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PubMed1975

Actinomycetales from corn.

Mesophilic Actinomycetales were isolated from whole corn, brewers grits, and break flour received from three different mills. In addition, strains were isolated from high-moisture (27 per cent) field corn; high-moisture, silo-stored corn (untreated); and high-moisture corn treated with ammonia, ammonium isobutyrate, or propionic-acetic acid. According to standard techniques, 139 strains were extensively characterized and 207 additional strains were partially characterized. On the basis of these characterizations, the streptomycete strains were identified by both the systems of Pridham et al. and Hütter because these systems are rapid and accurate. In general, only Streptomyces griseus (Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici was isolated from high-moisture whole corn (treated or untreated) except from grain exposed to ammonium isobutyrate. Strains isolated from high-moisture corn subjected to that treatment represented both S. griseus and S. albus (Rossi Doria) Waksman and Henrici. The strains isolated from corn and corn products from the three mills were identified with a number of streptomycete species. Of all Actinomycetales isolated, only three were not streptomycetes--two from brewer's grits and one from break flour.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1994

Effects of high corn oil diet on preneoplastic murine colons: prostanoid production and lipid composition.

In the present study, the effect of normal (5% by wt) and high (23.5% by wt) corn oil diets on prostanoid production and on the lipid composition of preneoplastic colonic epithelium was investigated. CF1 mice (female, 3-4-weeks-old) were fed a normal corn oil diet ad libitum and were treated with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg/wk) or saline (control) for 24 wk. At this stage, all animals received the AIN-76 diet (normal corn oil) ad libitum. Following the last injection, half of the animals from each treatment group were randomly allocated to a high corn oil diet for 5 to 10 wk, whereas the remaining animals continued on the normal corn oil diet. After 5 wk of feeding, the colonic mucosa of carcinogen-treated animals had a higher level of bicyclic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) than had the animals in the control groups; prostanoid synthesis in the colonic mucosa of control animals was unaffected by the high corn oil diet. Preneoplastic colonic mucosa of animals fed the high corn oil diet had a significantly higher level of PGE2 than corresponding control colonic mucosa. The 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha/thromboxane B2 ratio was significantly lower in the DMH-treated groups than in the control groups, and was unaffected by dietary treatments. After 10 wk of feeding a particular diet, the differences in the fatty acid composition between the control and DMH-treated groups were minor. Our findings demonstrate that the preneoplastic colonic epithelium differs from that of normal epithelium with respect to prostanoid synthesis.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed1990

Corn oil and mineral oil stimulate sham feeding in rats.

To determine the orosensory effects of oils on ingestion, we measured the 1-bottle intake of corn oil and of mineral oil during 30 minutes of sham feeding in rats that were food deprived overnight or nondeprived. Rats sham fed both oils. Food-deprived rats ingested significantly more of both oils than nondeprived rats. Rats discriminated corn oil from mineral oil and as little as 0.78% corn oil emulsion from water. When rats sham fed 8 dilutions of corn oil, intake was an inverted-U function of concentration with maximal intakes produced by 12.5%, 25% and 50% corn oil emulsions. Despite similar, sometimes equal, intakes of corn oil and mineral oil in 1-bottle tests, food-deprived and nondeprived rats showed a strong preference for corn oil in 2-bottle, sham-feeding, preference tests. The sensory mechanisms that mediate the oral effects of oil on intake and preference are not known, but the olfactory and trigeminal sensory systems are the most likely candidates. Further work is required to characterize the potency, sensitivity, and discriminability of the orosensory effects of oils, the mechanisms that mediate them, and their role in the control of fat intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dietary corn oil versus olive oil enhances HDL protein turnover and lowers HDL cholesterol levels in hamsters.

