooth-crown in different individuals is fairly stable; it is suitable for the location of preadjusted brackets. The vertical shifts of brackets could change the preadjusted torque value and the design of cuspid bracket should have the distinction between mesial and distal shape.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed2004

[The survey of prosthetic treatment in the elderly].

OBJECTIVE: To acquire teeth and prosthetic conditions of the elderly. METHODS: 1166 patients of over 60 years old had been given prosthetic treatment, and the teeth conditions were analyzed. RESULTS: The average number of missing teeth was 10.25. The maxillary missing teeth were more than mandibular ones. The rate of missing teeth were as follows: maxillary teeth > mandibular teeth; molars > bicuspids > incisors > cuspid. 1120 cases were treated with removable dentures. 59% of the removable partial dentures had free-end saddles. 46 cases were treated with fixed bridges. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of prosthetic patients in the elderly were as follows: a large number of missing teeth and free-end missing teeth, attrition of resident teeth, food impaction, existing-residual root and loosen teeth. Removable denture was the main method of the prosthetic therapy for the elderly patients. Fixed bridge was used when the patient condition was good. The cuspid, treated residual root and the third molar should be used for the retention and support of the prosthesis.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Classification of maxillary dental arches by correlation and principal component analyses].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the morphology of dental arches. METHODS: 62 (male: 36, female: 26) paired casts having normal dentitions and occlusion were selected from 396 (age: 18 to 26 years old; male: 257, female: 139) sets of dental study models. The maxillary dentitions were preliminarily classified as square, round-square, round and round V-shaped arches based on the conventional morphological descriptions. Midpoints of the incisor edge (I1(R), I1(L), I2(R), &I2(L)), summits of the cuspids (C(R) & C(L)), buccal cusps of the premolars (P1(R), P1(L), P2(R), & P2(L)), mesial buccal cusps of the first and second molars (M1(R), M1(L), M2(R), & M2(L)), and the midpoint (A) of line I1(R)-I1(L) were designated as reference points. From A, let a vertical line intersected line M2(R)-M2(L) at reference point B. The line A-B intersected CR-CL at reference point E. The following items were evaluated: (1) the protrusion of the cuspids by 1. angle I2(R)-C(R)-P1(R) (angle R) + angle I2(L)-C(L)-P1(L) (angle L); (2) the curvature of the anterior teeth by 2. A-B/C(R)-C(L), 3. 180 degrees-angle C(R)-A-C(L), and 4. A-E/C(R)-C(L); (3) the length to width ratio of the dental arch by 5. A-B/M2(R)-M2(L); (4) the degree of roundness of the maxillary arch by estimation of 6. (rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(R)+(rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(L); and (5) an item 7. for the differentiation of type I and type II round-square arches by relating the bilateral contour and position of break line P1-P2-M1-M2 (i) to line P1-M2 (ii). The data of items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were further standardized and summarized into three essential principal components: (1) the curvature of the anterior teeth, (2) the curvilinear contour of the dental arch, and (3) the length-to-width ratio of the dental arch. RESULTS: (1) 60% of the maxillary dentitions were round-square arches which showed no prominent principal component; (2) square maxillary arches distinctly showed a small 1. angle R+angle L; (3) round arches were characteristic by small 6 (rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(R)+(rtheta(5)-rtheta(4))(L) values; and (4) round V-shaped arches had large 2, 3 and 4 values. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that parameters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were summarized into three principal components (first principal component, second principal component and third principal component). Through three principal component analysis, we can quickly evaluate the morphology of the dental arches clinically. This methods is simple and of validity. And we can also obtain the characteristics of maxillary dental arches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The preventive effectiveness in reducing tooth decay and decalcification of different concentration of fluoride toothpaste for orthodontic patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the preventive effectiveness in reducing tooth decay and decalcification of different concentration of fluoride toothpaste for orthodontic patients. METHODS: 86 patients were divided into the first test group and the second test group. The patients of the first test group brushed tooth with 1.1% sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate gel. The patients of the second test group brushed tooth with 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base. The extent of facial tooth decay and decalcification of the twelve upper and lower teeth from right cuspid to left cuspid was scored blindly and independently by four observers after 12 months of product use. The scores were rated either one (having tooth cavity/decalcification) or zero (no tooth cavity/decalcification). Four observer's readings were averaged per tooth, and then per patient for the two treatment groups. RESULTS: After 12 months of product use, the mean caries score of the first test group was 0.326, and the mean caries score of the second test group was 0.490. There was significant difference between them. CONCLUSION: A gel system containing 1.1% sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate provides a clinically better efficacy in reducing tooth decay and decalcification than does a toothpaste containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base under and adjacent to orthodontic brackets used in orthodontic therapy.

