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PubMed2002

Alzheimer's disease with spastic paresis and cotton wool type plaques.

We reviewed Alzheimer's cases with spastic paresis and cotton wool type plaques in five Japanese and nine Caucasian cases. Most were early onset familial Alzheimer's disease with presenilin 1 mutations. The cotton wool type plaques were related to extremely high production of A beta 42, due mainly to presenilin 1 mutations and low immune responses. Cotton wool plaques were numerous in the entire central nervous system, including basal ganglia, brainstem and even in spinal cord. Cotton wool type plaques were composed of slightly electron dense synaptic structures, but amyloid fibrils were rarely found. Such a high accumulation of A beta 42 may cause degeneration of the pyramidal tract and basal ganglia from an early stage of Alzheimer's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effectiveness of two insect growth regulators against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their impact on population densities of arthropod predators in cotton in Pakistan.

Field efficacies of two insect growth regulators (IGRs) at two recommended application rates, buprofezin at 370 and 555 g AI ha(-1) and lufenuron at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1), were determined against the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in experimental plots of cotton at the Directorate of Cotton Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Adverse effects of the IGRs on populations of associated arthropod predators, namely geocorids, chrysopids, coccinellids, formicids and arachnids, were also assessed. Both IGRs significantly reduced populations of B. tabaci at each application rate 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment, and higher doses were more effective than lower doses. Buprofezin was not effective against H. armigera at any tested dose for any time of treatment in any spray. Lufenuron applied at 37 and 49 g AI ha(-1) effectively suppressed H. armigera populations, resulting in significant reductions in crop damage. At lower doses, both IGRs appeared safe to predator populations, which did not differ significantly in IGR-treated versus untreated control plots. Population densities of formicids and coccinellids were significantly lower at high concentrations of both IGRs in treatment plots, possibly as a result of reduced prey availability. The potential role of buprofezin and lufenuron for control of B. tabaci and H. armigera in a spray programme and the likelihood of direct toxic effects of IGRs on predatory fauna of cotton are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Relative effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam on the predator Podisus nigrispinus and the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci in nectaried and nectariless cotton.

The predaceous stinkbug Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) feeds on plants as well as on arthropod prey. The question arises whether feeding on plants might expose the predator to systemic insecticide via ingestion of the active ingredient or its metabolites through plant sap of treated plants. This interaction was investigated with nectaried and nectariless cotton plants cropped in pots and treated with the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg per plant as a root drench. Development of P. nigrispinus fed on prey and on treated nectaried and nectariless cotton plants and confined at 15, 30 and 45 days after insecticide application, and adult reproduction from nymphs caged 30 days after treatment were determined. Podisus nigrispinus life history traits were unaffected by the type of cotton plant, nectaried or nectariless, but were significantly affected by insecticide dose and time after application. Developmental time was extended and fresh adult body weight was reduced by feeding on prey and treated plants. Nymphs caged on treated plants with the highest thiamethoxam concentration at 15 days after application produced only 13.2% of adults. Females emerged from nymphs caged on both plants and at all thiamethoxam concentrations at day 30 after application presented similar reproductive characteristics, except for age of first oviposition, which was delayed on plants treated with the highest thiamethoxam concentration. Thiamethoxam at 0.5 mg per plant restrained tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) colonization only during the first 15 days after application to either cotton plant, and similar immature densities were sampled at day 35 after application on treated and untreated plants. However, plants treated with 1.0 and 2.0 mg per plant as a drench and cropped in pots were protected from tobacco whitefly for up to 45 days after exposure to a whitefly colony.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Regional reversion of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is associated with the use of Bt cotton in northern China.

A continuous programme for monitoring resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to commonly used insecticides was undertaken for assessing the impact of Bt cotton planting on the evolution of the pest resistance from 1994 to 2002 in China. The bioassay results showed that the resistance levels per year in field populations of H armigera to lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim and endosulfan decreased, respectively, to 9-15-fold, 11-14-fold and 6-8-fold in 2001-2002 from 197-262-fold, 52-74-fold and 18-38-fold before the cultivation of Bt cotton in 1997. This significant increase in susceptibility to insecticides is expected to result in a reduction in insecticide application for H armigera control in Bt cotton. It is concluded that Bt cotton is playing an important role in the long-term management of H armigera by increasing the potential for natural and chemical control of the pest.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Gonadal source of testosterone metabolites in urine of male cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus).