We studied the effect of dietary olive and corn oil on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism in golden Syrian hamsters. The animals were fed a semipurified diet containing 0.1% cholesterol and 40 energy % in the form of either olive or corn oil for a period of nine weeks. Hamsters fed corn oil had significantly lower very-low density and low-density lipoprotein (VLDL+LDL) cholesterol concentrations than those fed olive oil (0.98+/-0.24 vs. 1.40+/-0.34 mmol/l, means+/-S.D., n = 12), as well as significantly lower HDL cholesterol concentrations (3.31+/-0.50 vs. 3.91+/-0.12 mmol/l). The binding capacity of 125I-labelled HDL to liver membranes was 33% higher in the hamsters fed corn oil instead of olive oil (571+/-29 vs. 429+/-24 ng HDL protein/mg membrane protein, P<0.05, n = 4). HDL protein kinetics were studied with 125I-HDL using a constant infusion technique. Both HDL fractional catabolic rate (0.255+/-0. 058 vs. 0.121+/-0.023 /h, P<0.01, n = 5) and transport rate (2.386+/-0. 753 vs. 1.218+/-0.101 mg/h, P<0.01, n = 5) were about 2-fold higher in the hamsters fed corn oil. The rate of plasma cholesterol esterification by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was essentially the same for the two diets. It is concluded that the low HDL level in the hamsters fed corn oil diets is linked with increased HDL binding and degradation in the liver and possibly other tissues. Due to increased HDL protein turnover, the capacity for reverse cholesterol transport is increased in hamsters fed corn oil despite the relative low HDL concentrations

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Preference for corn oil in olfactory-blocked mice in the conditioned place preference test and the two-bottle choice test.

We studied the effects of olfactory stimuli on preference for corn oil in mice. In the conditioned place preference test, voluntary intake of 100% corn oil by both olfactory normal and ZnSO4-induced olfactory-blocked (anosmic) mice resulted in their place preference for the corn oil-related box. In the olfactory normal mice, place preference was also observed by voluntary intake of linoleic acid as well as of corn oil. In the two-bottle choice test, normal mice showed significant preference for test fluids that contained corn oil at all concentrations (1-10%) tested relative to vehicle alone. However, the lower concentrations (1 and 3%) of corn oil were not preferred in the anosmic mice. These results suggested that stimuli other than olfaction contributed to the rewarding effects of corn oil, but at lower concentrations olfactory stimuli might act as a signal for the oil.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of the level of dietary corn oil on mouse skin carcinogenesis.

To investigate the effects of two levels of dietary corn oil on tumorigenesis, semipurified diets containing 5% or 10% corn oil were fed during the promotion stage of a mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Sencar mice were initiated with 10 nmol dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and promoted with either 1 microgram 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or 40 mg benzoyl peroxide twice weekly for 24 or 52 weeks, respectively. No significant differences in kilocalories of food consumed or body weights were observed between the diet groups during the study. Fatty acid profiles of the epidermal phospholipids reflected dietary fat intake. For example, high levels of linoleate and low levels of arachidonate were found in the phosphatidylcholine fraction from mice fed the 10% corn oil diet compared with 5% corn oil. When the diets were fed during TPA promotion, the papilloma incidence after 11 weeks of treatment for the 5% corn oil group was 77% and 37% for the 10% corn oil group. By 15 weeks of TPA treatment, papilloma incidence between the diet groups was similar, and later, carcinoma incidence and yield were not different between the two groups. For the animals treated with benzoyl peroxide, there was only a slight but not significant difference in papilloma and carcinoma appearance. In parallel studies, ornithine decarboxylase activity, vascular permeability, hyperplasia, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were elevated in the epidermis after promoter treatment, but only hyperplasia and PGE2 synthesis tended to reflect the dietary effects on tumor appearance. These data suggest that the quantity of dietary corn oil at the two levels tested, 5% and 10%, altered epidermal phospholipid fatty acid composition and PGE2 levels and had modest effects on the modulation of tumorigenesis in this skin model.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1998

Dietary lipid varying in corn and coconut oil influences protein kinase C in phorbol ester-treated mouse skin.

