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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Spatial separation of target and competitor cues enhances blocking of human causality judgements.

Three experiments were carried out. Each required subjects to make judgements about the causal status of cues following a two-stage blocking procedure. In Stage 1 a competitor cue was consistently paired with an outcome, and in Stage 2 the competitor continued to be paired with the outcome but was accompanied by a target cue. It was predicted that causal judgements for the target would be reduced by the presence of the competitor. In Experiments 1 and 2 the blocking procedure was implemented as a computer simulation of a card game during which subjects had to learn which cards produced the best payouts. The cues that subjects used to make their judgement were colours and symbols that appeared on the backs of the cards. When the target and competitor cues appeared on the same card blocking effects did not emerge, but when they appeared as part of different cards blocking effects were found. Thus, spatial separation of target and competitor cues appeared to facilitate blocking. Experiment 3 replicated the blocking result using spatially separated target and competitor cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aging and probabilistic learning in single- and multiple-cue tasks.

The objective of the study was to examine some of the conditions under which elderly people are able to learn probabilistic inverse relationships and when this type of learning is no longer possible. Two kind of tasks were used: (a) two single-cue learning tasks with either direct or inverse relationships (the Single-Cue Probability Learning paradigm), and (b) three two-cue learning tasks, one with two direct relationships, one with a combination of direct and inverse relationships, and one with two inverse relationships (the Multiple-Cue Probability Learning paradigm). Four groups of participants were included in the study: young adults (18- to 25-year-olds), adults (40- to 50-year-olds), elderly people (65- to 74-year-olds), and very elderly people (75- to 90-year-olds). It was shown that (a) older adults are able to reject the direct relationship "default" hypothesis and select the inverse relationship hypothesis when outcome feedback contradicting the default hypothesis is given, and provided that the learning setting be a very simple one, involving only one cue; (b) some older adults are able to select the inverse relationship hypothesis provided that the learning setting be a simple one,involving only two inverse relationship cues; and (c) very few older adults are able to select the inverse relationship hypothesis when the learning setting is a complex one, involving two cues with both direct and inverse relationships with the criterion. These results led to the revision of the "gradual decrease of cognitive flexibility in older adults" hypothesis proposed by Chasseigne, Mullet, and Stewart (Acta Psychologicgrave;a, 103, 229-238, 1997).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The use of rhythmic auditory cues to influence gait in patients with Parkinson's disease, the differential effect for freezers and non-freezers, an explorative study.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of rhythmic auditory cues on gait in Parkinson's disease subjects with and without freezing and in controls. METHOD: A volunteer sample of 20 patients (10 freezers, 10 non-freezers) and 10 age-matched controls performed five randomized cued walking conditions in a gait-laboratory. Auditory cues were administered at baseline frequency, at an increased step frequency of 10 and 20% above baseline and at a decreased step frequency of 10 and 20% below baseline. Mean step frequency, walking speed, stride length and double support duration were collected. RESULTS: Rhythmical auditory cueing induced speed changes in all subjects. Stride length was not influenced by rhythmical auditory cues in controls, whereas patients showed a larger stride length in the -10% condition (p < 0.01). Freezers and non-freezers showed the same response to rhythmical auditory cues. Within group analysis for stride length showed different cueing effects. Stride length decreased at the +10% condition for freezers (p < 0.05), whereas it increased for non-freezers. CONCLUSIONS: This study points to fact that physiotherapists might need to carefully adjust the cueing frequency to the needs of patients with and without freezing. On the basis of the present results we recommend to lower the frequency setting for freezers, whereas for non-freezers an increase of up to +10% may have potential therapeutic use.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1992

Relative effectiveness of central, peripheral, and abrupt-onset cues in visual attention.