Examining gonadal function in the small excitable cotton-top tamarin monkey (Saguinus oedipus) requires noninvasive sampling techniques. Two studies were performed to identify the quantifiable urinary metabolites of testosterone in cotton-top tamarins and which of the measurable metabolites would best reflect a gonadal source of testosterone secretion. In the first study, we injected unlabeled testosterone i.m. in males at either 500-ng or 1-microg levels. Urine samples were analyzed for androgens and estrogens. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased significantly following the injections in test males but not in control males. No significant increases in androstenedione occurred. Mean levels of estradiol and estrone did not consistently increase during the 5 days following injection. In the second study, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, Antide, was used to block LH stimulation of gonadal steroidogenesis. Males given Antide at either a 6 mg/kg dose or an 18 mg/kg dose showed significantly lower levels of urinary LH than controls. At the higher Antide dose, testosterone levels were significantly reduced during weeks 1 and 2 posttreatment, whereas DHT levels significantly declined during the 2nd week posttreatment. Estradiol levels were highly variable prior to treatment but decreased significantly following treatment, whereas estrone levels remained variable throughout. These results indicate that measurement of urinary testosterone and possibly DHT reflect gonadal function in male cotton-top tamarins. Other sources of urinary estrogens may occur for the male cotton-top tamarin, but these data suggest that a substantial part of urinary estradiol is from gonadal sources, whereas urinary estrone appears to be mainly from extragonadal sources.

Androstenedione↗
PubMed1995

Pathogenesis and immunogenicity of bovine adenovirus type 3 in cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus).

Intranasal inoculation of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) with 10(8) PFU of bovine adenovirus type 3 (BAd3) resulted in limited virus replication in the lung and trachea. Histopathological changes in the lungs were characterized by necrosis and hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions, pneumocyte type II hyperplasia in the alveoli, and mild peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. Immunohistochemically, viral antigens were observed more frequently in bronchiolar epithelial cells than in alveolar cells in cotton rat lung sections stained using a rabbit anti-BAd3 serum. Bronchiolar epithelial changes, intranuclear inclusion bodies, type II pneumocyte proliferation, peribronchiolar infiltration, and immunohistological staining were maximum at Day 3 or Day 4 postinoculation, whereas perivascular infiltration was first observed at Day 8 postinoculation. In addition to the histological study of the pathogenesis of BAd3 infection, we monitored the BAd3-specific immune response in cotton rats. Anti-BAd3 IgG and virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in sera, whereas anti-BAd3 IgA antibodies were found in the sera, lung, and nasal washes. Our results suggest that the cotton rat can serve as a useful small-animal model for investigating the pathogenesis of BAd3 infection, as well as immune responses to BAd3 recombinant virus vaccines.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1996

The alcohol dehydrogenase genes of cotton.

We report here the initial characterization of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene family of the allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum, a crop plant that is highly sensitive to waterlogging. Twelve Adh cDNAs were isolated from a library constructed from RNA prepared from anaerobically stressed root tips. Nine of the twelve cDNAs fell into one class, while each of the other three cDNAs fell into a separate class. The 3'-untranslated regions had little or no homology between classes implying that each of these four classes is encoded by a different gene. The most abundant class of Adh cDNA was expressed under the control of the 35S promoter in transgenic cotton and encodes the ADH2 isozyme, the isozyme induced most strongly by low oxygen conditions. Cotton Adh genomic segments were sequenced. The promoter regions of these Adh genes contain the cis-acting motifs which have been shown in other plant species to be necessary for anaerobic induction of transcription. A gene conversion event is likely to have occurred between the 3' ends of two of the genes. Sequence comparison of the Adh genomic and cDNA clones, and Southern analysis of genomic DNA suggest the existence of multiple copies of Adh genes in cotton. Five different members of this Adh gene family of cotton have been identified, of which four are very similar.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1994

The expression and anaerobic induction of alcohol dehydrogenase in cotton.

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in cotton is characterized, with an emphasis on the cultivated allotetraploid species Gossypium hirsutum cv. Siokra. A high level of ADH activity is present in seed of Siokra but quickly declines during germination. When exposed to anaerobic stress the level of ADH activity can be induced several fold in both roots and shoots of seedlings. Unlike maize and Arabidopsis, ADH activity can be anaerobically induced in mature green leaves. Three major ADH isozymes were resolved in Siokra, and it is proposed that two genes, Adh1 and Adh2, are coding for these three isozymes. The genes are differentially expressed. ADH1 is predominant in seed and aerobically grown roots, while ADH2 is prominent in roots only after anaerobic stress. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the ADH enzyme has a native molecular weight of approximately 81 kD and a subunit molecular weight of approximately 42 kD, thus establishing that ADH in cotton is able to form and is active as dimers. Comparisons of ADH activity levels and isozyme patterns between Siokra and other allotetraploid cottons showed that the ADH system is highly conserved among these varieties. In contrast, the diploid species of cotton all had unique isozyme patterns.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1982

Vitamin A deficiency and the development of Litomosoides carinii (Nematoda, Filarioidea) in cotton rats.