Dental Caries↗
PubMed1991

[Bone augmentation in implant surgery].

The authors experience on twelve patients in the field of bone grafting prior to implant surgery is presented. The technique employed depends largely on the anatomical location of bone insufficiency, such as: 1) Where there is not enough bone beneath sinus locations, grafting with cancellous iliac bone blended with coral particles is suggested. 2) Where the jaw is not sufficiently thick, such as in the incisor-cuspid regions, the authors employ cancellous and/or cortical bone grafts. 3) Horizontal osteotomy and interposition of cortical-cancellous bone graft is proposed where there is a lack of bone height in the incisor-cuspid regions. The results of the various techniques are analysed from a clinical, radiographic and histologic perspective. Twelve patients have been treated with 2 years follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-orthodontic retention: experimentation with a new technic].

Retention is a problem which has acquired a growing importance in orthodontic therapy. Some studies infact have proved that relapse cases may happen frequently at the end of an orthodontic treatment. To prevent these relapses it's necessary a suitable period of retention. In this work we took into consideration the problem of lower incisors crowding and we proposed a method of retention with the application of a fixed maintainer from cuspid to cuspid. This maintainer is applicated with some contrivances to reduce the risk of maintainer removal.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Restoration of four missing upper-incisors with fixed bridges. I. A survey of fifty fixed bridges].

Four missing upper-incisors are usually restored in practice by both ways, fixed bridges and removable partial dentures. A survey of fifty fixed bridges for this type of missing teeth was conducted, in order to find out some points of caution when bridges are selected. The following results were obtained: 1. The average age of patients was 47 years old and the average life span of bridges was about 10 years. 2. Six-tooth fixed bridges extending from cuspid to cuspid, that is, bridges with two abutment teeth made up 70% of all bridges. 3. Band-crowns were used in the highest frequency (50%) retainers. 4. Various kinds of disorders were detected in the gathered bridges. Particularly recurrent caries and alveolar bone loss around the abutment teeth were remarkable. 5. Three-quarter crowns became uncemented in high frequency and therefore seemed to provide inadequate retention. 6. Regarding the contact of pontic with the ridge tissue, the effect of the material used was predominant to the form. 7. The upper incisors of pontic could play the role of guidance during protrusive movements with very little occurrences of disorder. 8. The occlusal support index of under 8 indicated a high possibility of various disorders afterwards.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Treatment of hypersensibility of the neck of tooth by occlusion correction and removal of parafunction].

Tooth sensitivity, parafunctions and stress were proved in 44 patients with wedge shaped defects significantly more frequent than in 17 patients without ones. A cuspid protected guidance and a sufficient free way space could be found in patients with cervical notch defects evidently fewer. After reestablishment of a cuspid protected guidance and of a sufficient free way space and reduction of parafunctions the sensitivity estimated by means of a dental probe could be removed permanent on a number of teeth after two weeks already. The parafunctions have been detected before by using selfoservations test by Schulte.

Dental Occlusion, Traumatic↗
PubMed1989

[Relationships between occlusal guidance in laterotrusion and jaw relation].