The relative effectiveness of central arrow, peripheral arrow, and abrupt-onset cues was assessed in a character recognition task. On each trial, either a central or a peripheral arrow cue was presented 0, 100, or 200 msec before the appearance of a three-digit display. Two of the digits were "uncamouflaged" from previous figure-eight masks, whereas the third digit appeared abruptly in a previously empty space. Four different groups of subjects were run in factorial combinations of high or low expected validities for arrow and onset cues. In Experiment 1, arrow cues were located centrally, near the fixation point. Abrupt onsets showed larger cost-plus benefits than central arrows, except when subjects expected the central cues to have higher validity than the onsets. In Experiment 2, arrow cues were located peripherally, near the display digits, and abrupt onsets were again more effective in capturing attention except when peripheral cues had higher validity and led the onsets by 100 msec or more. In both experiments, the relative effectiveness of abrupt onsets decreased with arrow SOA. The results were consistent with a model in which automatic and voluntary processes interact in their control of attentional resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Immersive virtual environments in cue exposure.

Cue reactivity to drug-related stimuli is a frequently observed phenomenon in drug addiction. Cue reactivity refers to a classical conditioned response pattern that occurs when an addicted subject is exposed to drug-related stimuli. This response consists of physiological and cognitive reactions. Craving, a subjective desire to use the drug of choice, is believed to play an important role in the occurrence of relapse in the natural setting. Besides craving, other subjective cue-elicited reactions have been reported, including withdrawal symptoms, drug-agonistic effects, and mood swings. Physiological reactions that have been investigated include skin conductance, heart rate, salivation, and body temperature. Conditioned reactivity to cues is an important factor in addiction to alcohol, nicotine, opiates, and cocaine. Cue exposure treatment (CET) refers to a manualized, repeated exposure to drug-related cues, aimed at the reduction of cue reactivity by extinction. In CET, different stimuli are presented, for example, slides, video tapes, pictures, or paraphernalia in nonrealistic, experimental settings. Most often assessments consist in subjective ratings by craving scales. Our pilot study will show that immersive virtual reality (IVR) is as good or even better in eliciting subjective and physiological craving symptoms as classical devices.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol cue-reactivity in heavy and light social drinkers as revealed by event-related potentials.

An elevated cue-reactivity evoked by alcohol-related stimuli (cues) in alcohol-dependent patients has been described for different physiological variables, including electrophysiological measures, such as event-related potentials (ERPs). Cue-reactivity has, however, also been reported for social drinkers. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of the drinking behaviours of social drinkers on cue-reactivity as measured with ERPs. Forty alcohol-related and 40 neutral pictures were presented to 15 heavy and 15 light drinkers (all males). ERPs were recorded using 21 scalp electrodes. Stimuli were presented for 500 ms with an inter-stimulus interval of 2000 ms. Heavy social drinkers displayed a cue-reactivity of significantly higher amplitude at the frontal electrode location Fz, elicited by alcohol-related, as compared to neutral, pictures. This effect was not found in light social drinkers. The results indicate that the cue-reactivity previously found in alcohol-dependent patients is also present in social drinkers, and that electrophysiological cue-reactivity is associated with alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Phonological processing in deaf children: when lipreading and cues are incongruent.

Deaf children exposed to Cued Speech (CS), either before age two (early) or later at school (late), were presented with pseudowords with and without CS. The main goal was to establish the way in which lipreading and CS combine to produce unitary percepts, similar to audiovisual integration in speech perception, when participants are presented with synchronized but different lipreading and auditory information (the McGurk paradigm). In the present experiment, lips and cues were sometimes congruent and sometimes incongruent. It was expected that incongruent cues would force the perceptual system to adopt solutions according to the weight attributed to different sources of phonological information. With congruent cues, performance improved, with improvements greater in the early than the late group. With incongruent cues, performance decreased relative to lipreading only, indicating that cues were not ignored, and it was observed that the effect of incongruent cues increased when the visibility of the target phoneme decreased. The results are compatible with the notion that the perceptual system integrates cues and lipreading according to principles similar to those evoked to explain audiovisual integration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges is sensitive to abstinence and exposure to smoking-related cues.

The Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) was designed to measure cravings elicited by abstinence from cigarette smoking. In the present study, the sensitivity of the QSU both to brief periods of abstinence and to exposure to smoking-related cues was investigated. A progressive ratio (PR) operant procedure was also employed, in which behaviour was maintained either by primary reinforcement (puffs on a cigarette) or by secondary reinforcement (tokens exchanged later for puffs on a cigarette) in separate experiments. Dependent smokers, who were not abstinent or who were abstinent for either 2 or 4 h, were tested in both a cue-rich and a no-cue environment. The results indicated that the QSU was sensitive both to brief periods of abstinence and to exposure to smoking-related cues, but the effect of smoking-related cues on QSU scores was maximal in non-abstinent smokers. In contrast, neither abstinence nor exposure to smoking-related cues significantly influenced the number of reinforcers earned, or the number of responses made, in either PR task. However, there was a significant interaction between gender and degree of abstinence on PR performance under primary reinforcement, and correlations between PR and QSU measures that were dependent on a complex interaction between the presence/absence of smoking-related cues and the type of reinforcer used. These results suggest that the QSU is sensitive to subtle influences on subjective urges to smoke in dependent smokers and, although PR measures are relatively insensitive to these influences, there is some evidence that PR performance is related to subjective measures of the urge to smoke.

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMed2005

Flexibility in assessment of prey cues: frog-eating bats and frog calls.

Predators use cues associated with their prey to assess prey quality and to avoid consuming poisonous prey. Considerable attention has been given to predators' use of aposematic cues to assess prey quality, but little is known about predators that eavesdrop on prey cues that are not intended for them. Here we investigate the prey-cue/prey-quality associations of a predator that eavesdrops on the sexual advertisement signals of its prey. Stability is expected in prey-cue/prey-quality associations when mistakes in prey assessment are lethal. Conversely, flexibility is possible when mistakes are less costly. Predators that must respond to temporal and spatial fluctuations in prey availability should be more flexible in their assessment of prey quality. Given these predictions, we examined flexibility in the ability of wild-caught bats to reverse prey-cue/prey-quality associations for a preferred prey and a poisonous one. We found that the predatory bat, Trachops cirrhosus, has a heretofore undescribed ability to reverse its evaluations of the cues that signal preferred prey.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2005

Sex ratio strategies and the evolution of cue use.

Quantitative tests of sex allocation theory have often indicated that organism strategies deviate from model predictions. In pollinating fig wasps, Lipporrhopalum tentacularis, whole fig (brood) sex ratios are generally more female-biased than predicted by local mate competition (LMC) theory where females (foundresses) use density as a cue to assess potential LMC. We use microsatellite markers to investigate foundress sex ratios in L. tentacularis and show that they actually use their clutch size as a cue, with strategies closely approximating the predictions of a new model we develop of these conditions. We then provide evidence that the use of clutch size as a cue is common among species experiencing LMC, and given the other predictions of our model argue that this is because their ecologies mean it provides sufficiently accurate information about potential LMC that the use of other more costly cues has not evolved. We further argue that the use of these more costly cues by other species is due to the effect that ecological differences have on cue accuracy. This implies that deviations from earlier theoretical predictions often indicate that the cues used to assess environmental conditions differ from those assumed by models, rather than limits on the ability of natural selection to produce "perfect" organisms.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergence of a cue strategy preference on the water maze task in aged C57B6 x SJL F1 hybrid mice.

The effects of age on cue learning, spatial reference memory, and strategy preference were assessed in B6 x SJL F1 mice by using the Morris water maze. This mouse strain is of particular interest because it is the background strain for a common transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease, the Tg2576 mouse, which develops plaques and other neurobiological markers of pathology beginning at 8 mo and increasing in severity with advanced age. In the current study, 12- and 23-mo-old C57B6 x SJL F1 mice were serially trained in cue and place versions of the Morris water maze task. At the completion of training, mice received a strategy probe test in which place (hidden) and cue (visible) strategies were in competition. Cue and spatial learning ability was maintained between 12 and 23 mo of age; however, on the strategy preference probe test, the 23-mo-old mice exhibited a significant bias toward the selection of a cue strategy. There was no relationship between strategy preference in the probe test and spatial learning ability, but the 23-mo-old mice did exhibit a strong trend toward shorter latencies during visible platform training, possibly reflecting the enhanced function of striatal-based neural systems in aging. These data demonstrate that 23-mo-old C57B6 x SJL F1 mice are capable of effective place learning, but if a place strategy is pitted against the use of a cue strategy, the use of a cue strategy predominates in the aged mice. The strategy preference observed here may reflect an emergence of differential processing in underlying brain circuitry with age in the B6 x SJL F1 mouse strain.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

The cue-responsivity phenomenon in dependent drinkers: 'personality' vulnerability and anxiety as intervening variables.