An earlier study indicated that increased levels of corn oil in the diet resulted in decreased tumor yield after promotion by the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Sencar mouse epidermis (J Leyton, ML Lee, M Locniskar, MA Belury, TJ Slaga, et al. Cancer Res 51, 907-915, 1991). In the present study we investigated whether corn oil diets could alter the subcellular distribution and activity of protein kinase C (PKC), which is part of an important signaling pathway in carcinogenesis. We used three 15% (wt/wt) fat semipurified diets containing three ratios of corn oil to coconut oil: 1.0%:14.0% (Diet L), 7.9%:7.1% (Diet M), and 15.0%:0.0% (Diet H). The translocation to the membrane fraction of epidermal PKC by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was decreased as the corn oil content of the diet was increased, and this correlates with the decrease in tumor yield. The translocation to the membrane fraction of specific isoforms of PKC was affected by increased dietary corn oil: the largest decreases were in cytosolic PKC-alpha and -beta, and the smallest change was in PKC-epsilon. The other isoforms, PKC-delta and -zeta, were unaffected. The major constituent of corn oil is linoleic acid, which did not affect the binding of phorbol ester to PKC, which suggests that inhibition of such binding was not responsible for the effects of increased dietary corn oil. Products of linoleic acid metabolism, i.e., arachidonic acid and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, also did not affect the binding of phorbol ester to PKC. Thus the results of these studies suggest that the subcellular distributions of PKC and its isoforms can be modulated by dietary lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Food uses and health effects of corn oil.

This review of corn oil provides a scientific assessment of the current knowledge of its contribution to the American diet. Refined corn oil is composed of 99% triacylglycerols with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 59%, monounsaturated fatty acid 24%, and saturated fatty acid (SFA) 13%. The PUFA is linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) primarily, with a small amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) giving a n-6/n-3 ratio of 83. Corn oil contains a significant amount of ubiquinone and high amounts of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (vitamin E) that protect it from oxidative rancidity. It has good sensory qualities for use as a salad and cooking oil. Corn oil is highly digestible and provides energy and essential fatty acids (EFA). Linoleic acid is a dietary essential that is necessary for integrity of the skin, cell membranes, the immune system, and for synthesis of icosanoids. Icosanoids are necessary for reproductive, cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal functions and resistance to disease. Corn oil is a highly effective food oil for lowering serum cholesterol. Because of its low content of SFAs which raises cholesterol and its high content of PUFAs which lowers cholesterol, consumption of corn oil can replace SFAs with PUFAs, and the combination is more effective in lowering cholesterol than simple reduction of SFA. PUFA primarily lowers low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) which is atherogenic. Research shows that PUFA has little effect on high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) which is protective against atherosclerosis. PUFA generally improves the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C. Studies in animals show that PUFA is required for the growth of cancers; the amount required is considered to be greater than that which satisfies the EFA requirement of the host. At this time there is no indication from epidemiological studies that PUFA intake is associated with increased risk of breast or colon cancer, which have been suggested to be promoted by high-fat diets in humans. Recommendations for minimum PUFA intake to prevent gross EFA deficiency are about 3% of energy (en%). Recommendations for prevention of heart disease are 8-10 en%. Consumption of PUFA in the United States is 5-7 en%. The use of corn oil to contribute to a PUFA intake of 10 en% in the diet would be beneficial to heart health. No single source of salad or cooking oil provides an optimum fatty acid (FA) composition. Many questions remain to be answered about the relation of FA composition of the diet to various physiological functions and disease processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Corn oil rapidly activates nuclear factor-kappaB in hepatic Kupffer cells by oxidant-dependent mechanisms.

N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-6 PUFAs), major constituents of corn oil and natural ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, increase the rate of growth of established tumors. It has been proposed that chemical peroxisome proliferators increase hepatocyte proliferation by mechanisms involving activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and production of low levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by Kupffer cells; however, how N-6 PUFAs are involved in increased cell proliferation in liver is not well understood. Here, the hypothesis that N-6 PUFAs increase production of mitogens by activation of Kupffer cell NF-kappaB was tested. A single dose of corn oil (2 ml/kg, i.g.), but not olive oil or medium-chain triglycerides (saturated fat), caused an approximately 3-fold increase in hepatocyte proliferation. Similarly, when activity of NF-kappaB in whole rat liver or isolated hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was measured at various time intervals for up to 36 h, only corn oil activated NF-kappaB. Corn oil increased NF-kappaB activity approximately 3-fold 1-2 h after treatment exclusively in the Kupffer cell fraction. In contrast, increases were small and only occurred after approximately 8 h in hepatocytes. The activation of NF-kappaB at 2 h and increases in cell proliferation at 24 h due to corn oil were prevented almost completely when rats were pretreated for 4 days with either dietary glycine (5% w/w), an agent that inactivates Kupffer cells, or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (s.c., 1 mg/kg/day). Furthermore, arachidonic acid (100 microM) activated superoxide production approximately 4-fold when added to isolated Kupffer cells in vitro. This phenomenon was not observed with oleic or linoleic acids. Interestingly, a single dose of corn oil increased TNFalpha mRNA nearly 2-fold 8 h after treatment. It is concluded that corn oil rapidly activates NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells via oxidant-dependent mechanisms. This triggers production of low levels of TNFalpha which is mitogenic in liver and promotes growth of hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effects of dietary corn oil on the metabolism and activation of benzo[a]pyrene by the benzo[a]pyrene metabolizing enzymes of the mouse.