This paper demonstrates that vitamin A deficient (A-) cotton rats are more susceptible to infection with Litomosoides carinii than normal (A+) cotton rats. However, embryogenesis is frequently retarded in female worms from A- hosts. Groups of young cotton rats were depleted of their liver stores of vitamin A by feeding them a vitamin A free diet from weaning. From 6 weeks of age this diet was supplemented with either 2, 5, 10, 25 or 100 IU vitamin A per 100 g body weight per day and half the animals in each group were infected with L. carinii. At autopsy, 51 days post-infection, serum vitamin A levels were proportional to vitamin A intake but were unaffected by infection (P less than 0.05). A+ cotton rats grew more rapidly and gained more weight than A- ones; infected animals gained less weight than their uninfected controls. More parasites developed in rats fed either 2 or 5 IU vitamin A than those fed either 10, 25 or 100 IU (P less than 0.02) and parasites from the 5 IU group were significantly longer than those from all other groups (P less than 0.02). However, microfilarial development was retarded in female worms from A- animals as compared with A+ ones.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Life-cycle assessment of single-use versus reusable surgical drapes (cellulose/polyethylene-mixed cotton system)].

Surgical drapes made of cotton are under increasing competition with various disposable products and reusable draping systems (e.g., made of synthetic fabrics like polyester). When making a choice to use one of these medical devices in practical surgery, major aspects like handling, hygienic safety and costs, but also environmental effects have to be taken into account. In this study a mixed system for patient drapes (reusable cotton drapes combined with a reduced set of impermeable single-use drapes made of cellulose/polyethylene) was compared to a system that is only based on single-use drapes with regard to ecology [life-cycle assessment (LCA)]. The medical literature was reviewed to assess important medical aspects of the use of patient drapes, resulting in the statement that there are no conclusive arguments to support a clear hygienic superiority of one of these alternatives. Based on the conditions assumed and stated, the results of the LCA indicate that the mixed draping system is associated with two times more total energy consumption. In addition, more water is needed and more CO2 emissions are produced. However, draping with the single-use product results in more clinical waste. Regarding water pollution no system proved superior. It is difficult to compare and weigh various environmental aspects like the polluting cultivation of cotton in distant countries (reusable drapes) and the higher figure of transportation necessary to deliver the single-use product within Germany. It is an important disadvantage of the mixed system that it combines the ecological burden of both cotton drapes and the single-use alternative.

Cellulose↗
PubMed2002

Genetic relationships and discrimination of ten influential Upland cotton varieties using RAPD markers.

Influential Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties are those that have the higher genetic contributions to modern Upland cultivars than other germplasms. Our previous research has shown significant differences in general combining ability (GCA) effects for yield, yield components, and fiber properties among ten influential cotton varieties. In this study, we used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data to evaluate DNA variation of these ten varieties. Of 86 random decamer primers screened for their capability of amplifying DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 63 generated a total of 312 DNA fragments. Forty two bands were polymorphic, which showed a low percentage (13.5%) of DNA variation among these influential varieties. Genetic similarities among the ten varieties based on RAPD data were from 92.7% to 97.6%. All of the varieties were individually identified by variety specific markers in genetic fingerprinting. One primer, UBC-149, amplified a 1,430-bp DNA fragment that was absent in five varieties and present in the other five varieties. This RAPD marker had significant negative relationships with GCA-effect estimates for seed cotton yield, lint yield, number of bolls per plant and micronaire, and significant positive relationships with GCA effects for boll size and seed index. This finding, for the first time, identifies a DNA fragment in cotton that is a potential DNA marker linked to a yield gene(s) or a yield-related gene(s).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Molecular linkage map of allotetraploid cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. x Gossypium barbadense L.) with a haploid population.