The cue-responsivity phenomenon to alcohol-associated stimuli in dependent drinkers was examined. In accordance with previous research, significant differences on both physiological and subjective cue-responsivity variables, between dependent and non-dependent drinkers were found. The unique contribution of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, evidence is presented which suggests that the Eysenckian personality traits of introversion and neuroticism are more predictive of cue-responsivity variance in the dependent drinkers than either severity of dependence or number of years' drinking. Secondly, within this dependent group, the relationship between cue-responsivity and 'craving' was seen to be less straightforward than traditionally thought. Specifically, it suggested that it was the extent to which autonomic cue-responsivity elicited increases in self-reported anxiety, which predicted most of the variance on the 'craving' variable. Taken together, these results raise the interesting possibility that a personality disposition akin to trait anxiety, and the degree to which cue exposure elicits state anxiety, mediated the relationship between cue-responsivity and 'craving' in dependent drinkers.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Enhanced cue-elicited brain activation in African American compared with Caucasian smokers: an fMRI study.

Current evidence indicates that, although African Americans (AA) are more likely to attempt to quit smoking than Caucasians (CC) in any given year, success rates are lower for AA. However, factors contributing to these differences are not well known. In order to explore potential factors, this study assessed differences in attention to smoking cues between ethnic groups. Participants underwent morning functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while viewing images of AA models and CC models who were either smoking (smoking cues) or engaging in everyday activities (neutral cues), interspersed with a fixation baseline period. The study was conducted at the Hoglund Brain Imaging Center of the University of Kansas Medical Center in Kansas City, KS. We studied 17 smokers (eight AA, nine CC) after 12-hour abstinence and 17 non-smokers (eight AA, nine CC) matched by age, gender, years of education, and handedness. The AA and CC smoking groups were also matched for number of cigarettes smoked per day. All results are P < 0.01, corrected for whole brain. There was a strong ethnicity by condition interaction among smokers in several a priori regions of interest. AA smokers showed a greater increase in response to smoking (versus neutral cues) than CC smokers in the medial prefrontal cortex, right lateral orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In smoking versus baseline contrasts, additional areas of greater activation were found in AA, including the right amygdala and left caudate nucleus. No significant differences in cue-elicited brain activation were found between AA and CC non-smokers. These preliminary findings demonstrate variation in brain activation in response to smoking cues between AA and CC smokers in structures known to be associated with nicotine addiction. Differences in neural response may reflect fundamental differences in attention to smoking cues, which may in turn contribute to differences in effectiveness of nicotine dependence treatments among ethnic populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Diagnostic cues in gastroenterology.

Twenty seven gastroenterologists (15 physicians and 12 surgeons) were studied to capture their policy in the usage and weighting of cues in making a diagnosis. This was a relatively small sample and on account of possible sampling bias only tentative generalisations will be made. Five case vignettes, each consisting of four to eight cues, were used. Subjects were asked to give their percentage likelihood estimates of various diagnostic possibilities after each cue. This gave an indication of their perception of the significance of various cues in relationship to each diagnosis. There were marked variations in cue weighting by these experts, and in particular, most individuals were far off the mean regarding the weighting of certain clinical features, thus displaying idiosyncratic behaviour in these instances. As may be expected, there were differences in disease prevalence estimates between physicians and surgeons. Early information had an overwhelming effect on the final diagnosis. In most cases the expert relied on a few critical cues rather than on a pattern to make a diagnosis. In view of the strong influences of early diagnostic formulations, these findings confirm the need for doctors to learn to use and collect accurate factual information on prevalence rates and on the most significant critical cues for various disease processes. The study highlights some of the problems faced by novices in learning from experts who may teach them contradictory information about what are the most significant factors in coming to a diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Context-independent directional cue learning by hippocampal place cells.