This study was an attempt to clarify the relationships between antero-posterior jaw relations and lateral excursive patterns. The age of the 538 patients studied ranged from 12 to 30 years. Although it was impossible to draw any general conclusions, some trends could be revealed: 1. The results suggest a relationship between angle class and the lateral excursive pattern. 2. Group-function occlusion was observed to occur twice as often in patients over 20 years of age than in younger persons, more often than not these had cuspid guidance. 3. The percentage of group-function occlusion increased in proportion with the degree of cuspid abrasion and the age of the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Use of a retainer bar in lower full dentures].

In subtotal mandibular edentations, the roots of remaining anterior teeth might be used to enhance the retention of a full denture in building a contramucosal retention bar. Based on a case-report, the authors present the fabrication in five clinical and laboratory sequences, of a maxillary full denture combined with a lower full denture and a retainer bar joining two cuspids. First sequence: Clinical. It mainly concerns: 1) Preparation and impression of the two cuspids for receiving the two posts on which the retention bar will be fixed. 2) The primary plaster impression of the soft tissues. In the laboratory, the coping are directly cast with gold without a core, topped with resin. The individual mandibular impression tray (IIT) presents two windows opposite the two preparations through which the tops of the two copings are showing. Second sequence: Clinical. If the maxillary impression is a classical one, the mandibular impression is peculiar and original. Overall, this provides a reliable working model on which the dental technician will be able to build, the entire prosthesis, not only the retainer bar but also the full denture. This is done in two stages: 1) Secondary impression of the soft tissues with copings in place. 2) Indexing of the copings to the impression tray with acrylic resin, pressing firmly on the rims of the IIT and simultaneously, on the tops of the copings to take into account the different depression of the tissues. In the laboratory, both impressions are boxed and cast, with in place.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dental Abutments↗
PubMed1979

[Stomatological studies of the slavic cemetery at the Spandau Burgwall, Berlin].

The dentition of a medieval population from the former Spandau Burgwall in Berlin was investigated with regard to caries and other abnormities of the teeth, the palate and the jaws. The caries frequency amounts to 7.9%, while 63.6% of the individuals had a caries dentition. The diminuation of the caries frequency from the juveniles to the 40--60 years old individuals depends on the high rate of loss of tooth during life. Probably, all teeth which have been lost during life can be evaluated as decayed teeth. X-ray pictures have shown that three sets of teeth have hypercementotic alterations at the roots, eight permanent dentitions have cysts and apical parodontitis. Supernumerary cuspids at the toothcrowns are to be seen as a tuberculum paramolare and a tuberculum intermedium. A second upper molar has a reduced crown with only two cuspids and shows the tendency of reduction to a bicuspid. Toothrotation and other deviations of teeth from their position in the row are frequent in this material. Four deciduous dentitions of children were investigated, too. Three carious teeth were found among 45 available teeth, two deciduous molars and one first upper molar show a Carabelli's tubercle, the other first molar has a fovea carabelli.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Chemoreceptor organs of the antennae and maxillary palps of fleas (Siphonaptera)].

Ultrastructure of chemoreceptor sensillae on antennae and maxillary palps of fleas of Ceratophyllus sciurorum is described. On antennae of fleas are the following types of sensillae: trichoid cuspidate and obtusate, fungoid, basiconical sensillae in olfactory fossae and on the surface of antennae. On maxillary palps there are trichoid cuspidate, basiconical and campaniform sensillae. A comparison was made of the composition and number of chemo- and mechanoreceptor sensillae in 14 species of fleas differing in the type of parasitism. It has been established that "nest" fleas have the greatest number of sensillae.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Alveolar bone necrosis as a consequence of surgical intervention for hypophyseal adenoma].