Male ICR Swiss mice, weighing 16-20 g, were fed ad libitum either a fat-free diet or a diet containing 10% corn oil. After three weeks on these diets, the rates of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolite formation and metabolism to products which covalently bind with macromolecules were compared using hepatic nuclei and microsomal preparations. The maximum activity of B[a]P hydroxylase in microsomes from untreated animals was increased 50% by feeding the corn oil diet, however, B[a]P hydroxylase in microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-treated mice was unaffected by diet. In animals treated with phenobarbital, B[a]P metabolism and B[a]P-DNA adduct formation were greater in microsomes from corn oil fed mice compared to those fed the fat-free diet. At a B[a]P concentration of 96 microM, microsomes from corn oil fed untreated mice produced 26% more extractable metabolites and covalent binding to exogenous DNA was increased 46%. At lower substrate concentrations (0.94-15.0 microM B[a]P), B[a]P-DNA and B[a]P-protein binding were 300-400% greater when incubated with microsomes from corn oil fed mice than when incubated with microsomes from mice fed fat-free diet. The apparent Vmax's determined for the formation of each extractable metabolite were increased 1.5-3.0 times by the corn oil diet. Hepatic nuclear B[a]P hydroxylase and nuclear activation of B[a]P to products which covalently bind to DNA in both non-induced and 3-MC-pretreated animals fed the corn oil diet were greater than that observed in animals fed the fat-free diet. B[a]P hydroxylase activities in the lungs of these animals were unaltered by diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effect of dietary olive oil, corn oil and medium-chain triglycerides on the lipid composition of rat red blood cell membranes.

The effects of dietary olive oil, corn oil and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on factors that characterized erythrocyte membrane lipid fluidity were studied. Weanling rats were fed for 3 or 5 wk high fat diets (10%) containing olive oil, corn oil or a mixture of MCT with olive oil or corn oil. Total phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine of erythrocyte ghosts obtained from olive oil-fed animals, as compared to those fed corn oil, showed an increase in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the (n-6) and (n-3) series and a decrease in saturated fatty acids. The addition of MCT to the olive oil diet induced an increase in palmitic, palmitoleic and delta-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acids and a decrease in long-chain PUFA of the (n-6) series in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. Conversely, rats fed a mixture of MCT and corn oil, as compared to those fed exclusively corn oil, showed increase in long-chain PUFA of the (n-6) and (n-3) series, with no changes in saturated fatty acid levels. The cholesterol/phosphorus molar ratio showed only a slight increase with MCT supplementation. Olive oil feeding induced important changes in fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids as compared to corn oil feeding without modifying the cholesterol/phosphorus ratio and MCT feeding slightly affected red blood cell membrane lipid composition.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dietary corn oil and guar gum stimulate intestinal crypt cell proliferation in rats by independent but potentially synergistic mechanisms.

The effects of corn oil, guar gum and cellulose on mucosal proliferation were investigated in rats. Animals were allocated to three groups and fed a fiber-free diet or diets containing 100 g/kg of cellulose or guar gum. Each group was subdivided to receive corn oil at 40 or 80 g/kg. The crypt cell production rate (CCPR) was determined after 28 d. Consumption of guar gum or corn oil led to greater CCPR in the ileum and cecum. In a second experiment, animals were allocated to two groups and fed diets containing either cellulose or guar gum (100 g/kg). Each group was again subdivided to receive either corn oil (80 g/kg) or minimal lipid (linolenic acid, 10 g/kg). The trophic effect of guar gum occurred even in the low lipid-fed group, indicating that guar gum exerts a positive effect on cell turnover independently of any interaction with luminal lipid. However, the highest CCPR occurred in animals fed guar gum and corn oil. Postprandial enteroglucagon and gastrin concentrations were highest in animals fed both guar gum and corn oil. Thus, corn oil and guar gum exert independent trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa. The combination of effects led to a three- to four-fold increase in colon mucosal CCPR.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dietary corn oil promotes colon cancer by inhibiting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in azoxymethane-treated rats.