In the present study, a haploid population from the cross of the two cultivated allotetraploid cottons, Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium barbadense L., was developed by means of Vsg, a virescently marked semigamous line of Sea island cotton, and some target haploids were successfully doubled with colchicine. A molecular linkage map was constructed with 58 doubled and haploid plants. Among the total of 624 marker loci (510 SSRs and 114 RAPDs), 489 loci were assembled into 43 linkage groups and covered 3,314.5 centi-Morgans (cM). Using the monosomic and telodisomic genetic stocks, the linkage groups of the present map were associated with chromosomes of the allotetraploid genome, and some of the unassociated groups were connected to corresponding A or D subgenomes. Through the analysis of the assignment of the duplicated SSR loci in the chromosomes or the linkage groups, ten pairs of possible homoeologous chromosome (or linkage group) regions were identified. Among them, the pairs of Chrs. 1 and 15, Chrs. 4 and 22, and Chrs. 10 and 20 had already been determined as homoeologous by classical genetic and cytogenetic research, and the pair of Chrs. 9 and 23 had also been identified by the ISH method of molecular cytogenetics. But, from present research, it was assumed that Chrs. 5 and 18 might be a new pair of homoeologous chromosomes of the allotetraploid cotton genome detected by molecular mapping of the cotton genome.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Characteristics, development and mapping of Gossypium hirsutum derived EST-SSRs in allotetraploid cotton.

In order to construct a saturated genetic map and facilitate marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding, it is necessary to enhance the current reservoir of known molecular markers in Gossypium. Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) occur in expressed sequence tags (EST) in plants. Many ESTs are publicly available now and represent a good tool in developing EST-SSRs. From 13,505 ESTs developed from our two cotton fiber/ovule cDNA libraries constructed for Upland cotton, 966 (7.15%) contained one or more SSRs and from them, 489 EST-SSR primer pairs were developed. Among the EST-SSRs, 59.1% are trinucleotides, followed by dinucleotides (30%), tetranucleotides (6.4%), pentanucleotides (1.8%), and hexanucleotides (2.7%). AT/TA (18.4%) is the most frequent repeat, followed by CTT/GAA (5.3%), AG/TC (5.1%), AGA/TCT (4.9%), AGT/TCA (4.5%), and AAG/TTC (4.5%). One hundred and thirty EST-SSR loci were produced from 114 informative EST-SSR primer pairs, which generated polymorphism between our two mapping parents. Of these, 123 were integrated on our allotetraploid cotton genetic map, based on the cross [(TM-1xHai7124)TM-1]. EST-SSR markers were distributed over 20 chromosomes and 6 linkage groups in the map. These EST-SSR markers can be used in genetic mapping, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and comparative genomics studies of cotton.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Identification and mapping of microsatellite markers linked to a root-knot nematode resistance gene (rkn1) in Acala NemX cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Host-plant resistance is the most economic and effective strategy for root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Molecular markers linked to resistance are important for incorporating resistance genes into elite cultivars. To screen for microsatellite markers (SSR) closely linked to RKN resistance in G. hirsutum cv. Acala NemX, F1, F2, BC1F1, and F2:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from intraspecific crosses and an F2 from an interspecific cross with G. barbadense cv. Pima S-7 were used. Screening of 284 SSR markers, which cover all the known identified chromosomes and most linkage groups of cotton, was performed by bulked segregant analysis, revealing informative SSRs. The informative SSRs were then mapped on the above populations. One co-dominant SSR marker CIR316 was identified tightly linked to a major resistance gene (designated as rkn1), producing amplified DNA fragments of approximately 221 bp (CIR316a) and 210 bp (CIR316c) in Acala NemX and susceptible Acala SJ-2, respectively. The linkage between CIR316a marker and resistance gene rkn1 in Acala NemX had an estimated distance of 2.1-3.3 cM depending on the population used. Additional markers, including BNL1231 with loose linkage to rkn1 (map distance 25.1-27.4 cM), BNL1066, and CIR003 allowed the rkn1 gene to be mapped to cotton linkage group A03. This is the first report in cotton with a closely linked major gene locus determining nematode resistance, and informative SSRs may be used for marker-assisted selection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Changes in growth and physiology of tobacco and cotton under Ag exposure and recovery: are they of direct or indirect nature?