Tumours of the pituitary gland, originating from its anterior lobe, may produce hormones and therefore generate a situation of pituitary hyperfunction or cause the typical problems of endocranial expansive masses which compress residual glandular tissue. Surgery is necessary in order to remove a pituitary tumour and is currently performed in 96% of cases using a trans-sphenoidal route. The surgical approach entails making an incision in the upper vestibular fornix from cuspid to cuspid. The stripping of a full-thickness flap allows the front wall of the sphenoid sinus to be reached, passing through the nasal cavities; it is then eliminated. This allows the floor of the sella turcica to be visualized; the latter is then removed to expose the pituitary gland. Surgical complications arising during the use of the trans-sphenoidal route are rare and the surgical removal of the adenoma ensures a greater probability of recovery compared to radiotherapy in view of the elevated radioresistance of these neoformations. The paper then reports two cases of alveolar bone necrosis in the premaxillary sector following surgery for the removal of pituitary adenoma. Case report--The first patient male, aged 23, presented a sequestrum in the vestibular alveolar wall in correspondence with 1.1 and 1.2. The patient underwent two operations (one using a craniotomy route and the other using a trans-sphenoidal route) to remove a giant pituitary adenoma. The sequestrum was removed, but the radicular surfaces of 1.1 and 1.2 remained exposed. In order to re-cover them, an attempt was made to increase the quantity of keratinized gingiva using the two-stage technique described by Bernimoulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenoma↗
PubMed1995

Thermal effects of CO2 laser on the pulpal chamber and enamel of human primary teeth: an in vitro investigation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Thermal effects of direct exposure of the pulp chamber to CO2 laser irradiation were evaluated and potentially safe parameters for its clinical application were determined. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using conventional methods, the pulp chambers of freshly extracted primary cuspids were exposed and then subjected to CO2 laser irradiation at the following parameters: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, and 20 Watts power settings; 0.76 mm diameter spot size; total energy densities between 4-1,058 J/cm2; exposure time between .01-60 s. Exposures in the continuous wave mode were performed in some specimens. In others, single firings of a .01 s pulse duration and a 1 s pulse interval were conducted. Temperature measurements were conducted using a thermocouple and thermal camera. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences in maximum temperature rise on enamel were observed in groups that received total energy densities > or = 8 J/cm2 (P < or = 0.01); within the pulp chambers these were observed in groups that used > or = 44 J/cm2 (P < or = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Parameters appropriate for pulpotomy were observed at energy densities up to 176 J/cm2 in the continuous wave mode and 264 J/cm2 using single pulses, wherein temperature rises below 5.5 degrees C were recorded on tooth surface.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2005

Management of an extremely displaced maxillary canine.

CASE REPORT: Aligning a displaced maxillary canine into the dental arch is one of the most complicated problems in orthodontics. In cases of extremely high displacement, the tooth is frequently removed surgically. Because of the upper canines' significance to dental esthetics and functional occlusion, such a decision is a very serious one. This case report illustrates the treatment of an extremely high displaced maxillary canine. CLINICAL FINDINGS: The main diagnosis was the displacement and the retention of tooth 13 (in nearly horizontal position, apical to the neighboring teeth); further diagnoses were: transversal maxillary deficiency with frontal crowding and a distal bite of one premolar in width, a deep bite of 6 mm with contact in the palatal mucosa, mandibular midline deviation of 2.5 mm to the right, lingual eruption of teeth 32 and 42, retroinclination of the maxillary incisors, and retarded eruption of the permanent teeth. THERAPY: Initial treatment with active and functional appliances to correct the distal bite, midline deviation and deep bite. Surgical exposure of the high displaced canine at the age of 14. Onset of cuspid elongation with removable appliances and elastics, further movement with a transpalatinal bar and welded arm, and full alignment of the upper and lower arches with fixed appliances in both jaws. Stabilization of the orthodontic treatment results with retention devices. Duration of treatment: 5 years and 8 months. For the alignment of tooth 13, 2 years and 10 months were required; 1 year and 4 months were necessary with complete fixed appliance. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of this case report was to demonstrate the potential of aligning an extremely displaced canine. Because of the esthetic and functional importance of the upper canines, therapeutic alignment should be initiated, provided there are no indications to the contrary.

Child↗