How dietary corn oil is involved in colon carcinogenesis and cancer development is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether long-term dietary corn oil promotes colon cancer by inhibiting the tumor suppressor gene p53-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with AOM or with saline and fed on a basal diet or basal diet supplemented with 10% corn oil for 48 weeks. Colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumors, including adenomas and carcinomas, were examined. Colonic apoptosis and cell proliferation were evaluated. Wild type (wt) p53 was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. In addition, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and Bak localized in the mitochondria were detected. Long-term dietary corn oil increased ACF in AOM-treated rats at 12 weeks and promoted colon cancer invasion at 48 weeks. Cancer invasion was not observed in the AOM-treated rats without dietary corn oil, although colon adenomas and cancers were detected. Apoptosis was decreased and cell proliferation was increased in the AOM-treated rats with dietary corn oil, compared with the AOM-treated rats with dietary basal diet. In these rats, mitochondrial wt p53 was significantly inhibited through decreased mitochondrial localization of wt p53 and increased cytosolic p53, resulting in the upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and the downregulation of Bak in the mitochondria. Results suggest that long-term dietary corn oil promotes AOM-induced colon cancer development partly by inhibiting the tumor suppressor gene p53-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Biochemical studies of dopaminergic activation by stimuli of corn oil in the oral cavity in mice.

We investigated the effects of corn oil stimuli in the oral cavity on monoaminergic neurones by measuring the amount of monoamines and their metabolites in brains of mice. Intraoral injection of corn oil (0.1 ml) increased dopamine (DA) turnover rate in the cortex 3, 5 and 10 min after injection in mice. A significant increase of DA turnover rate was also observed in midbrain 10 min after the corn oil injection. Turnover rates of noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) were not affected by the corn oil injection in any of the regions or times tested. In the chronic study, DA and 5-HT contents in the left and right cortexes and 5-HT contents in diencephalon in the chronic corn oil-fed group were significantly higher than those in the-control but NA contents were not significantly different between the two groups in all regions. In conclusion, the present results suggested that the stimuli of corn oil in the oral cavity might activate dopaminergic systems in the brain of mice and its chronic stimuli might increase DA contents in the brain. Although 5-HT contents increased in the brains of mice by the chronic corn oil intake, its physiological implication remains to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

POMC and orexin mRNA expressions induced by anticipation of a corn-oil emulsion feeding are maintained at the high levels until oil ingestion.

We investigated the gene expression dynamics of several hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with appetite regulation when rats are anticipating being fed a corn-oil emulsion. For 5 days at the same hour each day, rats were fed 5% corn oil emulsified with 0.3% xanthan gum or the vehicle for 20 min. On Day 6, the 5% corn oil emulsion or the vehicle (Vehicle) was presented to the rats, some of which (Oil-intake) were allowed to eat it and some of which (Oil-anticipation) were kept from eating it. Despite waiting a corn-oil, the mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), a beta-endorphin precursor, and orexin showed increases, and high levels of mRNAs of POMC and orexin were maintained for 30 min after the corn-oil was placed before the rats, and only gradually decreased through 150 min. However, the mRNA levels of POMC and orexin in the hypothalamus were decreased within 30 min after starting to ingest the corn-oil emulsion. These results suggest that POMC and orexin mRNA expression was induced by the anticipation in rats after learning the palatability of 5% corn oil emulsion, and the induced mRNA expression based on the anticipation was maintained for at least for 30 min as the rats eagerly waited for ingestion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Nutritional value of a genetically improved high-lysine, high-oil corn for young pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to compare the nutritional adequacy of a genetically improved high-lysine, high-oil corn (HLHOC; .408% lysine, 6.21% fat, as-fed basis) and a high-oil corn (HOC; .289% lysine, 5.97% fat, as-fed basis) for young growing pigs. Experiment 1 used four non-littermate barrows (initially 20.0 kg BW) fitted with ileal T-cannulas in a crossover-designed digestion study. The .75% total lysine diets contained 8.5% casein and an equal amount of lysine (.25%) from the test corn. Apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids, GE, DM, and CP were similar (P > .10) between diets. Apparent ileal lysine digestibilities were 65 and 71% for the HOC and HLHOC, respectively, assuming the lysine in casein to be 100% digestible. Experiment 2 used 100 barrows reared in a segregated early-weaning environment (initially 8.3 kg BW and 27 d of age) to evaluate five corn-soybean meal-based diets in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with main effects being corn type and dietary lysine (.80 or 1.15% digestible lysine). The fifth diet consisted of the .80% digestible lysine HOC diet supplemented with .23% additional L-lysine x HCl (.975% digestible lysine) to verify that lysine was the limiting amino acid in the low-lysine diets. Increasing digestible lysine from .80 to 1.15% increased (P < .001) ADG and gain/feed (G/F) regardless of corn variety. Combined ADG and G/F were .347 kg and .641 and .443 kg and .790 for the .80 and 1.15% digestible lysine diets, respectively. Within lysine level, corn type did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G/F (P > .10). The results of these studies indicate that the lysine in HLHOC is as available as the lysine in HOC and that HLHOC can be used successfully in swine diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