Responses of tobacco and cotton seedlings to two chemical forms of Ag at various concentrations were studied. Cotton exhibited higher resistance than tobacco to Ag. The application of 1 &mgr;g L(-1) Ag, as AgI or AgNO(3), induced no toxicity symptoms in the growth and photosynthesis of cotton. However, the corresponding concentration negatively affected the growth and physiology of tobacco. On exposure to higher Ag concentrations (10(3) and 5 x 10(3) &mgr;g L(-1) as AgNO(3)), root growth and concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and Fe were significantly depressed, whereas concomitant Ag accumulation, especially in roots, was increased in both species. The loss of nutrients and chlorophyll was associated with disturbances in photosynthetic function. Because there was no apparent change in Fv/Fm, there is a possibility that the faster rise time was due to an increase in LHC size to the PSII reaction centers. The decreased Fv/Fo reflects the inactivation of chlorophyll associated with the PSII reaction center. Stomatal conductance was decreased less than the CO(2) assimilation, possibly due to the direct and/or indirect effects of Ag ions on stomatal guard cells. After the plants were transferred from the highest Ag concentration to a nutrient solution, recovery of tobacco, cotton morphology, and physiology were observed.http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p480.html</HEA

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Structural analysis of a hmg-coA-reductase pseudogene: insights into evolutionary processes affecting the hmgr gene family in allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Structural analysis of hmg-coA reductase (hmgr) genes in the allotetraploid cotton species Gossypium hirsutum L. revealed the first-known existence of a pseudogene, psihmg5, for this important enzyme. Complete sequencing of the genomic clone hmg5 unveiled several deleterious lesions, resulting in an organization that departed significantly from the linear canonical hmgr gene structure. Although analysis of the 5' flanking region indicated a promoter-like composition based on comparison with other known plant hmgr genes, the precise loss of intron 3, and putative poly-(A) signals, small poly-(A) tracts, and terminal repeats (TRs) found in the 3'-flanking region are characteristic features of retro-pseudogenes. DNA-blot analysis indicated that a psihmg5-related subfamily exists within a larger hmgr gene family in cotton. Several mechanisms are proposed to account for the formation of this partially intronless pseudogene, including intragenic homologous-replacement recombination and gene conversion involving a cDNA. Alignments of psihmg5 with functional cotton homologs also raised interesting possibilities for the formation of 'chimeric' gene structures, or differential intragenic mutation rates, as potential evolutionary mechanisms involved in shaping the hmgr gene family in cotton.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Developmental and gene expression analyses of a cotton naked seed mutant.

Cotton fiber development is a fundamental biological phenomenon, yet the molecular basis of fiber cell initiation is poorly understood. We examined molecular and cellular events of fiber cell development in the naked seed mutant (N1N1) and its isogenic line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Texas Marker-1, TM-1). The dominant mutation not only delayed the process of fiber cell formation and elongation but also reduced the total number of fiber cells, resulting in sparsely distributed short fibers. Gene expression changes in TM-1 and N1N1 mutant lines among four tissues were analyzed using spotted cotton oligo-gene microarrays. Using the Arabidopsis genes, we selected and designed approximately 1,334 70-mer oligos from a subset of cotton fiber ESTs. Statistical analysis of the microarray data indicates that the number of significantly differentially expressed genes was 856 in the leaves compared to the ovules (3 days post-anthesis, DPA), 632 in the petals relative to the ovules (3 DPA), and 91 in the ovules at 0 DPA compared to 3 DPA, all in TM-1. Moreover, 117 and 30 genes were expressed significantly different in the ovules at three and 0 DPA, respectively, between TM-1 and N1N1. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of 23 fiber-associated genes in seven tissues including ovules, fiber-bearing ovules, fibers, and non-fiber tissues in TM-1 and N1N1 indicates a mode of temporal regulation of the genes involved in transcriptional and translational regulation, signal transduction, and cell differentiation during early stages of fiber development. Suppression of the fiber-associated genes in the mutant may suggest that the N1N1 mutation disrupts temporal regulation of gene expression, leading to a defective process of fiber cell elongation and development.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2002

Characterisation of six alpha-expansin genes in Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton).

A genomic library screen and PCR-based strategies were employed to isolate six genes with sequence similarity to a cotton fibre-specific mRNA encoding an alpha-expansin. alpha-Expansins are cell wall proteins that facilitate cell wall extension by disruption of non-covalent bonds between wall components. The characterisation and expression analysis of these six novel genes ( GhExp1-GhExp6) is described. Four of them ( GhExp3- GhExp6) are expressed within multiple tissues of the cotton plant and two ( GhExp1 and GhExp2) give rise to transcripts that are specific to the developing cotton fibre. GhExp1 transcripts are highly abundant in the fibre, while transcripts for GhExp2 are detected at a low level. Cotton fibres are highly elongated cells of the ovule epidermis, and we envisage that GhExp1 may play an important role in cell wall extension during development.

Amino Acid Sequence↗