In a symmetrical environment possessing no other polarizing visual cues, the spatially localized firing of hippocampal place cells can be primarily orientated by a reliable distal visual stimulus, such as a white cue card. However, if such a directional cue is made unreliable by being frequently moved in full view of the rat, the rat's internal sense of direction comes, over the course of a few days, to control the orientation of place fields instead. We investigated whether this simple form of 'cue-instability' learning would transfer to a new context, in which the firing patterns of the place cells become reorganized and in which a new spatial representation is thus active. We found that after cue-instability learning, the 'remapped' place field representation in the new environment was also orientated by the internal sense of direction of the rat rather than by the cue card, showing that the cue learning generalized from one context (and hence spatial representation) to another. This contrasts with another kind of place cell learning, in which the cells can acquire the ability to discriminate two spatial locations in one context but do not transfer this discrimination to a new context. We discuss the different effects of context changes on learned place cell activity in terms of the possible architecture of the inputs to place cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

How does the brain mediate interpretation of incongruent auditory emotions? The neural response to prosody in the presence of conflicting lexico-semantic cues.

We frequently encounter conflicting emotion cues. This study examined how the neural response to emotional prosody differed in the presence of congruent and incongruent lexico-semantic cues. Two hypotheses were assessed: (i) decoding emotional prosody with conflicting lexico-semantic cues would activate brain regions associated with cognitive conflict (anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) or (ii) the increased attentional load of incongruent cues would modulate the activity of regions that decode emotional prosody (right lateral temporal cortex). While the participants indicated the emotion conveyed by prosody, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired on a 3T scanner using blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast. Using SPM5, the response to congruent cues was contrasted with that to emotional prosody alone, as was the response to incongruent lexico-semantic cues (for the 'cognitive conflict' hypothesis). The right lateral temporal lobe region of interest analyses examined modulation of activity in this brain region between these two contrasts (for the 'prosody cortex' hypothesis). Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex activity was not observed, and neither was attentional modulation of activity in right lateral temporal cortex activity. However, decoding emotional prosody with incongruent lexico-semantic cues was strongly associated with left inferior frontal gyrus activity. This specialist form of conflict is therefore not processed by the brain using the same neural resources as non-affective cognitive conflict and neither can it be handled by associated sensory cortex alone. The recruitment of inferior frontal cortex may indicate increased semantic processing demands but other contributory functions of this region should be explored.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Visual attention and the semantics of space: beyond central and peripheral cues.

The distinction between central and peripheral cues has played an important role in understanding the functional nature of visual attention for the past 30 years. In the present article, we propose a new taxonomy that is based on linguistic categories of spatial relations. Within this framework, spatial cues are categorized as either "projective" or "deictic." Using an empirical diagnostic, we demonstrate that the word cues above, below, left, and right express projective spatial relations, whereas arrow cues, eye-gaze cues, and abrupt-onset cues express deictic spatial relations. Thus, the projective-versus-deictic distinction crosscuts the more traditional central-versus-peripheral distinction. The theoretical utility of this new distinction is discussed in the context of recent evidence suggesting that a variety of central cues can elicit reflexive orienting.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Cue sensitivity in women with cardiac disease.

The purpose of this study was to discover factors that influenced the healthcare seeking behavior of women cardiac patients. Interviews included 10 women with cardiac disease, two women at risk for cardiac disease, three advanced nurse practitioners, and one cardiologist. Participants were interviewed on two occasions. Taped transcripts were reviewed using a grounded theory approach. Analysis revealed a core process of cardiac cue sensitivity that originated in the period prior to entry into the healthcare system. The stages of this process included: cue apprehension, cue assimilation, and medical consultation. Cues were signs, symptoms, or self risk appraisal. Decisions to discount or attend to cues was dependent on the nature, intensity, and specificity of the cue to cardiac disease as well as the woman's knowledge and experience with cardiac disease and validation with others. A sensitivity to the subjective cue experiences of women and a recognition of public attitudes regarding women and cardiac disease facilitates their entry into the healthcare system and improves outcomes for women with cardiac disease.

Adult↗