High oil corn as silage or grain for dairy cows during an entire lactation.

Forty-five multiparous Holstein cows were used to compare the effects of diets that contained high oil corn grain, high oil corn silage, or a combination of both. At wk 4 after calving, cows were assigned to one of four treatment in a 2 (silage type) x 2 (grain type) factorial arrangement: 1) control silage and control grain, 2) high oil silage and control grain, 3) control silage and high oil grain, or 4) high oil silage and high oil grain. Diets contained haylage, corn silage, and concentrate (25:25:50, DM basis); corn grain was 27% of dietary DM. Data were analyzed for wk 4 to 17 and wk 4 to 43 of lactation and adjusted for covariate measurements made during wk 3. During wk 4 to 43, DMI increased when high oil grain was included in the diet, but was unaffected by type of silage. During wk 4 to 43 of lactation, yields of milk, CP, and fat; percentages and yields of N components in milk; body condition score; BW; and concentrations of NEFA, glucose, BHBA, and urea N in plasma were not affected by type of silage or corn grain fed. Results were similar for wk 4 to 17, except that milk yield tended to be higher for cows fed the high oil grain, and CP content of milk was lower when high oil corn silage was in the diet. Compared with corn grain from typical hybrids, high oil grain may improve DMI and milk yield of dairy cows during early lactation.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2000

Effects of graded levels of dietary casein and corn oil on total cholesterol and triacylglycerol in plasma and liver of rats.

With the intention of examining the effects of dietary protein and oil levels on total cholesterol (T-CHOL) and triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations in the plasma and liver, male Wistar rats, weighing about 170 g, were fed diets containing graded levels of casein and corn oil for 2 wk. At the 5, 20, and 30% levels of dietary corn oil, plasma T-CHOL concentrations were generally enhanced in proportion to the rise of dietary casein level, but plasma TG contents were scarcely influenced by the level. At the 8 to 35% casein levels, plasma T-CHOL and TG concentrations were the highest at the 5% corn oil level, followed in order by the 20 and 30% levels of oil. At the 5 and 20% oil levels, hepatic T-CHOL contents were hardly changed at the 8 to 30% casein levels, but enhanced at the 35% casein level. At the 30% oil level, the T-CHOL contents tended to be changed proportionally to casein levels. At all levels of casein, hepatic T-CHOL contents tended to be relatively high at the 30% corn oil, middle at the 20% oil, and low at the 5% one. At each corn oil level, TG contents in the liver tended to be elevated at the 8 to 15% casein levels and highly preserved at the 15 to 25% ones. Then, the raised TG contents declined at the 5 and 20% levels of corn oil and remained constant at the 30% oil. At each casein level, the contents of hepatic TG were generally high at the 30% oil level, followed in order by the 20 and 5% oil levels. These results indicated that plasma and liver T-CHOL concentrations were proportionately enhnaced by the increase in casein level, and plasma TG contents were hardly affected by the level and hepatic TG ones were lowered by relatively lower or higher casein level, and the rise in corn oil level generally reduced plasma T-CHOL and TG concentrations, but raised hepatic ones.

Animals↗